CN108698602B - 混合动力系控制方法、混合动力系及包括这种混合动力系的车辆 - Google Patents

混合动力系控制方法、混合动力系及包括这种混合动力系的车辆 Download PDF

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CN108698602B
CN108698602B CN201780012323.4A CN201780012323A CN108698602B CN 108698602 B CN108698602 B CN 108698602B CN 201780012323 A CN201780012323 A CN 201780012323A CN 108698602 B CN108698602 B CN 108698602B
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combustion engine
input shaft
electric machine
torque
hybrid powertrain
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CN108698602A (zh
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M·利维尔
M·尼尔松
F·萨登
A·科瑞
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Scania CV AB
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Scania CV AB
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种控制混合动力系(2)的方法，包括：燃式发动机(3)、电机(4)、具有输入轴(10)和输出轴(18)的变速箱(6)，其中，燃式发动机(3)和电机(4)连接到输入轴(10)。该方法包括以下步骤：a)用耦合装置(12)将燃式发动机(3)与输入轴(10)断开连接，b)在变速箱(6)中接合起动档位，该起动档位高于怠速下燃式发动机(3)的扭矩能够操作输入轴(10)的档位，c)用电机(4)在输入轴中生成扭矩，d)加速电机(4)，以及e)当电机(4)已经达到与燃式发动机(3)基本相同的旋转速度时，用耦合装置(12)将燃式发动机(3)连接到输入轴(10)。本发明还涉及一种混合动力系(2)和一种车辆(1)。

Description

混合动力系控制方法、混合动力系及包括这种混合动力系的 车辆
技术领域
本发明涉及一种控制混合动力系的方法。本发明还涉及混合动力系和包括这种混合动力系的车辆。
背景技术
混合驱动车辆由燃式发动机和电机操作，其相互作用以传递期望的输出并且，尤其是，在车辆中实现良好的燃料经济性。电机还可以用于制动车辆，其中，电机用作发电机并且因此将能量返回到车辆中的蓄电池。车辆还可以配备有变速箱以分配来自燃式发动机和电机的功率，并且为车辆的驱动轮获得合适的传动比。
燃式发动机具有最佳的操作速度范围，这使得它经常不能在低引擎速度处传递最大扭矩。因此，车辆必须以低档位运动，这意味着必须在车辆达到期望目标速度之前进行多个换档操作。
车辆也必须在低档位运动，以限制起动时离合器上的磨损。必须在车辆达到期望目标速度之前执行的数个换档操作也导致数个扭矩中断，从而不利地影响驾驶员和乘客的乘坐舒适性。
在起动过程期间，与在基本均匀的引擎速度处操作相比，燃式发动机中的平均速度更大，这影响燃料消耗。
文件FR2777231示出了混合动力系中的电动马达和燃式发动机的并联相互作用。
文件US2011/0087390示出了电动马达和燃式发动机如何在混合动力系中串联相互作用。燃式发动机布置在电动马达和变速箱之间。电动马达直接连接到燃式发动机。
