CN108654598B - 用于烯烃、芳烃与氧气反应的金属纳米簇催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
用于烯烃、芳烃与氧气反应的金属纳米簇催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于金属簇催化剂技术领域,具体为一种催化烯烃、芳烃与氧气反应的金属簇催化剂及其制备方法和应用。本发明利用金属盐在环烯烃、芳烃氧化过程中金属盐与反应物发生强的相互作用以及反应生成的稳定配体,制备有机可溶的高催化活性金属簇;该簇可高效催化环己烯、环辛烯、乙苯的αC‑H与分子氧反应,得到环已烯醇、环己烯酮、氧化环辛烷、苯乙酮等精细化工品。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于金属簇催化剂技术领域,具体涉及一种催化烯烃、芳烃与氧气反应的金属簇催化剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
环氧环辛烷、苯乙酮、环己烯醇、环己烯酮等氧化物是重要的工业化工品,广泛应用于涂料、医药和香料等行业。环氧环辛烷可用作环氧化树脂稀释剂、粘胶剂,苯乙酮可作为食用香料、增塑剂和工业溶剂。直接选择氧化生产需要断裂特定的C-H键,环辛烯、乙苯、环己烯的α C-H键键能分别为357.2、357.3±6.3、364±1千焦每摩尔[罗渝然 化学键能数据手册 北京:北京科学出版社,2005 24-51],须在苛刻条件高温、高压下与氧气反应或以过氧化物、过硫酸氢钾等作为氧源,或须多步合成如制备苯乙酮时由苯与乙酰氯、乙酐或乙酸等发生傅克反应制得。因此,开发高效催化氧化生产工艺,实现温和条件、一步法制备上述化工产品,达到环保、节能、绿色生产要求。
寻找合适的催化剂,高效活化、解离C-H键是实现整个催化氧化反应的关键。近几年来,金属簇催化越来越引起人们关注,其电子能级小于费米能级,表现出与单原子、常规纳米金属颗粒迥然不同的物理、化学性质,具有量子尺寸效应,对催化反应有很强的结构敏感性。5-10个原子组成的金簇可高效催化氧化苯硫醇,转换频率(TOF)可达105 h-1 (Nat. Chem. 2013, 5, 775)。3-10个原子的金簇亦可高效催化酯基炔烃的水合反应,室温下转换频率为105-107 h-1 (Science 2012, 338, 145)。选用合适的金属簇催化氧化烃类碳氢化合物的特定C-H键制备相应的氧化产物,从而实现温和条件转化。而催化乙苯、环辛烯、环己烯等发生氧化反应的金属组分主要有铂、金、银、钴等,据报道,金纳米颗粒较小时的Au55簇(约1.4 nm),Au25(SR)18簇(1 nm)以及1.6-1.8 nm粒径的金颗粒能够直接活化乙苯、丙烯与氧气发生反应,而大的金纳米颗粒(> 2nm) 亦能活化环己烯的α C-H键与氧气直接发生反应。中科院大连化学物理研究所徐杰等采用Co/SBA-15催化乙苯在高压条件下与氧气反应,423 K 9小时后乙苯转化率约70 %,苯乙酮选择性约80 %。银催化剂在烯烃(环辛烯、环己烯、苯乙烯、茚以及丙烯)和乙苯氧化反应亦具有优良的催化性能。本发明通过催化底物与金属盐的强相互作用制备有机可溶原子级分散的金属簇催化剂,利用金属簇特殊的量子尺寸效应催化乙苯、环辛烯、环己烯等与氧气之间反应。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种有机可溶、催化活性和稳定性高的金属纳米簇催化剂及其制备方法,并用于催化烯烃、芳烃与氧气反应,以得到相应的目标产物。
本发明提供的用于烯烃、芳烃与氧气反应的有机可溶金属纳米簇催化剂的制备方法,利用金属盐与环烯烃、芳烃加热发生强相互作用后被还原的原理,在助剂协同作用下形成金属簇,并与部分氧化产物络合稳定,具体步骤为:
(1)将金属盐与环烯烃、芳烃,以1:3✕105--1:30摩尔比例混合,作为反应物;加入助剂,助剂与反应物的摩尔比为1:10--1:104;
