CN108619509A - 抗体和蛋白酶的联合治疗应用 - Google Patents
抗体和蛋白酶的联合治疗应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含治疗性抗体和蛋白酶的组合物和提高治疗性抗体的效力的应用和方法。特别而言,本发明提供了一种组合物,所述组合物包含(i)降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂IdeS,和(ii)治疗性抗体,其对所述试剂有抗性。治疗性抗体可以在设定的时间间隔后施用于受试者,或可以在施用治疗性抗体之前用所述试剂处理受试者的血液。
Description
本申请是分案申请,其原申请的申请号为201380012248.3,申请日为2013年1月25日,发明名称为“抗体和糖苷内切酶的联合治疗应用”。
技术领域
本发明涉及包含治疗性抗体的组合物和提高治疗性抗体的效力的应用和方法。特别是,本发明提供了一种组合物,所述组合物包含:(i)减少Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂,和(ii)治疗性抗体,优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体。所述治疗性抗体可以在设定的时间间隔后施用于受试者,或可以在施用所述治疗性抗体之前以所述试剂处理受试者的血液。
背景技术
历史上,使用抗体尤其是单克隆抗体来治疗如癌症等疾病的最初目的是作为“神奇的子弹”来寻找和摧毁体内的癌细胞。
抗体可用于将免疫系统募集到身体内的特定靶标。抗体通过抗体可结晶片段(Fc)结构域与在免疫细胞表面上表达的Fc受体(FcR)的相互作用来募集细胞免疫系统。治疗性抗体的Fc结构域与FcR之间的相互作用在多种正在开发的抗体治疗剂中是重要的,所述抗体治疗剂包括:抗癌抗体、抗炎抗体、抗病原体抗体和用于治疗自身免疫的抗体。
在这种治疗中,抗体通过Fab结构域的特异性而对靶抗原有特异性。这些抗体通常是免疫球蛋白G(IgG)类别:IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4。这些抗体结合人类FcR:FcγRI、RγIIa、RγIIb、RγIIIa和FcγRn,和补体Fc受体Clq。IgG分子募集细胞免疫系统的功效受到Fc与FcR的亲和力的影响。因此,已经开发出了IgG Fc的变体,其表现出经调节的与FcR的结合。在这些IgG Fc变体中,在Fc结构域的蛋白和/或糖部分中引入了变化,从而改变了与一种或多种FcR的亲和力,并可展示出对一种或多种FcR的亲和力的下降和升高。受体亲和力的这种调节使得能够募集具有特定的促炎或抗炎特性的特定范围的细胞免疫组分和体液免疫组分。
已经发现许多抗原选择性地或独特地表达在特定的癌上,但通常而言,使用未经修饰的抗体来杀死癌细胞的尝试仅取得了中等程度的成功。使用未标记的“朴素(plain)”抗体的问题在于,癌细胞通过在细胞表面上表达补体结合抑制剂(例如,衰变加速因子,DAF)而像其他宿主细胞一样受到保护以免于补体介导的裂解。同样地,细胞表面上的癌抗原的浓度或丰度有时会非常低,不足以支持凭借抗体引导的效应物机制(例如ADCC和补体结合)进行的杀灭。
由于细胞表面上癌抗原丰度低的问题,已经开发出用于杀死癌细胞的单克隆抗体产品,这些产品识别丰富存在于癌细胞上的组织或谱系特异性抗原,但这些抗原也存在于宿主细胞上,这削弱了针对癌特异性抗原的癌特异性抗体的“特异性”优势。实例包括用于非霍奇金淋巴瘤(CD20也表达在正常B细胞上)的利妥昔单抗(抗CD20),以及用于转移性黑色素瘤的Yermoy(其识别CTLA4,CTLA4也表达在正常T细胞上)。
由于在发展最初的“神奇的子弹”概念(能够选择性地仅杀死癌细胞的未标记的抗体)时遇到的这些问题,已开发了进一步的策略以尽可能利用可以用单克隆抗体获得的、针对对于癌细胞生长而言重要的生长因子(例如VEGF,其由Avastin识别)或生长因子受体(例如Her2,其由赫赛汀识别)的特异性。不过,在VEGF的情况中,它发挥重要的生理功能,这些功能也被Avastin中和,从而在一定程度上抵消了会识别癌特异性抗原并杀死携带这些抗原的细胞但不杀死健康细胞的抗体的理论优势。
除了治疗癌症以外,单克隆抗体可用于治疗病毒感染,其中单克隆抗体靶向异常出现或升高的宿主细胞抗原和/或病毒编码的抗原。病原体的消除通过类似的FcR依赖性机制进行。例如,巴维昔单抗靶向受感染细胞的质膜的外侧小叶中磷脂酰丝氨酸的异常出现。
已经采取了多种其他方式来增强抗体的性质。
一种方式是利用双特异性抗体直接将抗原与FcR交联。已经描述了使用无Fc形式的相似方法:例如,将两个靶蛋白带到一起的多点递呈的Fv片段。
如上面提到的,一个越来越普遍的增加细胞毒活性的方法是直接缀合毒素到Fc或到抗体样分子上。
一种增强IgG Fc与FcγR的结合的方法是制造带有突变的Fc区的IgG。突变、特别是位于形成受体结合表面的Cγ2结构域的尖端的突变或接近受体结合表面的突变可以使FcR相互作用增强。例如,Shields等在Fc中引入突变并产生了改变的Fc受体结合(Shields等,J Biol Chem.2001年3月2日;276(9):6591-604)。
增强IgG Fc与FcγRIIIa的结合的另一方法是制备在Asn297连接的N-乙酰基葡糖胺(GlcNAc)上缺乏α1-6岩藻糖(所谓的“核心”岩藻糖)的IgG Fc。岩藻糖在该位置上的存在因为与Asn162处的FcγRIIIa聚糖冲突而降低了与FcγRIIIa的亲和力。去除岩藻糖可消除这种位阻冲突,并增加了与FcγRIIIa的亲和力。
虽然改造抗体以表现出增强的FcR结合在细胞免疫细胞的募集上取得了一些改进,但这些方法受到未结合的受体的可用性的固有限制。在生理条件下,由于血清抗体浓度相对于Fc:FcR相互作用的解离常数而言显著过剩,大多数激活性细胞FcγR都结合在Fc上(Preithner,S.,Elm,S.,Lippold,S.,Locher,M.,Wolf,A.,da Silva,A.J.,Baeuerle,P.A.和Prang,N.S.(2006).Mol Immunol 43,1183-93;Bruhns,P.,larmascoli,B.,England,P.,Mancardi,D.A.,Fernandez,N.,Jorieux,S.和Daeron,M.(2009).Blood 113,3716-25.)。因此,细胞FcγR的活化依赖于在免疫复合物或多价抗原所递呈的IgG结合前置换掉无关抗体(大量血清IgG)。