发明内容
尽管存在现有技术，但仍需要进一步开发混合动力系，以便允许减少的燃料消耗、更少的离合器上的磨损并改善驾驶员和乘客的乘坐舒适性。
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种混合动力系，其能够允许减少的燃料消耗、更少的离合器上的磨损并且改善驾驶员和乘客的乘坐舒适性。
该目的通过根据本申请的控制混合动力系的方法来实现。
根据本发明的一个方面，控制混合动力系的方法，其中所述混合动力系包括：燃式发动机、电机、具有输入轴和输出轴的变速箱，其中，燃式发动机和电机连接到输入轴，以及电子控制装置，其连接到燃式发动机、电机和变速箱。该方法包括以下步骤：
a)用耦合装置将燃式发动机与输入轴断开连接，b)在变速箱中接合起动档位，该起动档位高于怠速下燃式发动机的扭矩能够操作输入轴的档位，c)用电机在输入轴上生成扭矩，d)加速电机，以及
e)当电机已经达到与燃式发动机基本相同的旋转速度时，用耦合装置将燃式发动机连接到输入轴。
根据该创新的方法，在起动期间，在燃式发动机具有低可用扭矩的速度范围中，燃式发动机获得来自由电机生成的扭矩的辅助。为此，必须在整个起动过程中电机扭矩是可用的。
通过在变速箱中接合起动档位，该起动档位高于怠速下燃式发动机的扭矩能够操作输入轴的档位，并且随后用电机在输入轴中生成扭矩，车辆可以从静止起动，向前驱动并加速以达到期望的目标速度。在加速到期望的目标速度期间，与如果在内燃机的扭矩能够操作输入轴的档位处所述车辆起动相比，将执行变速箱中的较少数量的档位级数。因此，本发明提供了一种混合动力系，其可以允许更低的燃料消耗，更少的离合器上的磨损，以及改善的驾驶员和乘客的乘坐舒适性，因为与如果在内燃机的扭矩能够操作输入轴的档位处所述车辆起动相比，将执行变速箱中的较少数量的档位级数。
为了能够用电机并接合高档位而完成电起动，存在控制功能以确定能量存储装置中可用的能量的量。这意味着可以确保仅用电机执行起动。通过估计使车辆以一定的加速度到燃式发动机可以从电机接管车辆的操作处的速度所需的能量来进行调查。
如果能量存储装置中的能量不足，则选择较低的起动档位。这确保了可以使用尽可能高的起动档位，允许用电机完全电起动。因此，可以计算仅用电机起动时可以使用的最高档位，或者是否必须全部或部分地连接燃式发动机以与电机一起将扭矩增加到变速箱中的输入轴。
根据本发明的方法引起改善的车辆驾驶性能，因为可以使用更宽的速度范围区域。结果，动力系可以在燃式发动机中以低引擎速度传送所需扭矩，这导致降低的燃料消耗。
因此，可以使车辆以较高的起动档位入到运动，因为在低燃式发动机速度处可获得较高的扭矩。使车辆以较高档位入到运动还引起减少直到达到期望的速度的换档操作的次数。当驾驶车辆具有大量起动和停止(诸如公共汽车交通)时，如果可以避免大量的换档操作，则有利地影响驾驶员和乘客的乘坐舒适性。
当车辆仅用电机入到运动时，离合器上的磨损和燃料消耗减少，因为存储在能量存储装置中的动能可以返回到电机。
根据本发明的一个实施方式，耦合装置是部分接合的摩擦离合器，使得来自燃式发动机的可用扭矩中的至少一部分被供应到变速箱中的输入轴。这意味着燃式发动机和电机共同向变速箱中的输入轴供应扭矩。如果要求的扭矩超过电机能够传送的最大扭矩，则需要这样做。
根据另一实施方式，用布置在输入轴处的第一速度传感器和布置在输出轴处的第二速度传感器来检测相应轴中的旋转速度。因此，可以针对关于变速箱的输入和输出轴的旋转速度的信息的背景来控制混合动力系。
上述目的也用根据本申请的混合动力系和车辆来实现。
在下面的详细描述中阐述了本发明的其他优点。
附图说明
下面参考附图，作为优选实施方式的示例的描述，其中：
图1示出了根据一个实施方式具有混合动力系的车辆的示意性侧视图，
图2示出了根据一个实施方式的混合动力系的示意性侧视图，
图3示出了根据一个实施方式用于车辆中的混合动力系的相对于引擎速度的扭矩的图示，
