CN108641829A - A kind of radioactive element scavenger and preparation method thereof and the application in aerosol - Google Patents
A kind of radioactive element scavenger and preparation method thereof and the application in aerosol Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108641829A CN108641829A CN201810392196.1A CN201810392196A CN108641829A CN 108641829 A CN108641829 A CN 108641829A CN 201810392196 A CN201810392196 A CN 201810392196A CN 108641829 A CN108641829 A CN 108641829A
- Authority
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- radioactive element
- sodium
- scavenger
- tetra
- aerosol
- Prior art date
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- Granted
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- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N Rosin Natural products O(C/C=C/c1ccccc1)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 150000008130 triterpenoid saponins Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- DUIOKRXOKLLURE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-octylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O DUIOKRXOKLLURE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229940051841 polyoxyethylene ether Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229920000056 polyoxyethylene ether Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- UZVUJVFQFNHRSY-OUTKXMMCSA-J tetrasodium;(2s)-2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]pentanedioate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC[C@@H](C([O-])=O)N(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O UZVUJVFQFNHRSY-OUTKXMMCSA-J 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium benzoate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 235000010234 sodium benzoate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000004299 sodium benzoate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229920001495 poly(sodium acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium polyacrylate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C=C NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium;2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxylatomethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 241000737241 Cocos Species 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940060377 triethanolamine benzoate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- WMIYKQLTONQJES-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F WMIYKQLTONQJES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aziridine Chemical compound C1CN1 NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PALNVYHUKHRDOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N UNPD162310 Natural products COC(=O)C1(C)CCC2(CCC3(C)C(=CCC4C5(C)CCC(OC6OC(CO)C(O)C(OC7OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C7O)C6O)C(C)(C)C5CCC34C)C2C1)C(=O)O PALNVYHUKHRDOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229940031098 ethanolamine Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000007096 poisonous effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 15
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 8
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003254 anti-foaming effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000941 radioactive substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- PQUXFUBNSYCQAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2,3-difluorophenyl)ethanone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC(F)=C1F PQUXFUBNSYCQAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003064 anti-oxidating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003260 anti-sepsis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000536 complexating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015110 jellies Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008274 jelly Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005445 natural material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001397 quillaja saponaria molina bark Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930182490 saponin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000007949 saponins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940047670 sodium acrylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IZPNTDOWOBGHEG-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium benzene formate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C=O.C1=CC=CC=C1 IZPNTDOWOBGHEG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010148 water-pollination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/83—Mixtures of non-ionic with anionic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
- C11D3/12—Water-insoluble compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2003—Alcohols; Phenols
- C11D3/2006—Monohydric alcohols
- C11D3/201—Monohydric alcohols linear
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2003—Alcohols; Phenols
- C11D3/2041—Dihydric alcohols
- C11D3/2044—Dihydric alcohols linear
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2075—Carboxylic acids-salts thereof
- C11D3/2079—Monocarboxylic acids-salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C11D3/30—Amines; Substituted amines ; Quaternized amines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C11D3/33—Amino carboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3757—(Co)polymerised carboxylic acids, -anhydrides, -esters in solid and liquid compositions
- C11D3/3765—(Co)polymerised carboxylic acids, -anhydrides, -esters in solid and liquid compositions in liquid compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
- C11D3/3942—Inorganic per-compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/48—Medical, disinfecting agents, disinfecting, antibacterial, germicidal or antimicrobial compositions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/001—Decontamination of contaminated objects, apparatus, clothes, food; Preventing contamination thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
- C11D1/04—Carboxylic acids or salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/662—Carbohydrates or derivatives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
- C11D2111/40—Specific cleaning or washing processes
- C11D2111/42—Application of foam or a temporary coating on the surface to be cleaned
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to radioactive element processing technology fields, and in particular to a kind of radioactive element scavenger and preparation method thereof and the application in aerosol.The scavenger is made of triterpenoid saponin, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium, coconut palm Hua Su, graphene oxide, tetra- sodium of EDTA, tetra- sodium of GLDA, polyethyleneimine, Sodium Polyacrylate, ethyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, triethanolamine, sodium benzoate, propylene glycol and water.It is up to 95.2%~100% to the removal rate of radioactive element, and sterilizing rate is up to 94%~99.7%, and its setting temperature is down to 8 DEG C, therefore is suitable for low temperature environment.The radioactive element scavenger is environment-protecting and non-poisonous, and wettability is good, and preparation method is simple, which is used for aerosol, easy to use, is suitable for industrial production.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to radioactive element processing technology fields, and in particular to a kind of radioactive element scavenger and its preparation
Method and the application in aerosol.