对Fc的糖部分和/或蛋白部分进行改造能够帮助克服血清IgG对细胞表面高水平表达的抗原的竞争效果,受感染细胞或癌细胞上的低亲和力或低拷贝表位在很大程度上都受到血清IgG抗体的保护而免受抗体依赖的细胞毒作用(ADCC)。
然而,仍需要开发新方法来增强或有利于治疗性抗体的Fc结构域与FcγR之间的相互作用。
发明内容
虽然目前存在能够修饰IgG并减少其与FcR结合的酶,但这些酶的缺点在于其导致所有抗体对FCγR的结合都下降(大量血清抗体以及另外的所引入的任何治疗性抗体(如果其也存在于血清中的话))。因此,尽管这些酶可用于血清抗体本身导致病理学的情况,但它们自身并不增强或有利于所引入的治疗性抗体与FcγR之间的相互作用(因为这样的治疗性抗体会以与血清IgG抗体相同的方式受到酶的影响)。因此,迄今为止,这些IgG修饰酶仅治疗性地用于治疗由内源性血清自身抗体引起的自身免疫性紊乱(Albert H,Collin M,Dudziak D,Ravetch JV,Nimmerjahn F.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2008年9月30日;105(39):15005-9.)。
现已开发了一种新的方法来增强抗体的杀伤能力,其可应用于在癌细胞和其他细胞上选择性表达的肿瘤特异性抗原。其也可以应用到抗体策略,以通过增强Fc-受体介导的对必需生长因子的清除来中和所述生长因子。
特别是,本发明人现在认识到,为了实现对血清IgG的选择性酶促去除但不去除任何共同施用的治疗性抗体,这2种抗体群需要对该酶呈现出差别化敏感性,或者该酶和治疗性抗体必须在空间或时间上保持分开。
本发明显示了如何获得对IgG修饰剂、特别是酶的差别化敏感性,从而允许除去血清抗体但不除去经改造的IgG。
已经证明能够降低大量血清IgG与FcR的结合,并同时增强治疗性抗体与FcR的功能性结合,所述治疗性抗体可以是外源性导入的。通过以下方式可以实现这种控制:引入能够降低或消除血清IgG的FcR结合特性的试剂,以及对该试剂的这种活性有抗性的治疗性抗体。具体地,这适用于施用Fc降解剂以及治疗性抗体,所述治疗性抗体具有经改造或选择而能够抵抗所述Fc降解剂的Fc。
还证明,降低或消除血清Fc结合的试剂对FcR结合的抑制作用将增强对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体与FcR的结合。特别是,本文显示,竞争性血清IgG的去糖基化对血清IgG与FcgR的表观亲和力的效果相对较小。预计这将对应于对不受影响的抗体的亲和力的等同较小的增加。然而,本发明人的数据显示,血清-FcγR亲和力的约10倍的下降令人惊讶地导致了单克隆抗体功效的约1000倍的增加。据认为,FcR结合的这种增强将导致对治疗性抗体所靶向的细胞免疫功能的募集作用的增强。取决于特定的Fc变体,这些细胞免疫功能可能是促炎的或抗炎的。
因此,在第一实施方式中,本发明提供了一种组合物,其包含(i)降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和(ii)治疗性抗体(优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体)。
优选地,所述组合物包含治疗有效量的所述试剂和所述抗体。
优选地,所述组合物是药物组合物,并且还包含药学上可接受的载剂或稀释剂。
本发明还提供了一种组合物,所述组合物包含(i)降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和(ii)治疗性抗体(优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体),所述试剂和抗体作为联合制剂同时、分开或依次地用作药物或用于治疗。
本发明还提供了(i)降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和(ii)治疗性抗体(优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体),所述试剂和抗体用于提高所述治疗性抗体和/或抗体介导的疗法的效力的方法。
优选的是,所述(i)降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和(ii)治疗性抗体(优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体)用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的方法中。优选的是,所述(i)降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和(ii)治疗性抗体(优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体)用于癌症的治疗方法中。
优选的是,本发明涉及作用模式依赖于Fc:FcR相互作用的治疗性抗体的应用。
本发明还提供降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和治疗性抗体(优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体)在制备药物中的应用,所述药物用于提高所述治疗性抗体和/或抗体介导的疗法的效力的方法中。优选的是,所述药物用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的方法中。优选的是,所述药物用于癌症的治疗方法中。优选的是,所述药物用于感染的治疗方法中。优选的是,所述药物用于治疗自身免疫的方法中。
