CN108658717B - 一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法 - Google Patents

一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法 Download PDF

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CN108658717B
CN108658717B CN201810587824.1A CN201810587824A CN108658717B CN 108658717 B CN108658717 B CN 108658717B CN 201810587824 A CN201810587824 A CN 201810587824A CN 108658717 B CN108658717 B CN 108658717B
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陆晓雨
洪美岚
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Abstract

本发明提供的一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法,本方法以烷基羧酸酯和芳基烷基乙炔为原料,在Ni催化剂、配体、碱和硅试剂的作用下,于溶剂中按下述反应式进行反应,得到具有单一构型的三取代烯烃化合物;本发明以烷基羧酸酯和芳基烷基乙炔为反应底物,解决了在现有炔烃氢烷基化反应制备三取代烯烃只能使用烷基卤化物和烷基磺酸酯的局限性。同时采用本发明方法合成的三取代烯烃具有很高的区域和立体选择性,可以完全得到单一构型的三取代烯烃,避免了混合烯烃产物分离问题。同时本反应体系加料方式简单,无需使用对水分和空气敏感的金属试剂,在实际使用中更加方便。烷基羧酸酯来源广泛,合成简单。

Description

一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法
技术领域
本发明涉及化合物质制备技术领域,特别涉及一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法。
背景技术
取代烯烃在有机化学中是一类重要的化合物,广泛存在于材料、石油化工和医药等行业中。取代烯烃的合成方法一直是人们关注的重点,传统的合成方法有还原反应、Wittig反应和Julia烯化反应等。这些反应一般都存在反应条件苛刻,反应温度高、反应体系需要使用比较强的碱,最重要的一点对于合成有顺/反异构体的取代烯烃反应选择性不高,产物难分离等缺点。
近年来化学合成工作者报道了很多过渡金属催化合成取代烯烃的方法,如Heck反应、烯烃复分解反应和烯基金属试剂或烯基卤化物参与的交叉偶联反应。这些反应同样存在底物范围受限、合成的烯烃顺反选择性不高,很难合成单一构型的三取代烯烃。
近来,过渡金属催化炔烃和亲电试剂的氢-碳化反应合成烯烃的方法受到人们追捧。这种合成方法具有原料来源易得、反应条件温和、可以通过反应条件控制得到单一构型的多取代烯烃产物等优点,这样就避免了得到混合产物需要分离的问题。前人关于炔烃氢-碳化反应的工作主要以π类型亲电试剂为主,如CO2、醛、甲酰胺和亚胺等。故只能合成特殊的α,β-不饱和烯烃。炔烃和烷基亲电试剂的氢-碳化反应合成普通烯烃的方法近来才被人们报道。
式(1)所述方法是Lalic等人在J.Am.Chem.Soc.2015,137,1424-1427报道的铜催化末端炔烃和一级烷基甲磺酸酯偶联合成反式二取代烯烃的方法,
式(2)所述方法是Hu等人在J.Am.Chem.Soc.2015,137,4932-4935报道的铁催化芳基乙炔和烷基亲电试剂的偶联合成顺式二取代烯烃的方法。
Figure GDA0002721994970000021
式(3)是傅尧等人在Chem.Commun.2016,52,5324-5327报道的Ni催化炔烃和烷基亲电试剂马氏选择性氢-烷基化反应合成1,1-二取代烯烃的方法。
式(4)是Nishikata组在ACS Catalysis 2017,7,1049-1052报道的铜催化芳基乙炔氢-烷基化顺式和反式烯烃二取代烯烃合成方法。式(5)是我们小组在Chem.Commun.,2018,54,4417-4420报道的Ni催化内炔和烷基卤化物的氢-烷基化反应。
Figure GDA0002721994970000022
虽然近年来过渡金属催化炔烃氢-烷基化反应有上面几例报道,但上述前人工作都是以烷基卤化物或者烷基磺酸酯为反应物。而烷基羧酸也是一类重要的有机化合物,广泛存在于各类天然产物活性、药物分子中等。以羧酸为原料,合成脱羧衍生化的三取代烯烃,可能合成一些有特殊活性的天然产物、药物分子衍生化的物质。而脱羧反应和芳基-烷基乙炔的氢-烷基化反应制备单一构型的三取代烯烃没有被研究者报道。本发明报道了一种以羧酸脱羧反应合成三取代烯烃的方法,为含有羧酸的各类活性分子提供简单、高效、便捷的脱羧烯烃衍生化方法,该发明有着很大的合成价值。
发明内容
本发明提供一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法,以烷基羧酸酯和芳基-烷基乙炔为原料,在Ni催化剂、配体、碱和硅试剂的作用下,于溶剂中按下述反应式进行反应,得到具有通式(I)的单一构型的三取代烯烃化合物:
Figure GDA0002721994970000031
所述Ar为芳基取代基,R1、R2、R3烷基取代基;
所述Ni催化剂为溴化镍(II)二乙二醇二甲醚复合物;
所述配体为4,4'-二叔丁基-2,2'-联吡啶、菲咯啉类配体、三叔丁基联吡啶、二环己基苯基磷中的一种;
所述溶剂为N,N-二甲基乙酰胺;
所述烷基羧酸酯为N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺羧酸酯;
所述硅试剂为双(二甲基甲硅烷基)醚。
优选的,所述碱为乙酸钙、乙酸锂、乙酸镁、甲醇锂的一种。
优选的,所述碱的物质的量为烷基羧酸酯的物质的量的3倍。
优选的,所述芳基-烷基乙炔的物质的量为烷基羧酸酯的物质的量的2.5倍。