图4示出了根据一个实施方式用于车辆中的混合动力传动系的相对于经过时间的引擎速度的图示，
图5a示出了根据一个实施方式用于车辆中的混合动力系的相对于经过时间的引擎速度的图示，
图5b示出了根据一个实施方式用于车辆中的混合动力系的相对于经过时间的扭矩的图示，
图5c示出了根据一个实施方式用于车辆中的混合动力系的相对于经过时间的扭矩的图示，以及
图6示出了根据一个实施方式的控制混合动力系的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了车辆1的示意性侧视图，其包括混合动力系2，所述混合动力系具有燃式发动机3和电机4，它们连接到变速箱6。变速箱6也经由传动轴7连接到车辆1的驱动轮8。
图2示出了混合动力系2的示意图，所述混合动力系包括燃式发动机3和电机4，它们连接到变速箱6的输入轴10。燃式发动机3可以经由耦合装置12连接到输入轴10以及从其断开，其可以手动地和/或自动地操纵。变速箱6可以是分离式自动手动传动器(AMT)，并且包括分离齿轮单元13和主齿轮单元15。分离齿轮单元13将副轴16与输入轴10连接。主齿轮单元15连接副轴16与主轴14，其与来自变速箱的输出轴18连接。在输入轴10、副轴16和主轴14上，布置有以齿轮(cogwheel)和小齿轮形式的一个或多个传动元件20，连接相应轴10、16、14。在这种情况下，应该注意的是变速箱可以是另一种类型的变速箱。第一速度传感器42可以布置在输入轴10处以检测输入轴10的旋转速度，并且第二速度传感器44可以布置在输出轴18处以检测输出轴18的旋转速度。输出轴18连接到传动轴7，所述传动轴连接到最终档位24，后者又经由驱动轴48连接到车辆1的驱动轮8。电子控制装置26经由电导体28连接到以下中的至少一个：燃式发动机3、耦合装置12、电机4、变速箱6和/或速度传感器42、44。用于电机4的能量存储装置46可以经由导体连接至电机4，并且连接至电子控制装置26。能量存储装置46可以包括蓄电池。代替通过电导体28传输信号，信号可以在电子控制装置26和燃式发动机3、耦合装置12、电机4、变速箱6和各速度传感器之间无线传输。电子控制装置26可以包括存储器M和计算机程序P。还可以将计算机30连接到电子控制装置26。
图3示出了根据一个实施方式具有混合动力系2的车辆1中扭矩T相对于引擎速度n的图。图3中的虚线图示出了电机4能够在低旋转速度n处生成其最大扭矩Tem。实线图表示燃式发动机3的驱动扭矩，其在低引擎速度处与电机4相比可生成明显更低的扭矩Tc。在图3中，在低引擎速度处电机4的最大可用扭矩Tem与燃式发动机3的最大可用扭矩Tc之间的差值用ΔT表示。当燃式发动机3的旋转速度增加时，来自燃式发动机3的可用扭矩增加。图3示出了燃式发动机3的扭矩在速度范围区域A中如何基本线性地增加，在速度范围区域A的末端实现最大可用扭矩。由燃式发动机3遇到的反作用扭矩越大，当速度范围区域A保持恒定时，对于燃式发动机达到其最大扭矩的时间就越长。
图4示出了根据一个实施方式用于车辆1中的混合动力系2的连接至变速箱6的输入轴10相对于经过时间t的旋转速度n的图。虚线图示出了在起动档位接合的情况下在变速箱6中执行的多个换档操作。这意味着旋转速度n将在起动过程中变化。实线图示出了根据一个实施方式当车辆1以较高档位接合在变速箱中时，输入轴10的旋转速度n在起动过程期间如何基本上线性地执行。这意味着混合动力系2可以允许减少的燃料消耗、较少的离合器上的磨损并且改善对于驾驶员和乘客的乘坐舒适性。