本发明还提供了一种提高所述治疗性抗体或抗体介导的疗法的效力的方法,所述方法包括向受试者施用降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和治疗性抗体(优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体)。优选的是,所述降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和所述治疗性抗体(优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体)用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫。优选的是,所述降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和所述治疗性抗体(优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体)用于治疗癌症。
本发明还提供了一种治疗剂,所述治疗剂包含降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和治疗性抗体(优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体)。
本发明还提供了降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和治疗性抗体(优选对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体)在增强所述治疗性抗体的功效的方法中的应用。本发明还能够实现使用更低剂量的治疗性抗体和/或降低了治疗性抗体的副作用的本文公开的组合物、应用和方法。
在本发明的组合物、治疗剂、应用和方法的一些实施方式中,所述试剂和治疗性抗体作为用于同时、分开或依次使用的联合制剂存在。
在一些实施方式中,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)向受试者施用所述试剂;随后,
(b)向所述受试者施用所述治疗性抗体,可选的是在设定的时间间隔后施用。
该设定的时间间隔为所述试剂作用于受试者体内的内源性血清抗体从而降低Fc受体结合提供了时间。优选的是,试剂施用量和时间间隔足以将受试者体内的Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合降低至低于Fc受体结合起始水平的50%(即,降低至低于用所述试剂治疗前Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合水平的50%)。更优选的是,试剂施用量和时间间隔足以将受试者体内的Fc受体与血清抗体的结合降低至低于该患者体内起始水平的40%、30%、20%或10%。该试剂可以在一个单一时间点施用或在设定的时间内施用。
时间间隔可以为例如1天至2天、1天至5天、1天至10天或1天至20天。试剂的量可以为0.1mg/Kg、1mg/Kg或10mg/Kg。例如可以使用1mg至50mg EndoS,优选10mg至20mg EndoS,更优选的是约20mg EndoS。Endo S的体内半衰期小于12小时。在试剂是EndoS的情况下,时间间隔因此可以为1天至5天,更优选3天至4天。
在又一实施方式中,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)用所述试剂对来自所述受试者的血液进行离体处理;
(b)将血液返回所述受试者;和
(c)向所述受试者施用所述治疗性抗体。
降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂优选是通过血清抗体的酶促降解而中断Fc:FcR相互作用的试剂。
该试剂可以是酶。所述酶可以是蛋白酶或糖苷内切酶或蛋白N-聚糖酶。优选的是,所述试剂在Fc区切割血清抗体,从而阻止或降低Fc受体的结合。
优选的是,降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂是糖苷内切酶。优选的是,该糖苷内切酶对天然血清IgG的Fc上见到的聚糖类型有特异性。优选的是,所述糖苷内切酶是糖苷内切酶S、F3或Eβ。优选的是,所述糖苷内切酶是糖苷内切酶S(EndoS)。优选的是,所述糖苷内切酶是糖苷内切酶F3。优选的是,所述糖苷内切酶是糖苷内切酶Eβ。
在优选的实施方式中,所述试剂是糖苷内切酶EndoS。本发明人惊奇地发现,EndoS能够增强FcγR结合,由此可充当免疫激活剂来选择性地消除FcγR与大量血清抗体的结合但不消除FcγR与所关注的治疗性抗体的结合,所关注的治疗性抗体经改造而对EndoS具有抗性。
降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂可以是蛋白酶。优选的是,所述蛋白酶是IdeS。
疗抗体可以是人单克隆抗体,或重组抗体,或其一种或多种片段。如果抗体是重组抗体,则其可以是人源化的。作为另一种选择,治疗性抗体可以是多克隆抗体。治疗性抗体必须是包含Fc结构域的治疗性抗体。
对所述试剂的活性有抗性的治疗性抗体的Fc结构域可以包含一种或多种对所述试剂的活性有抗性的糖形(glycoform)。所述糖形可以是寡聚甘露糖型糖形。优选的是,寡聚甘露糖型糖形在Fc结构域中包含Man5GlcNAc2、Man8GlcNAc2或Man9GlcNAc2。优选的是,所述寡聚甘露糖型糖形是寡聚甘露糖型聚糖的混合物。优选的是,所述寡聚甘露糖型糖形是寡聚甘露糖型聚糖或‘酵母型’寡聚甘露糖型聚糖,其在Fc结构域的每个聚糖中含有5至20个甘露糖残基。更优选的是,所述寡聚甘露糖型聚糖或酵母型寡聚甘露糖型聚糖在Fc结构域的每个聚糖中含有5个甘露糖、或6个甘露糖、或7个甘露糖、或8个甘露糖、或9个甘露糖、或10个甘露糖、或11个甘露糖、或12个甘露糖、或13个甘露糖、或14个甘露糖、或15个甘露糖、或16个甘露糖、或17个甘露糖、或18个甘露糖、或19个甘露糖或20个甘露糖。优选的是,寡聚甘露糖型聚糖或酵母型寡聚甘露糖型聚糖在Fc结构域的每个聚糖中含有至少5个甘露糖残基。更优选的是,所述寡聚甘露糖型聚糖或酵母型寡聚甘露糖型聚糖在Fc结构域的每个聚糖中含有不多于15个甘露糖残基。优选的是,寡聚甘露糖型聚糖或‘酵母型’寡聚甘露糖型聚糖在Fc结构域的每个聚糖中含有仅两个GlcNAc残基和3个以上甘露糖残基。
作为另一种选择,糖形可含有‘平分型(bisecting)N-乙酰葡糖胺’(平分型GlcNAc)。优选的是,平分型N-乙酰葡糖胺是与β-甘露糖残基b1-4连接的N-乙酰葡糖胺。更优选的是,所述糖形在Fc结构域的每个聚糖中含有至少1个与β-甘露糖残基1-4连接的β-N-乙酰葡糖胺残基。优选的是,糖形在Fc结构域的每个聚糖中含有2个与β-甘露糖残基1-4连接的β-N-乙酰葡糖胺残基。