Background technology
With being constantly progressive for science and technology, radioactive substance obtains extensively in fields such as industry, nuclear power, medical and health and military affairs
Using.It is especially universal in daily life application however, with the development that radioactive substance is applied, radioactive element it is residual
Human body can be generated greatly harm by staying.Currently, people day frequently with the method for removing radioactive element be mainly clear water, fertilizer
The mode of soap or cleaning composition, but this mode is low to radioactive element clearance rate, it is difficult to achieve the purpose that harm reduction.
Invention content
The shortcomings that overcome the prior art and deficiency, primary and foremost purpose of the invention are to provide a kind of radioactive element removing
Agent.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a kind of preparation methods of above-mentioned radioactive element scavenger.
Another object of the present invention is to provide application of the above-mentioned radioactive element scavenger in aerosol.
To achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:
A kind of radioactive element scavenger is made of following raw material by mass percentage:Triterpenoid saponin 0.5%~
4%, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium 0.5%~4%, coconut palm China element 0.1%~2%, graphene oxide
1%~10%, tetra- sodium 0.1%~2% of EDTA, tetra- sodium 0.1%~2% of GLDA, polyethyleneimine 0.1%~1.5%, polypropylene
Sour sodium 0.01%~0.5%, ethyl alcohol 0~10%, hydrogen peroxide 2%~8%, triethanolamine 0~3%, sodium benzoate 0~3%,
Propylene glycol 0~10% and water are surplus, and above-mentioned raw materials add up to 100%.
Wherein, triterpenoid saponin is a kind of natural Tea Saponin, is a kind of low foaming nonionic surface active agent, is dividing
It dissipates, wetting, foam stabilizing, decontamination and emulsification are with good performance, while it is a kind of plant source surface work that can very degrade
Property agent, have antioxidation, have antisepsis to feed liquid.
Coconut palm Hua Suwei natural surfactants have the function of cleaning, emulsification and solubilising, in addition, it contains amide group,
There is good capability of foaming and foam-stabilizing.
Maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium according to《Maleic rosin-polyethenoxy ether diester carboxyl acid natrium
Surfactant》(Cui Jinfeng etc., Lanzhou University of Science & Technology's journal, 2009,35 (6):Preparation method 64-67) is made.It is to change
Property surfactant, strong detergency, moderate foam, stability is good, nontoxic, low cost, has the function of emulsification and solubilized.
Above-mentioned three kinds of surfactants are all nontoxic, environmental protection, degradable surfactant, and feed liquid has made of compounding
The characteristics of low foam, wetability is good, strong cleaning force.
Graphene oxide has good hydrophily, is soluble in liquid, almost close to perfect two dimensional crystal material
Material, abundant surfactant group and huge specific surface area so that the effect of its Adsorption of Radioactive element is very good, effect
Rate is exceedingly fast.
Radioactive element can be complexed in tetra- sodium of EDTA and tetra- sodium of GLDA.
Polyethyleneimine and Sodium Polyacrylate play thickening and Adsorption of Radioactive element so that graphene oxide is uniform
It is dispersed in feed liquid.
Hydrogen peroxide is disinfectant;Triethanolamine and sodium benzoate are preservative, also have both the effect for adjusting pH, make
It obtains feed liquid and alkalescent is presented.
Propylene glycol is antifreezing agent, and content is bigger, and setting temperature is lower, as content be 5% when setting temperature at -3 DEG C,
Setting temperature when content is 10% is at -8 DEG C, and setting temperature when content is 15% is at -12 DEG C.
Preferably, total matter of the triterpenoid saponin, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium and coconut palm Hua Su
It measures percentage and is no more than 8%, it is furthermore preferred that being no more than 5%.
When triterpenoid saponin, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium and coconut palm Hua Su gross mass percentage not
When more than 8%, three kinds of surfactants need not dilute use.