图5a示出了根据一个实施方式用于车辆1中的混合动力系2的连接至变速箱6的输入轴10相对于经过时间t的旋转速度n的图。具有实线的图示出了在起动过程期间燃式发动机3的旋转速度。在车辆1设置入到运动之前，燃式发动机1优选地以怠速操作并且离合器(作为耦合装置12)打开，使得燃式发动机1不在变速箱6的输入轴10上施加扭矩。当车辆1设置入到运动时，能量E从能量存储装置46供应到电机4，这使得电机4将在输入轴10上施加扭矩。然后车辆1开始滚动。电机4的旋转速度已经基本上线性地增加，在图5a中用虚线示出。当电机4的旋转速度基本上与燃式发动机3的旋转速度一致时，离合器关闭，其中，燃式发动机3的旋转速度增加以使车辆1以期望的速度行进。由于电机4与燃式发动机3串联连接，电机4的旋转速度将等于燃式发动机3的旋转速度。然而，取决于操作条件，当燃式发动机3被连接，使得电机4不再在输入轴10上施加扭矩时，将停止至电机4的能量供应。然而，在起动期间，在燃式发动机3具有低可用扭矩的速度范围区域中，电机4的扭矩可能需要贯穿整个起动过程可用，也就是说直到燃式发动机3传送最大可用扭矩。
为了能够用电机4和用高档位接合来完成电起动，存在控制功能以确定能量存储装置46中可用的能量Eel。这意味着可以确保仅用电机4进行起动。通过以下方式来执行该确定：估计设置车辆1以一定的加速度入到运动以达到燃式发动机3从电机4接管车辆1的操作的速度所需要的能量Ek。为了使起动档位选择更加稳健，估计的能量的量Em被加入到能量Ek，该加入对应于由车辆1在实际起步(moving off)之前所需的能量的量，这可能涉及燃式发动机3的启动和车辆1仅由电机4在低速处驱动的情况。
因此，能量存储装置46中必须可用能够以高档位完成电起动的能量Eel必须满足以下条件：
Eel>Ek+Em [1]
如果能量存储装置46中的能量Eel不满足所述条件，则选择较低的起动档位。这确保可以使用尽可能高的起动档位，允许可以使用用电机4的完全电起动。
用变速箱6中的起动档位来执行结合图5a描述的起动过程，该起动档位高于怠速下燃式发动机扭矩能够操作输入轴10的档位。线D，由图5a中的点组成，表示与最低档位接合而上升的旋转速度增加。因此，与较高档位接合相比(这将需要在变速箱6中进行更大数量的换档操作以实现所要求的目标引擎旋转速度和车辆1的速度)，电机4将在较早时间点实现与燃式发动机3相同的旋转速度。
图5b示出了根据第一操作状态在具有混合动力系2的车辆1中的燃式发动机3(用实线示出)中和的电机4(用虚线示出)中的扭矩T相对于经过时间t的图。如果电机4的最大可用扭矩超过来自车辆驾驶员所要求的扭矩，则设置车辆1入运动所需要的扭矩可以由电机4完全供应。为了设置车辆1入到运动，仅来自电机4的扭矩作用在连接到变速箱6的输入轴10。当离合器关闭时，其在图5b中的垂直点状线L1所示的时间点发生，燃式发动机3的扭矩作用在输入轴10上。在用于连接燃式发动机3的时间点t处，电机4停止在输入轴10上施加扭矩。然后燃式发动机3被控制到由车辆驾驶员所要求的扭矩，其对应于由图5b中的水平点状线L2所示的扭矩。同样明显的是，起动过程期间电机4的扭矩和燃式发动机3的扭矩将共同显示基本上平面的扭矩曲线，其与水平点状线L2重合。
图5c示出了根据第二操作状态在具有混合动力系2的车辆1中的燃式发动机3(用实线示出)中和的电机4(用虚线示出)中的扭矩T相对于经过时间t的图。如果电机4的最大可用扭矩低于来自车辆驾驶员所要求的扭矩，则电机1不能单独提供设置车辆1入到运动所需要的扭矩。相反，燃式发动机3必须通过离合器部分地关闭并用滑动离合器向输入轴10提供扭矩的方式来帮助设置车辆1入到运动。由驾驶员所要求的扭矩在图5c用水平点状线L3表示。由燃式发动机3用滑动离合器供应的扭矩在图5c中用水平点状线L4表示。因此，电机4和燃式发动机3的总扭矩将等于由驾驶员所要求的扭矩。当燃式发动机3被连接时，电机4停止在输入轴10上施加扭矩，其中，燃式发动机3替代地接管在输入轴10上施加扭矩的任务。然后，燃式发动机3被控制到由车辆驾驶员所要求的扭矩，这相当于图5b中水平点状线L3所示的扭矩。
图6示出了控制混合动力系的方法的流程图。该方法包括以下步骤：
a)经由耦合装置12将燃式发动机3从输入轴10断开连接，
b)在变速箱6中接合起动档位，该起动档位高于怠速下燃式发动机3的扭矩能够操作输入轴10的档位，
c)用电机4在输入轴10中生成扭矩，
d)加速电机4，以及