糖形可含有唾液酸。更优选的是,糖形含有与半乳糖α2-6连接的唾液酸。优选的是,糖形含有与Fc结构域的2个聚糖中的每一个连接的一个或两个唾液酸残基。
糖形可以是杂合型(hybrid-type)。优选的是,所述杂合型为在三甘露糖基核心的3-臂上用额外的复杂型残基修饰了的Man5GlcNAc2。优选的是,杂合型糖形含有与β-甘露糖残基b1-4连接的N-乙酰葡糖胺(平分型GlcNAc)。
在替代性实施方式中,抗体可经改造而去糖基化,即,在Fc结构域上没有聚糖基团,但仍能够结合Fc受体,如Sazinsky等所述(PNAS 2008年12月23日:105(51):20167-20172).
优选的是,对所述试剂的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体包含一种或多种对所述试剂的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的糖形。糖形可以为寡聚甘露糖型糖形。优选的是,寡聚甘露糖型糖形在Fc结构域中包含Man5GlcNAc2、Man8GlcNAc2或Man9GlcNAc2。作为另一种选择,糖形可以是‘平分型N-乙酰葡糖胺’。糖形可以包含唾液酸。糖形可包含与半乳糖α2-6连接的唾液酸。
对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体可包含一种或多种对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的糖形。优选的是,所述糖形是寡聚甘露糖型糖形。优选的是,寡聚甘露糖型糖形在Fc结构域中包含Man5GlcNAc2、Man8GlcNAc2或Man9GlcNAc2。作为另一种选择,糖形可以包含‘平分型N-乙酰葡糖胺’。糖形可包含唾液酸。糖形可包含与半乳糖α2-6连接的唾液酸。
优选的是,对EndoF3的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体包含一种或多种对EndoF3的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的糖形。优选的是,所述糖形是寡聚甘露糖型糖形。优选的是,所述寡聚甘露糖型糖形是Man5GlcNAc2、Man8GlcNAc2或Man9GlcNAc2。作为另一种选择,糖形可以是‘平分型N-乙酰葡糖胺’。糖形可包含唾液酸。糖形可包含与半乳糖α2-6连接的唾液酸。
在本发明的其他实施方式中,治疗性抗体是对本文所定义的试剂没有抗性的抗体,例如,治疗性抗体对降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂(例如EndoS或IdeS)没有抗性(即,对该试剂敏感)。
在优选的实施方式中,降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和治疗性抗体(优选对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体)用于治疗癌症。
在又一优选实施方式中,降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体的糖形用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫。优选的是,降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的抗体的糖形用于治疗癌症。
本发明还提供了降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和治疗性抗体(优选对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体)在制备药物中的应用,所述药物用于提高抗体介导的疗法的效力。优选的是,所述药物用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫。优选的是,所述药物用于治疗癌症。
本发明还提供了降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和对EndoS的酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体的糖形在制备药物中的应用,所述药物用于提高抗体介导的疗法的效力。优选的是,所述药物用于癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的治疗方法。优选的是,所述药物用于癌症的治疗方法。
在优选的实施方式中,本发明提供了一种提高抗体介导的疗法的效力的方法,所述方法包括向受试者施用降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和治疗性抗体(优选对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体)。优选的是,所述方法包括向受试者施用用于癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的治疗方法的降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和治疗性抗体(优选对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体)。优选的是,所述方法包括向受试者施用用于癌症的治疗方法的降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和治疗性抗体(优选对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体)。
在又一优选实施方式中,本发明提供了一种提高抗体介导的疗法的效力的方法,所述方法包括:向受试者施用EndoS来降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合,并施用治疗性抗体、优选对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体。优选的是,所述方法包括向受试者施用用于癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的治疗方法的降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体的糖形。优选的是,所述方法包括向受试者施用用于癌症的治疗方法的降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体的糖形。