(2)加热,控制温度为50-120℃,并通入氧气,进行氧化反应,使金属盐与环烯烃、芳烃发生强相互作用后被还原,在助剂协同作用下,形成金属簇;同时,生成的部分氧化产物构成金属簇的稳定配体,从而制备得到金属纳米簇催化剂。
本发明中,所述的金属盐包括:金、银、铂、钯、钴、钼、铁、镍的氯化物或硝酸盐等。得到的金属纳米簇催化剂为对应的金、银、铂、钯、钴、钼、铁、镍等纳米簇催化剂。
本发明中,所述环烯烃、芳烃为具有α C-H键的环己烯、环辛烯、乙苯等。
本发明中,控制通入氧气的流速为10-60 ml/min;氧化反应时间5-15小时。
本发明中,所述助剂为含双羟基协同的二醇或三醇,优选乙二醇、环己二醇、环辛二醇等。
本发明中,所述的金属纳米簇原子数在3-35,原子簇直径小于 2 nm。优选金属纳米簇原子数在3-10,原子簇直径小于 1 nm。
本发明步骤(1)中,金属盐与环烯烃、芳烃两者的摩尔比例优选为1:3✕103--1:30;助剂与反应物的摩尔比优选为 1:10--1:102。
上述制备得到的金属纳米簇,可活化解离烯烃、芳烃的α C-H键与氧气反应得到相应的氧化产物。即可用于催化烯烃、芳烃与氧气反应,具体步骤为:
(1)将金属纳米簇溶液直接加入到反应物烯烃、芳烃溶液中,金属纳米簇溶液与反应物溶液体积比为1:1000到1:2(优选两者体积比为1:500到1:2),活性组分金属含量在 10ng/ml --500 ug/ml之间(优选活性组分金属含量在 100 ng/ml --400 ug/ml之间);
(2)再通入氧气,控制氧气流速为10-60 ml/min,在50-120℃温度下反应8-20小时,即得到目标氧化物。
本发明中,所述反应物烯烃、芳烃,可以为环己烯、环辛烯、乙苯等。得到的目标氧化物为有机过氧化物、醇、酮、环氧化物等。作为优选,可合成的目标产物有:环己烯醇、环己烯酮、环氧环辛烷、苯乙酮等。
上述应用的步骤(1)中,金属纳米簇溶液与反应物溶液体积比优选为1:400到1:2;活性组分金属含量优选为 100 ng/ml --400 ug/ml。
与现有的合成技术相比,本技术工艺避免了过氧化物作为氧源的使用,能在温和条件下实现上述目标产物的合成,能有效节省生产成本,是一种节能、环保、绿色新工艺。
转换频率是指单位时间内(一小时)单位摩尔的活性位上反应物消耗或产物生成的摩尔数,本发明中活性位摩尔数目直接以金属组分的原子数计。
具体实施方式
实施例1
取6 mg AuCl 加入到10 ml环辛烯和187 mg环辛己二醇混合液中,加热至100℃,通氧气反应16 小时,氧气流速 30 ml/min,用色谱检测产物,环辛烯转化率60% 左右,过滤得滤液,ICP测定滤液中含金90 ng/ml,在440-460 nm有荧光发射峰,根据Jellium model金簇中金原子数为7-8个。
取上述簇溶液2 ml,再加环辛烯8 ml 和0.8 ml正癸烷(内标),加热至 100℃,通氧气反应8小时,氧气流速 30 ml/min,转化率60% 左右,转换频率(TOF) 接近7 ✕ 105。
实施例2
取6 mg CoCl2·6H2O 加入到10 ml环辛烯和187 mg环己二醇混合液中,加热至100℃,通氧气反应16 小时,氧气流速 20 ml/min,用色谱检测产物,环辛烯转化率60% 左右,过滤得滤液,ICP测定滤液中含钴0.093 mg/ml,在480-500 nm有荧光发射峰,透射电镜分析该簇直径大小在0.3-1.1 nm之间,平均尺寸为0.9 nm。
取上述钴簇溶液2 ml,再加8 ml乙苯 和0.8 ml正癸烷(内标),加热至 100℃,通氧气反应10小时,氧气流速 20 ml/min,转化率50% 左右,转化频率(TOF) 接近200。
实施例3
取7 mg MoCl5 加入到10 ml环己烯和150 mg环己二醇混合液中,加热至60℃,通氧气反应16 小时,氧气流速 40 ml/min,用色谱检测产物,环己烯转化率60% 左右,过滤获得滤液,ICP测定滤液中含钼0.023 mg/ml,在470-490 nm有荧光发射峰,根据Jelliummodel 钼簇中钼原子数为9-10个。