Preferably, the radioactive element scavenger is made of following raw material by mass percentage:Triterpenoid saponin
0.5%~3%, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium 0.5%~2.5%, coconut palm China element 0.1%~1.5%,
Graphene oxide 2%~6%, tetra- sodium 0.4%~2% of EDTA, tetra- sodium 0.4%~2% of GLDA, polyethyleneimine 0.1%~
0.6%, Sodium Polyacrylate 0.1%~0.2%, ethyl alcohol 1%~5%, hydrogen peroxide 2%~7%, triethanolamine 0~3%, benzene
Sodium formate 0~3%, propylene glycol 1%~10% and water are surplus, and above-mentioned raw materials add up to 100%.
It is furthermore preferred that the radioactive element scavenger is made of following raw material by mass percentage:Triterpenoid saponin
2%, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium 1.5%, coconut palm China element 0.5%, graphene oxide 4.0%, EDTA
Four sodium 1.25%, tetra- sodium 1.25% of GLDA, polyethyleneimine 0.4%, Sodium Polyacrylate 0.1%, ethyl alcohol 3%, hydrogen peroxide
5%, triethanolamine 0.75%, sodium benzoate 0.75%, propylene glycol 5% and water are surplus, and above-mentioned raw materials add up to 100%.
Preferably, the pH value of the radioactive element scavenger is 7~9.
Container corrosion can be caused when the pH value of feed liquid is less than 7, absorption of the feed liquid to radioactive element can be reduced when more than 9
Effect, thus the pH value of feed liquid be 7~9 when, feed liquid is best to the adsorption effect of radioactive element.
Gained radioactive element scavenger be yellowish transparency liquid, have a small amount of hydrogen peroxide smell, proportion be 0.981~
0.992g/m3, viscosity is 95~190mpa.s.
The present invention further provides a kind of preparation methods of above-mentioned radioactive element scavenger, include the following steps:
(1) tetra- sodium of EDTA and tetra- sodium of GLDA are added to the water, stirring and dissolving obtains solution A.
(2) triethanolamine and sodium benzoate are added in solution A, stirring and dissolving obtains solution B.
(3) triterpenoid saponin, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium and coconut palm China element are added in solution B,
Stirring and dissolving obtains solution C.
(4) polyethyleneimine, Sodium Polyacrylate and graphene oxide are added in solution C, stirring and dissolving obtains solution D.
(5) ethyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and propylene glycol are added in solution D, stirring and dissolving is to get clear to the radioactive element
Except agent.
Preferably, stirring and dissolving condition described in step (1) be 1500~3000r/s, temperature be 20~40 DEG C, when it is a length of
5~20min.
Preferably, stirring and dissolving condition described in step (2) be 1500~3000r/s, temperature be 20~40 DEG C, when it is a length of
5~20min.
Preferably, stirring and dissolving condition described in step (3) be 400~600r/s, temperature be 20~40 DEG C, when a length of 40
~80min.
Preferably, stirring and dissolving condition described in step (4) be 1500~3000r/s, temperature be 20~40 DEG C, when it is a length of
10~30min.
Preferably, stirring and dissolving condition described in step (5) be 400~600r/s, temperature be 20~40 DEG C, when a length of 15
~40min.
The present invention further provides application of the radioactive element scavenger in radioactive element removes aerosol.
A kind of radioactive element removing aerosol, the aerosol is by propellant and above-mentioned radioactive element scavenger group
At.
Preferably, the propellant is hexafluoroethane or the mixture being made of propane, butane and dimethyl ether.
It is furthermore preferred that the propellant is by following material composition by mass percentage:Propane 10%~40%, butane
5%~25% and dimethyl ether be surplus.
It is further preferred that the propellant is by following material composition by mass percentage:Propane 15%, butane
5% and dimethyl ether 80%.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the propellant and radioactive element scavenger is:0.05:1~0.5:1.
It is furthermore preferred that the mass ratio of the propellant and radioactive element scavenger is:0.1:1~0.2:1.
When propellant is hexafluoroethane, if its ratio is excessive, the foam of formation is tiny, while antifoaming speed is fast.If its
Ratio is too small, and foam is hardly formed.Therefore, moderate propellant ratio is optimal.
When propellant is the mixture being made of propane, butane and dimethyl ether, if propellant ratio is excessive, foam height
Higher, antifoaming speed is very slow, but container pressure is larger simultaneously, can be more than pressure resistance limitation (the best internal pressure range of container:At 25 DEG C
For 0.4~0.6MPa), if propellant ratio is too small, insufficient pressure sprays for linear state, therefore moderate propellant ratio
It is optimal.