本发明还提供了一种癌症治疗剂,其包含降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和治疗性抗体(优选对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体)。癌症治疗性抗体可以是对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体的糖形。
本发明还提供了降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和治疗性抗体(优选对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体)在增强治疗性抗体功效的方法中的应用。
本发明还提供了降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体的糖形在增强对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体的糖形的功效的方法中的应用。
本发明还提供了一种产品,所述产品含有降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和治疗性抗体(优选对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体),作为联合制剂同时、分开或依次应用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的方法中。优选的是,所述联合制剂应用于治疗癌症的方法中。
本发明还提供了一种产品,所述产品含有降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS和对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体的糖形,作为联合制剂同时、分开或依次应用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的方法中。优选的是,所述联合制剂用于治疗癌症。
在一些实施方式中,癌症选自由以下癌症组成的组:急性淋巴母细胞白血病、急性髓样白血病、肾上腺皮质癌、AIDS相关的癌症、AIDS相关淋巴瘤、肛门癌、阑尾癌、星形细胞瘤、儿童小脑或大脑癌、基细胞癌、肝外胆管癌、膀胱癌、骨癌、骨肉瘤/恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、脑干胶质瘤、脑癌、脑瘤-小脑星形细胞瘤、脑瘤-大脑星形细胞瘤/恶性胶质瘤、脑瘤-室管膜瘤、脑瘤-髓母细胞瘤、脑瘤-幕上原始神经外胚层瘤、脑瘤-视觉通路和下丘脑胶质瘤、乳腺癌、支气管腺瘤/类癌、Burkitt淋巴瘤、类癌肿瘤、胃肠道类癌肿瘤、不明原发癌、中枢神经系统淋巴瘤、小脑星形细胞瘤、大脑星形细胞瘤/恶性神经胶质瘤、宫颈癌、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性髓性白血病慢性骨髓增殖性疾病、结肠癌、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤、结缔组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤、子宫内膜癌、室管膜瘤、食管癌、尤因肿瘤家族中的尤因氏肉瘤、颅外生殖细胞肿瘤、儿童性腺外生殖细胞瘤、肝外胆道癌、眼癌-眼内黑色素瘤、眼癌-视网膜母细胞瘤、胆囊癌、胃癌、胃肠道类癌肿瘤、胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)、颅外、性腺外、或卵巢生殖细胞瘤、妊娠滋养细胞瘤、脑干胶质瘤、童年大脑星形细胞瘤神经胶质瘤、儿童视觉通路和下丘脑神经胶质瘤、胃类癌、毛细胞白血病、头颈癌、心脏癌、肝细胞(肝)癌、霍奇金淋巴瘤、下咽癌、下丘脑和视觉通路胶质瘤、眼内黑色素瘤、胰岛细胞癌(内分泌胰腺)、卡波西肉瘤、肾癌(肾细胞癌)、喉头癌、白血病、急性成淋巴细胞白血病(也称为急性淋巴细胞性白血病)、急性髓样白血病(也称为急性髓细胞性白血病)、慢性淋巴细胞白血病(也称为慢性淋巴细胞性白血病)、慢性髓细胞性白血病(也称为慢性髓样白血病)、毛细胞白血病、唇和口腔癌、脂肪肉瘤、肝癌(原发性)、非小细胞肺癌、小细胞肺癌、淋巴瘤、AIDS相关淋巴瘤、Burkitt淋巴瘤、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤、霍奇金淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(旧分类:除了霍奇金氏淋巴瘤之外的其他全部淋巴瘤)、原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤、巨球蛋白血症、骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/骨肉瘤、髓母细胞瘤、黑色素瘤、眼内(眼)黑色素瘤、Merkel细胞癌、间皮瘤、成人恶性间皮瘤、原发性隐性转移性鳞状颈部癌、口腔癌、多发性内分泌腺瘤综合征、多发性骨髓瘤/浆细胞性肿瘤、蕈样肉芽肿、骨髓增生异常综合征、骨髓增生异常/骨髓增生性疾病、慢性骨髓性白血病、成人急性髓样白血病、儿童急性髓样白血病、多发性骨髓瘤(骨髓癌症)、骨髓增生病、鼻腔和鼻旁窦癌、鼻咽癌、神经母细胞瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、非小细胞肺癌、口腔癌、口咽癌、骨肉瘤/骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、卵巢癌、卵巢上皮癌(表面上皮-间质细胞瘤)、卵巢生殖细胞肿瘤、卵巢低度恶性潜在肿瘤、胰腺癌、胰岛细胞胰腺癌、鼻旁窦和鼻腔癌、