优选的,所述配体的物质的量为烷基羧酸酯的物质的量的15%。
优选的,所述硅试剂的物质的量为烷基羧酸酯的物质的量的3倍。
优选的,所述反应温度为40℃,反应时间为4h。
相比于现有合成三取代烯烃的技术,本发明以烷基羧酸酯和芳基-烷基乙炔为反应底物,解决了在现有炔烃氢烷基化反应制备三取代烯烃只能使用烷基卤化物和烷基磺酸酯的局限性。同时采用本发明方法合成的三取代烯烃具有很高的区域和立体选择性,可以完全得到单一构型的三取代烯烃,避免了混合烯烃产物分离问题。同时本反应体系加料方式简单,无需使用对水分和空气敏感的金属试剂,在实际使用中更加方便。烷基羧酸酯来源广泛,合成简单。另外,本反应体系反应条件温和,能很好的兼容一些对碱敏感的基团,为含羧酸的活性分子烯烃衍生化提供了高效、便捷的制备方法。
附图说明
附图为以此方法制备的各类三取代烯烃化合物的性状和核磁数据
附图1为以此方法制备的三取代烯烃化学结构图;
附图2为合成化合物1的氢谱;
附图3为合成化合物1的碳谱;
附图4为合成化合物2的氢谱;
附图5为合成化合物2的碳谱;
附图6为合成化合物3的氢谱;
附图7为合成化合物3的碳谱;
附图8为合成化合物4的氢谱;
附图9为合成化合物4的碳谱;
附图10为合成化合物12的碳谱;
附图11为合成化合物12的碳谱;
具体实施方式
下面对本发明的一个具体实施方式进行详细描述,但应当理解本发明的保护范围并不受具体实施方式的限制。
实施例1,该实施例的反应式如下所示:
Figure GDA0002721994970000041
(1)在空气下,溴化镍(II)二乙二醇二甲醚复合物(12mol%),4,4'-二叔丁基-2,2'-联吡啶(15mol%),环己基甲酸酯(1eq),乙酸钙(3eq)加入到一个带支管、含有磁子的密封反应管中,反应管抽冲氩气三次。在氩气保护下,向反应管中加入1mL N,N-二甲基乙酰胺,在室温下搅拌5分钟,接着在氩气保护下依次加入苯丙炔(2.5eq),和(Me2SiH)2O(180μL)到反应液中,塞紧活塞,置于40℃油浴锅中搅拌反应4小时。
(2)将步骤(1)中所得物料加入乙酸乙酯充分混合,用短硅胶柱过滤掉固体残渣后,保留有机相。
(3)旋干步骤(2)中所得的有机相中的溶剂,得到粗产物,然后用硅胶柱纯化粗产物。洗脱剂为石油醚分离收率为75%,产物纯度100%。
实施例2
该实施例的反应式如下所示:
Figure GDA0002721994970000051
(1)在空气下,溴化Ni(II)二乙二醇二甲醚复合物(12mol%),4,4'-二叔丁基-2,2'-联吡啶(15mol%),四氢吡喃甲酸酯(1eq),乙酸钙(3eq)加入到一个带支管、含有磁子的密封反应管中,反应管抽冲氩气三次。在氩气保护下,向反应管中加入1mL N,N-二甲基乙酰胺,在室温下搅拌5分钟,接着在氩气保护下依次加入苯丙炔(2.5eq),和(Me2SiH)2O(180μL)到反应液中,塞紧活塞,置于40℃油浴锅中搅拌反应4小时。
(2)将步骤(1)中所得物料加入乙酸乙酯充分混合,用短硅胶柱过滤掉固体残渣后,保留有机相。
(3)旋干步骤(2)中所得的有机相中的溶剂,得到粗产物,然后用硅胶柱纯化粗产物。洗脱剂为石油醚分离收率为72%,产物纯度100%。
实施例3
该实施例的反应式如下所示:
Figure GDA0002721994970000052
(1)在空气下,溴化Ni(II)二乙二醇二甲醚复合物(12mol%),4,4'-二叔丁基-2,2'-联吡啶(15mol%),环己烯基甲酸酯(1eq),乙酸钙(3eq)加入到一个带支管、含有磁子的密封反应管中,反应管抽冲氩气三次。在氩气保护下,向反应管中加入1mL N,N-二甲基乙酰胺,在室温下搅拌5分钟,接着在氩气保护下依次加入苯丙炔(2.5eq),和(Me2SiH)2O(180μL)到反应液中,塞紧活塞,置于40℃油浴锅中搅拌反应4小时。
(2)将步骤(1)中所得物料加入乙酸乙酯充分混合,用短硅胶柱过滤掉固体残渣后,保留有机相。
(3)旋干步骤(2)中所得的有机相中的溶剂,得到粗产物,然后用硅胶柱纯化粗产物。洗脱剂为石油醚分离收率为70%,产物纯度100%。
实施例4,该实施例的反应式如下所示:
Figure GDA0002721994970000061
(1)在空气下,溴化Ni(II)二乙二醇二甲醚复合物(12mol%),4,4'-二叔丁基-2,2'-联吡啶(15mol%),环丁酮基基甲酸酯(1eq),乙酸钙(3eq)加入到一个带支管、含有磁子的密封反应管中,反应管抽冲氩气三次。在氩气保护下,向反应管中加入1mL N,N-二甲基乙酰胺,在室温下搅拌5分钟,接着在氩气保护下依次加入苯丙炔(2.5eq),和(Me2SiH)2O(180μL)到反应液中,塞紧活塞,置于40℃油浴锅中搅拌反应4小时。
(2)将步骤(1)中所得物料加入乙酸乙酯充分混合,用短硅胶柱过滤掉固体残渣后,保留有机相。
(3)旋干步骤(2)中所得的有机相中的溶剂,得到粗产物,然后用硅胶柱纯化粗产物。洗脱剂为石油醚分离收率为53%,产物纯度100%。
本发明提供的一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法,其以烷基羧酸酯和芳基-烷基乙炔为反应底物,解决了在现有炔烃氢烷基化反应制备三取代烯烃只能使用烷基卤化物和烷基磺酸酯的局限性。同时采用本发明方法合成的三取代烯烃具有很高的区域和立体选择性,可以完全得到单一构型的三取代烯烃,避免了混合烯烃产物分离问题。同时本反应体系加料方式简单,无需使用对水分和空气敏感的金属试剂,在实际使用中更加方便。烷基羧酸酯来源广泛,合成简单。另外,本反应体系反应条件温和,能很好的兼容一些对碱敏感的基团,为单一构型的三取代烯烃提供了高效的制备方法。
此方法制备的各类三取代烯烃化合物的性状和核磁数据
Figure GDA0002721994970000071
Figure GDA0002721994970000081
Figure GDA0002721994970000091
Figure GDA0002721994970000101
Figure GDA0002721994970000111
以上公开的仅为本发明的具体实施例,但是,本发明实施例并非局限于此,任何本领域的技术人员能思之的变化都应落入本发明的保护范围。