Compared with prior art, the present invention having the following advantages that and advantageous effect:
(1) the radioactive element scavenger prepared in the present invention, which utilizes, has abundant surface active groups and huge specific surface
Based on long-pending graphene oxide, Adsorption of Radioactive element effect is good, in combination with tetra- sodium of EDTA and tetra- sodium of GLDA to radioactivity
The complexing of element further increases the scavenging effect to radioactive element.In addition, polyethyleneimine in scavenger and poly-
Sodium acrylate serves not only as thickener, and has the function of Adsorption of Radioactive element.Thus obtained scavenger is to radiation
The removal rate of property element is up to 95.2%~100%.
(2) surfactant that the radioactive element scavenger prepared in the present invention uses can wrap up graphite oxide in water
Alkene forms micella, keeps graphene oxide evenly dispersed.The surfactant is pure natural substance, and dosage is few, without dilution, environmental protection
It is nontoxic, it is degradable, and scavenger can be made to have wettability good, the characteristics of strong cleaning force.
(3) triethanolamine in scavenger and sodium benzoate not only have corrosion-resistant effect, but also solution can be made to be in weak base
Property, it not only can guarantee adsorption effect of the scavenger to radioactive element, but also do not corrode container.Meanwhile the propylene glycol of addition is with anti-
Jelly acts on, and makes the setting temperature of the scavenger of acquisition down to -8 DEG C, can use at low ambient temperatures.
(4) the radioactive element scavenger for preparing also has both the effect of sterilization in the present invention, and sterilizing rate is up to 94%~
99.7%.
(5) preparation method of radioactive element scavenger is simple in the present invention, is conducive to industrialized production.
(6) the radioactive element removing aerosol foam situation that the present invention obtains is moderate, and antifoaming speed is slow, is conducive to wherein
Radioactive element scavenger come into full contact with radioactive element.In addition, the aerosol application method is simple, have no toxic side effect,
After using object to spray, through short stay, simple wiping can remove the radioactive element of subject surface.
Specific implementation mode
The present invention is described in further detail with reference to embodiment, embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
For not specifically specified technological parameter, routine techniques progress can refer to.
Embodiment 1
The present embodiment provides a kind of radioactive element scavengers and preparation method thereof:
The group of radioactive element scavenger in the present embodiment becomes:Triterpenoid saponin 0.5%, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxy
Ethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium 2.5%, graphene oxide 6%, tetra- sodium 0.4% of EDTA, tetra- sodium 2% of GLDA, gathers coconut palm China element 0.1%
Aziridine 0.1%, Sodium Polyacrylate 0.01%, ethyl alcohol 5%, hydrogen peroxide 2%, triethanolamine 0.75%, sodium benzoate
0.75%, propylene glycol 1% and water are surplus, and above-mentioned raw materials add up to 100%.
Preparation process is as follows:
(1) tetra- sodium of EDTA and tetra- sodium of GLDA being added to the water, 5min is stirred under the conditions of 2000r/s and 30 DEG C makes dissolving,
Obtain solution A.
(2) triethanolamine and sodium benzoate are added in solution A, stirring 5min makes molten under the conditions of 2000r/s and 30 DEG C
Solution, obtains solution B.
(3) triterpenoid saponin, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium and coconut palm China element are added in solution B,
50min is stirred under the conditions of 500r/s and 30 DEG C makes dissolving, obtains solution C.
(4) polyethyleneimine, Sodium Polyacrylate and graphene oxide are added in solution C, in 2000r/s and 30 DEG C of condition
Lower stirring 15min makes dissolving, obtains solution D.
(5) ethyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and propylene glycol are added in solution D, 20min is stirred under the conditions of 500r/s and 30 DEG C to be made
Dissolving is to get to the radioactive element scavenger.
Gained radioactive element scavenger is yellowish transparency liquid, has a small amount of hydrogen peroxide smell, proportion 0.981g/
m3, viscosity 95mpa.s.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment provides a kind of radioactive element scavengers and preparation method thereof:
The group of radioactive element scavenger in the present embodiment becomes:Triterpenoid saponin 1.0%, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxy
Ethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium 2.0%, coconut palm China element 0.3%, graphene oxide 5.0%, tetra- sodium 0.8% of EDTA, tetra- sodium of GLDA
1.5%, polyethyleneimine 0.2%, Sodium Polyacrylate 0.05%, ethyl alcohol 4.0%, hydrogen peroxide 4.0%, triethanolamine
0.75%, sodium benzoate 0.75%, propylene glycol 3.0% and water are surplus, and above-mentioned raw materials add up to 100%.