甲状旁腺癌、阴茎癌、咽癌、嗜铬细胞瘤、松果腺星形细胞瘤、松果腺生殖细胞瘤、成松果腺细胞瘤和幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤、脑垂体瘤、浆细胞瘤/多发性骨髓瘤、胸膜肺母细胞瘤、原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤、前列腺癌、直肠癌、肾盂和输尿管肾细胞癌(肾癌)、移行细胞癌、视网膜母细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、唾液腺癌、尤因家族肿瘤肉瘤、卡波济肉瘤、软组织肉瘤、子宫肉瘤、塞扎里(Sézary)综合征、皮肤癌(非黑色素瘤)、皮肤癌(黑色素瘤)、Merkel细胞皮肤癌、小细胞肺癌、小肠癌、软组织肉瘤、鳞状细胞癌、原发性隐性鳞状颈部癌、转移性胃癌、幕上原始神经外胚层瘤、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤(见蕈样肉芽肿和塞扎里综合征)、睾丸癌、咽喉癌、胸腺瘤、胸腺瘤和胸腺癌、甲状腺癌、甲状腺癌、肾盂和输尿管移行细胞癌、输尿管和肾盂滋养细胞瘤、移行细胞癌尿道癌、子宫内膜子宫癌、子宫肉瘤、阴道癌、视觉通路和下丘脑胶质瘤、外阴癌、巨球蛋白血症和肾母细胞瘤(肾癌)。
优选的是,所述癌症选自由以下癌症组成的组:膀胱癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、黑色素瘤、结肠癌、直肠癌、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、子宫内膜癌、胰腺癌、肾(肾细胞)癌、前列腺癌、白血病、食管癌或甲状腺癌,优选的是乳腺癌。
本发明还提供了一种用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的方法的药物组合物,所述组合物包含:
(a)治疗有效量的降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS;和
(b)治疗有效量的治疗性抗体、优选对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体;和
(c)药学上可接受的载剂或稀释剂。
本发明还提供了一种用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的方法的药物组合物,所述组合物包含:
(a)治疗有效量的降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的EndoS;和
(b)治疗有效量的对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体的寡聚甘露糖型糖形;和
(c)药学上可接受的载剂或稀释剂。
本发明还提供了一种用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的方法中的试剂盒,所述试剂盒包含:(i)治疗有效量的降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂;和(ii)治疗有效量的治疗性抗体、优选对EndoS的糖苷内切酶活性有抗性的治疗性抗体。
该试剂盒可以包含涉及治疗有效量的试剂和治疗性抗体的施用(例如,剂量信息)的说明书。
在本发明的任何方面,降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体均可以同时、分开或依次施用,例如用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫。降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体可以作为分开的制剂或作为联合制剂提供。
如本文所用,术语“受试者”优选指哺乳动物,最优选指人。
除非本文另有定义,否则与本发明结合使用的科学和技术术语和短语应具有本领域普通技术人员所通常理解的含义。另外,除非上下文另有要求,单数术语应包括复数,且复数术语应包括单数。通常,此处所描述的与生物化学、酶学、分子和细胞生物学、微生物学、遗传学以及蛋白质和核酸化学及杂交的技术及相关使用的命名法是本领域公知和常用的。本发明的方法和技术通常根据本领域熟知的以及在本说明书中所通篇引用和论述的各种通用及更专门的参考文献中描述的常规方法来进行(除非另有说明)。参见例如Sambrook等Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,第2版,Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress,Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.(1989);Ausubel等,Current Protocols in MolecularBiology,Greene Publishing Associates(1992,和增刊至2002);Harlow和Lane,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,ColdSpring Harbor,N.Y.(1990);Taylor和Drickamer,Introduction to Glycobiology,Oxford Univ.Press(2003);Worthington Enzyme Manual,Worthington BiochemicalCorp.,Freehold,N.J.;Handbook of Biochemistry:Section A Proteins,Vol I,CRCPress(1976);Handbook of Biochemistry:Section A Proteins,Vol II,CRC Press(1976);Essentials of Glycobiology,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press(1999);Immunobiology,Janeway等,第6版,2004,Garland Publishing,New York)。