Claims (7)

1.一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法,其特征在于,以烷基羧酸酯和芳基-烷基乙炔为原料,在Ni催化剂、配体、碱和硅试剂的作用下,于溶剂中按下述反应式进行反应,得到具有通式(I)的单一构型的三取代烯烃化合物:
Figure FDA0002721994960000011
所述Ar为芳基取代基,R1、R2、R3烷基取代基;
所述Ni催化剂为溴化镍(II)二乙二醇二甲醚复合物;
所述配体为4,4'-二叔丁基-2,2'-联吡啶、菲咯啉类配体、三叔丁基联吡啶、二环己基苯基磷中的一种;
所述溶剂为N,N-二甲基乙酰胺;
所述烷基羧酸酯为N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺羧酸酯;
所述硅试剂为双(二甲基甲硅烷基)醚。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法,其特征在于,所述碱为乙酸钙、乙酸锂、乙酸镁、甲醇锂的一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法,其特征在于,所述碱的物质的量为烷基羧酸酯的物质的量的3倍。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法,其特征在于,所述芳基-烷基乙炔的物质的量为烷基羧酸酯的物质的量的2.5倍。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法,其特征在于,所述配体的物质的量为烷基羧酸酯的物质的量的15%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法,其特征在于,所述硅试剂的物质的量为烷基羧酸酯的物质的量的3倍。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种脱羧反应制备三取代烯烃的合成方法,其特征在于,所述反应温度为40℃,反应时间为4h。
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