Preparation process is the same as embodiment 1.
Gained radioactive element scavenger is yellowish transparency liquid, has a small amount of hydrogen peroxide smell, proportion 0.992g/
m3, viscosity 113mpa.s.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment provides a kind of radioactive element scavengers and preparation method thereof:
The group of radioactive element scavenger in the present embodiment becomes:Triterpenoid saponin 2.0%, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxy
Ethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium 1.5%, coconut palm China element 0.5%, graphene oxide 4.0%, tetra- sodium 1.25% of EDTA, tetra- sodium of GLDA
1.25%, polyethyleneimine 0.4%, Sodium Polyacrylate 0.1%, ethyl alcohol 3.0%, hydrogen peroxide 5.0%, triethanolamine
0.75%, sodium benzoate 0.75%, propylene glycol 5.0% and water are surplus, and above-mentioned raw materials add up to 100%.
Preparation process is the same as embodiment 1.
Gained radioactive element scavenger is yellowish transparency liquid, has a small amount of hydrogen peroxide smell, proportion 0.988g/
m3, viscosity 152mpa.s.
Embodiment 4
The present embodiment provides a kind of radioactive element scavengers and preparation method thereof:
The group of radioactive element scavenger in the present embodiment becomes:Triterpenoid saponin 2.5%, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxy
Ethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium 1.0%, coconut palm China element 1.0%, graphene oxide 3.0%, tetra- sodium 1.5% of EDTA, tetra- sodium of GLDA
0.8%, polyethyleneimine 0.5%, Sodium Polyacrylate 0.15%, ethyl alcohol 2.0%, hydrogen peroxide 6.0%, triethanolamine
0.75%, sodium benzoate 0.75%, propylene glycol 7.0% and water are surplus, and above-mentioned raw materials add up to 100%.
Preparation process is the same as embodiment 1.
Gained radioactive element scavenger is yellowish transparency liquid, has a small amount of hydrogen peroxide smell, proportion 0.985g/
m3, viscosity 188mpa.s.
Embodiment 5
The present embodiment provides a kind of radioactive element scavengers and preparation method thereof:
The group of radioactive element scavenger in the present embodiment becomes:Triterpenoid saponin 3.0%, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxy
Ethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium 0.5%, coconut palm China element 1.5%, graphene oxide 2.0%, tetra- sodium 2.0% of EDTA, tetra- sodium of GLDA
0.4%, polyethyleneimine 0.6%, Sodium Polyacrylate 0.2%, ethyl alcohol 1.0%, hydrogen peroxide 7.0%, triethanolamine 0.75%,
Sodium benzoate 0.75%, propylene glycol 10.0% and water are surplus, and above-mentioned raw materials add up to 100%.
Preparation process is the same as embodiment 1.
Gained radioactive element scavenger is yellowish transparency liquid, has a small amount of hydrogen peroxide smell, proportion 0.982g/
m3, viscosity 190mpa.s.
Embodiment 6
The present embodiment provides the application effects that radioactive element obtained by Examples 1 to 5 removes aerosol:
Radioactive element scavenger obtained by Examples 1 to 5 is mixed in proportion with propellant shown in table 1, is prepared and puts
Penetrating property element removes aerosol, the foam of gained aerosol, and setting temperature performance is shown in Table 1.Then aerosol is sprayed on has
The surface of solids of radioactive ray and element shown in table 2, after stopping 10min, with clear water to surface of solids simple wiping, then root
The bacterial residues of the surface of solids are detected according to domestic standard (hygienic requirements of GB 27952-2011 common objects surface disinfectants)
Amount calculates sterilizing rate, the results are shown in Table 1.The radioactive ray and element of the surface of solids are measured further according to GB/T 14056-2011
Residual volume calculates the clearance rate of radioactive ray and element, the results are shown in Table 2.