本文提到的所有出版物、专利和其他参考文献均以引用方式整体并入本文。
除非另外指出,否则以下术语应理解为具有以下含义:
本文所用的术语“降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂”优选是指将IgG:FcγR相互作用的平衡结合常数增加到至少2倍的试剂。优选的是,该试剂将IgG:FcγR相互作用的平衡结合常数增加到至少2倍、或至少3倍、或至少4倍、或至少5倍、或至少6倍、或至少7倍或至少8倍。更优选的是,该试剂将IgG:FcγR相互作用的平衡结合常数增加到至少8倍。该平衡结合常数的增加表示IgG和FcγR之间的(例如,IgG和FcγRIIA之间)结合下降。
本文所用的术语“内源性血清抗体”是指由个体的B细胞产生的存在于人体组织中的γ免疫球蛋白(IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4),或在施用当前疗法之前已经存在的那些γ免疫球蛋白。在一些实施方式中,术语“内源性血清抗体”是指糖基化的内源性血清抗体。
本文所用的术语“FcγR”是指存在于人类细胞上的Fcγ免疫球蛋白受体。在人体中,FcγR是指包括FcγRI(CD64)、FcγRIIA(CD32)、FcγRIIB(CD32)、FcγRIIIA(CD16a)和FcγRIIIB(CD16b)的受体家族中的一个、一些或全部。本文所用的术语“FcγR”包括FcγRI(CD64)、FcγRIIA(CD32)、FcγRIIB(CD32)、FcγRIIIA(CD16a)和FcγRIIIB(CD16b)的天然存在的多态型。
本文所用的术语“寡聚甘露糖型糖形抗体”是指在Fc区中含有仅由GlcNAc残基和甘露糖残基组成的N连接型聚糖的抗体。
本文所用的术语“N-聚糖”和“聚糖”可互换使用,是指N连接型寡糖,例如,通过与蛋白质中天冬酰胺残基的酰胺氮连接的N-乙酰葡糖胺残基而结合的寡糖。术语“糖形”是指在Fc结构域上含有一种或多种类型的聚糖结构的糖蛋白。存在于糖蛋白上的主要的糖是葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖、N-乙酰半乳糖胺(GalNAc)、N-乙酰葡糖胺(GlcNAc)和唾液酸(例如,N-乙酰神经氨酸(NANA))。对于N连接型糖蛋白而言,糖基的加工在ER腔中与翻译同时进行,并在高尔基体中继续进行。
N-聚糖具有共同的五糖核心Man3GlcNAc2(“Man”是指甘露糖;“Glc”是指葡萄糖;“NAc”是指N-乙酰基;GlcNAc是指N-乙酰葡糖胺)。在添加到Man3GlcNAc2(“Man3”)核心结构上的包含外周糖(例如GlcNAc、半乳糖、岩藻糖和唾液酸)的分支(天线)的数量方面,各种N-聚糖有所不同,所述核心结构也称为“三甘露糖核心”、“五糖核心”或“寡甘露糖核心”。N-聚糖根据其分支成分进行分类(例如,高甘露糖型、复杂型(complex-type)或杂合型)。术语“高甘露糖”和“寡聚甘露糖型”可互换使用。“高甘露糖”型N-聚糖具有五个以上的甘露糖残基。“复杂”型的N-聚糖通常具有与“三甘露糖”核心的1,3甘露糖臂连接的至少1个GlcNAc和与1,6甘露糖臂连接的至少1个GlcNAc。复杂型N-聚糖还可以具有半乳糖(“Gal”)或N-乙酰半乳糖胺('GalNAc)残基,其可选地修饰有唾液酸或衍生物(例如“NANA”或“NeuNAc”,其中“Neu”是指神经氨酸,“NAc”是指N-乙酰基)。复杂N-聚糖还可以有链内取代,包括但不限于“平分型”GlcNAc和核心岩藻糖(“fuc”)。复杂N-聚糖还可以具有“三甘露糖核心”上的多个天线,通常被称为“多天线聚糖”。“杂合”型N-聚糖具有位于三甘露糖核心的1,3甘露糖臂末端上的至少1个GlcNAc和位于三甘露糖核心的1,6甘露糖臂上的两个以上甘露糖。杂合型N-聚糖还可以有链内取代,包括但不限于“平分型”GlcNAc和核心岩藻糖(“fuc”)。复杂N-聚糖还可以具有“三甘露糖核心”上的多个天线,通常被称为“多天线聚糖”。具有相同的多肽链但携带不同聚糖的糖蛋白分子被称为“糖形”(ME Taylor和K Drickamer的Introductionto Glycobiology(OUP,2011).ISBN 978-0-19-956911-3.)。建立术语“寡聚甘露糖型”、“杂合型”和“复杂型”聚糖,既指代聚糖结构的主要类别,也可以用来描述含有这些聚糖类别的糖形(Minoru Fukada和Ole Hindsgaul编写的Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology(OUP,2000)ISBN 0 19 963807 1;SA Brooks、MV Dwek和U Schumacher的Functional andMolecular Glycobiology(BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd,2002)ISBN 1 85996 0227;ME Taylor和K Drickamer的Introduction to Glycobiology(OUP,2011).ISBN 978-0-19-956911-3)。
本文所用的术语“平分型N-乙酰葡糖胺”(平分型GlcNAc)是指与三甘露糖核心的β-甘露糖连接的β-GlcNAc残基。利用(1,4)-N-乙酰葡糖胺转移酶III(GnTIII),可以以酶促手段将平分型GlcNAc连接到三甘露糖核心上。CHO细胞通常不表达GnTIII(Stanley等J.Biol.Chem.261:13370-13378(1984)),但可以被改造成表达GnTIII(Umana等NatureBiotech 17:176-180(1999))。
本文所用的缩写具有本领域中的通常用法,见例如上文的糖的缩写。其他常见缩写包括“PNGase”或“聚糖酶”,这都是指肽N-糖苷酶F(EC 3.2.2.18)。其他常见的缩写包括“糖苷酶”,其可以指糖苷内切酶或糖苷外切酶。