e)当电机4已经达到与燃式发动机3基本相同的旋转速度时，用耦合装置12将燃式发动机3连接到输入轴10。
根据本发明的一个实施方式，耦合装置12是摩擦离合器，并且在步骤c)和d)之间，耦合装置12在步骤f)处部分地接合，使得至少一部分来自燃式发动机3的可用扭矩被供应到输入轴10。
该方法还包括在步骤e)之后的附加步骤：g)停止用电机4生成扭矩。
在步骤a)和步骤b)之间，在步骤h)处，确定用于电机4的在能量存储装置46中有多少能量Eel。
在步骤b)处，可以通过能量存储装置46中可用的能量的量Eel来确定档位选择。
可以用布置在输入轴10处的第一速度传感器42和布置在第二轴18处的第二速度传感器44来检测相应轴10、18的旋转速度。
根据本发明，提供了一种计算机程序P，其可以包括控制根据本发明的混合动力系2的过程。
计算机程序P可以包括用于根据上面说明的方法步骤来控制混合动力系2的过程。
程序P可以以可执行的方式或以压缩的方式存储在存储器M和/或读/写存储器R中。
本发明还涉及一种计算机程序制品，包括存储在计算机30可读介质中的程序代码，当所述程序代码在电子控制装置26中或在连接至电子控制装置26的另一计算机30中执行时，执行上述方法步骤。所述程序代码可以以非易失性方式存储在所述计算机可读介质上。
在本发明的框架内，上面说明的部件和特征可以在说明的不同实施方式之间组合。

Claims (7)

1.一种控制混合动力系(2)的方法，所述混合动力系包括：
-燃式发动机(3)，
-电机(4)，
-具有输入轴(10)和输出轴(18)的变速箱(6)，其中，燃式发动机(3)和电机(4)连接到输入轴(10)，其特征在于，该方法包括以下步骤：
a)经由耦合装置(12)将燃式发动机(3)从输入轴(10)断开连接，
h)确定用于电机(4)的在能量存储装置(46)中可用的能量的量Eel，确定达到燃式发动机(3)从电机(4)接管操作的速度所需要的能量的量Ek，以及确定对应于在实际起步之前所需的额外能量的量Em，并且在满足条件：Eel>Ek+Em时，选择高起动档位，
b)在变速箱(6)中接合高起动档位，该高起动档位高于怠速下燃式发动机(3)的扭矩能够操作输入轴(10)的档位，
c)用电机(4)在输入轴(10)中生成扭矩，
d)加速电机(4)，以及
e)当电机(4)已经达到与燃式发动机(3)基本相同的旋转速度时，用耦合装置(12)将燃式发动机(3)连接到输入轴(10)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述耦合装置(12)是摩擦离合器，并且在步骤c)和d)之间：步骤f)部分地连接所述耦合装置(12)，使得来自燃式发动机(3)的可用扭矩中的至少一部分被供应到输入轴(10)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，在步骤e)之后：g)停止用电机(4)生成扭矩。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，可以用布置在输入轴(10)处的第一速度传感器(42)和布置在输出轴(18)处的第二速度传感器(44)来检测相应轴(10、18)的旋转速度。
5.一种混合动力系，其特征在于，所述混合动力系(2)包括配置为执行根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法的元件。
6.一种车辆，其特征在于，其包括根据权利要求5所述的混合动力系(2)。
7.一种计算机程序制品，包括：存储在计算机(30)可读介质中的程序代码，使得当在电子控制装置(26)或连接到电子控制装置(26)的另一计算机(30)中执行所述程序代码时，执行根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法的步骤。
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