Table 1 by radioactive element obtained by Examples 1 to 5 remove aerosol form and performance
The radioactive element obtained by Examples 1 to 5 of table 2 removes the application effect of aerosol
The raw material proportioning of 3 Examples 1 to 5 of table
Above-described embodiment is preferrred embodiment of the present invention, but embodiments of the present invention are not limited to above-mentioned implementation
Example, it is other it is any without departing from the spirit and principles of the present invention made by changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, simplifications,
Equivalent substitute mode is answered, is included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of radioactive element scavenger, which is characterized in that be made of following raw material by mass percentage:Triterpenoid saponin
0.5%~4%, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium 0.5%~4%, coconut palm China element 0.1%~2%, oxidation
Graphene 1%~10%, tetra- sodium 0.1%~2% of EDTA, tetra- sodium 0.1%~2% of GLDA, polyethyleneimine 0.1%~1.5%,
Sodium Polyacrylate 0.01%~0.5%, ethyl alcohol 0~10%, hydrogen peroxide 2%~8%, triethanolamine 0~3%, sodium benzoate 0
~3%, propylene glycol 0~10% and water are surplus, and above-mentioned raw materials add up to 100%.
2. radioactive element scavenger according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the triterpenoid saponin, maleic rosin octyl
The gross mass percentage of phenol polyethenoxy ether diester carboxyl acid natrium and coconut palm Hua Su are no more than 8%.
3. radioactive element scavenger according to claim 1 or claim 2, which is characterized in that by it is following by mass percentage
Raw material forms:Triterpenoid saponin 0.5%~3%, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium 0.5%~2.5%, coconut palm
Magnificent element 0.1%~1.5%, tetra- sodium 0.4%~2% of EDTA, tetra- sodium 0.4%~2% of GLDA, gathers graphene oxide 2%~6%
Aziridine 0.1%~0.6%, Sodium Polyacrylate 0.1%~0.2%, ethyl alcohol 1%~5%, hydrogen peroxide 2%~7%, three
Ethanol amine 0~3%, sodium benzoate 0~3%, propylene glycol 1%~10% and water are surplus, and above-mentioned raw materials add up to 100%.
4. radioactive element scavenger according to claim 3, which is characterized in that by following raw material by mass percentage
Composition:Triterpenoid saponin 2%, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium 1.5%, coconut palm China element 0.5%, graphite oxide
Alkene 4.0%, tetra- sodium 1.25% of EDTA, tetra- sodium 1.25% of GLDA, polyethyleneimine 0.4%, Sodium Polyacrylate 0.1%, ethyl alcohol
3%, hydrogen peroxide 5%, triethanolamine 0.75%, sodium benzoate 0.75%, propylene glycol 5% and water are surplus, and above-mentioned raw materials are total
It is calculated as 100%.
5. radioactive element scavenger according to claim 1 or claim 2, which is characterized in that the radioactive element scavenger
PH value is 7~9.
6. the preparation method of any one of Claims 1 to 5 radioactive element scavenger, which is characterized in that including following step
Suddenly:
(1) tetra- sodium of EDTA and tetra- sodium of GLDA are added to the water, stirring and dissolving obtains solution A;
(2) triethanolamine and sodium benzoate are added in solution A, stirring and dissolving obtains solution B;
(3) triterpenoid saponin, maleic rosin octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether diester carboxyl acid natrium and coconut palm China element are added in solution B, stirring
Dissolving, obtains solution C;
(4) polyethyleneimine, Sodium Polyacrylate and graphene oxide are added in solution C, stirring and dissolving obtains solution D;
(5) ethyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and propylene glycol are added in solution D, stirring and dissolving is removed to get to the radioactive element
Agent.
7. the application of any one of Claims 1 to 5 radioactive element scavenger, it is characterised in that:By radioactivity member
Plain scavenger is used to prepare radioactive element and removes aerosol.
8. a kind of radioactive element removes aerosol, it is characterised in that:The aerosol is appointed by propellant and Claims 1 to 5
One radioactive element scavenger composition.
9. according to claim 8 radioactive element remove aerosol, which is characterized in that the propellant be hexafluoroethane or
By following material composition by mass percentage:Propane 10%~40%, butane 5%~25% and dimethyl ether are surplus.
10. radioactive element according to claim 8 or claim 9 removes aerosol, it is characterised in that:The propellant and radiation
The mass ratio of property element scavenger is:0.05:1~0.5:1.
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Denomination of invention: A radioactive element scavenger, its preparation method and application in aerosol Effective date of registration: 20200909 Granted publication date: 20200403 Pledgee: Guangdong Shixing Rural Commercial Bank Co., Ltd Pledgor: GUANGDONG THEAOSON TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd. Registration number: Y2020440000259 |