取上述钼簇溶液2ml,加入 8 mL环己烯和0.8 ml正癸烷(内标),通氧气,流速为30ml/min,加热至 60℃,通气反应10小时,环己烯转化率为40%,转化频率(TOF) 约6000。
实施例4
取10 mg Fe(NO3)3·9H2O 加入到10 ml环辛烯和187 mg环辛二醇混合液中,加热至100℃,通氧气反应16 小时,氧气流速 40 ml/min,用色谱检测产物,环辛烯转化率50%左右,过滤获得滤液,ICP测定滤液中含铁7 ug/ml,在480-500 nm有荧光发射峰,射电镜分析该簇直径大小在0.2-1.0nm之间,平均尺寸为0.8 nm。。
取上述铁簇溶液2 ml,加入8 ml乙苯和0.8 ml正癸烷(内标),通氧气,流速为30ml/min,加热至 80℃,通气反应20小时,乙苯转化率为50%,转化频率(TOF) 约1000。
实施例5
取8 mg PtCl4 加入到10 ml 乙苯和150 mg环己二醇混合液中,加热至100℃,通氧气反应16 小时,氧气流速 40 ml/min,用色谱检测产物,乙苯转化率50% 左右,过滤获得滤液,ICP测定滤液中含铂10 ug/ml,在460-490 nm有荧光发射峰,根据Jellium model 铂簇中铂原子数为8-10个。
取上述铂簇溶液2 ml,加入8 ml乙苯和0.8 ml正癸烷(内标),通氧气,流速为40ml/min,加热至 90℃,通气反应10小时,乙苯转化率为50%,转化频率(TOF) 约16000。
Claims (10)
1.一种金属纳米簇催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,具体步骤为:
(1)将金属盐与环烯烃或与芳烃,以1:3✕105到1:30摩尔比例混合,作为反应物;加入助剂,助剂与反应物的摩尔比为1:10到1:104;
(2)加热,控制温度为50-120℃,并通入氧气,进行氧化反应,使金属盐与环烯烃、芳烃发生强相互作用后被还原,在助剂协同作用下,形成金属簇;同时,生成的部分氧化产物构成金属簇的稳定配体,从而制备得到金属纳米簇催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的金属盐为:金、银、铂、钯、钴、钼、铁、镍的氯化物或硝酸盐;得到的金属纳米簇催化剂为对应的金、银、铂、钯、钴、钼、铁、镍纳米簇催化剂;
所述环烯烃、芳烃为具有α C-H键的环己烯、环辛烯或乙苯。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,控制通入氧气的流速为10-60 mL/min;氧化反应时间5-15小时。
4.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述助剂为含双羟基协同的二醇或三醇。
5.根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述助剂为乙二醇、环己二醇或环辛二醇。
6.根据权利要求1、2、4或5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的金属纳米簇原子数在3-35,原子簇直径小于 2 nm。
7.如权利要求1-6之一所述制备方法制备得到的金属纳米簇催化剂。
8.如权利要求7所述的金属纳米簇催化剂在催化烯烃、芳烃与氧气反应中的应用,具体步骤为:
(1)将金属纳米簇溶液直接加入到反应物烯烃、芳烃溶液中,金属纳米簇溶液与反应物溶液体积比为1:1000到1:2,活性组分金属含量在 10 ng/mL --500 ug/mL之间;
(2)再通入氧气,控制氧气流速为10-60 mL /min,在50-120℃温度下反应8-20小时,即得到目标氧化物。
9.如权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,所述反应物烯烃、芳烃为环己烯、环辛烯或乙苯。
10.如权利要求9所述的应用,其特征在于,合成的目标产物为:环己烯醇、环己烯酮、环氧环辛烷、苯乙酮。
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