EndoS是由人类病原体酿脓链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)分泌的糖苷内切酶。EndoS在两个核心GlcNAc残基之间特异性地水解IgG上的与天冬酰胺连接的聚糖。EndoS多肽优选是酿脓链球菌EndoS,或酿脓链球菌EndoS的保留了IgG糖苷内切酶活性的变体或片段。所述变体可以是来自另一个生物体(例如另一细菌)的EndoS多肽。所述细菌优选是链球菌属物种,例如马链球菌(Streptococcus equi)、兽疫链球菌(Streptococcuszooepidemicus),或优选的酿脓链球菌。作为另一种选择,所述变体可以来自:假结核棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis),例如CP40蛋白;粪肠球菌(Enterococcusfaecalis),例如EndoE蛋白;或脑膜脓毒性伊丽莎白菌(Elizabethkingiameningoseptica)(原脑膜脓毒性黄杆菌(Flavobacterium meningoseptica)),例如来自脑膜脓毒性伊丽莎白菌的EndoF2和来自假结核棒状杆菌的CP40。
在一个实施方式中,EndoS多肽可包括:
(a)氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:1;
(b)其变体,该变体与氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:1具有至少50%的同一性并具有IgG糖苷内切酶活性;或
(c)(a)或(b)的具有IgG糖苷内切酶活性的片段。
优选的是,EndoS多肽包含SEQ ID NO:1的序列或由SEQ ID NO:1的序列构成。SEQID NO:1是EndoS的成熟形式的序列,其不具有信号序列并对应于SEQ ID NO:2的37至995位氨基酸。
多肽可另外包含信号序列。因此,EndoS多肽可以包括:
(a)氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:2;
(b)其变体,该变体与氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:2具有至少50%的同一性并具有IgG糖苷内切酶活性;或
(c)(a)或(b)的具有IgG糖苷内切酶活性的片段。
EndoS多肽可由SEQ ID NO:2所示的序列构成。
变体多肽是氨基酸序列与SEQ ID NO:1或SEQ ID NO:2不同但保留了EndoS的相同关键特征或基本功能的多肽。因此,变体多肽可以显示出IgG糖苷内切酶活性。通常,与氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:1或SEQ ID NO:2具有大于约50%、55%、60%或65%的同一性、优选具有至少70%、至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、特别优选具有至少95%、至少97%或至少99%的同一性的多肽被认为是该蛋白的变体。此类变体可以包括等位基因变体和蛋白质序列中单个氨基酸或氨基酸组的缺失、修改或添加,只要该肽保留EndoS的基本功能即可。SEQ ID NO:1或SEQ ID NO:2的变体的同一性可以在SEQ ID NO:1或SEQ ID NO:2所示序列的至少100、至少250、至少500、至少750、至少800、至少850、至少900、至少950、至少955或更多个连续氨基酸的区域上度量,或更优选的是,在SEQ ID NO:1或SEQ ID NO:2整个长度上度量。
氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:1的变体优选含有SEQ ID NO:1的191至199号残基,即,SEQID NO:1的Leu-191、Asp-192、Gly-193、Leu-194、Asp-195、Val-196、Asp-107、Val-198、Glu-199(其对应于SEQ ID NO:2的227至235号残基,即,SEQ ID NO:2的Leu-227、Asp-228、Gly-229、Leu-230、Asp-231、Val-232、Asp-233、Val-234和Glu-235)。这些氨基酸构成了完美的壳多糖酶家族18活性部位,以谷氨酸结尾。壳多糖酶活性部位中的谷氨酸是酶活性所必需的。因此最优选的是,SEQ ID NO:1的变体含有SEQ ID NO:1的Glu-199,SEQ ID NO:2的变体含有SEQ ID NO:2的Glu-235。
本发明中所用的EndoS多肽的片段的长度通常为至少10个氨基酸,例如至少20、30、40或50个以上氨基酸,最多100、200、250、300、500、750、800、850、900、950或955个氨基酸,只要其保留EndoS的IgG糖苷内切酶活性即可。
糖苷内切酶活性可利用合适的测定来确定。例如,可将受测多肽与IgG在合适的温度(例如37℃)下温育。然后可以用SDS-PAGE分析起始原料和反应产物。通常,如果受测多肽具有IgG糖苷内切酶活性,IgG重链的分子量会减少约3kDa。用于确定受测多肽是否具有IgG糖苷内切酶活性的另一种测定是使用兵豆凝集素(LCA)来检测糖基化的IgG,其中可选地使用辣根过氧化物酶和过氧化物酶底物。通常,如果受测多肽具有IgG糖苷内切酶活性,则糖信号会减少。用于确定受测多肽是否具有IgG糖苷内切酶活性的另一种测定是将受测多肽与纯化的IgG的Fc片段温育,然后用10mM二硫苏糖醇还原样品,并进行质谱(MALDI-TOF)分析。通常,如果受测多肽具有IgG糖苷内切酶活性,则单体IgG的Fc的质量会减少1417+14Da。用于确定受测多肽是否具有IgG糖苷内切酶活性的另一种测定是将受测多肽与IgG温育并测试所释放的聚糖片段。这些片段缺少还原性末端GlcNAc残基和与该GlcNAc残基结合的任何潜在岩藻糖。这些释放的糖类结构可以通过质谱法来检测(参见例如Harvey DJ,等J AmSoc Mass Spectrom.2011年3月;22(3):568-81.),或可以通过荧光标记然后用装备有荧光检测器的HPLC来检测(参见例如Guile GR,等,Anal Biochem.1996年9月5日;240(2):210-26.)。
β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷内切酶F3(EndoF3)是最初分离自脑膜脓毒性黄杆菌的糖苷内切酶(Plummer TH Jr,Tarentino AL.Glycobiology.1991年6月;1(3):257-63.)。EndoF3切割游离的或与天冬酰胺连接的三天线寡糖或岩藻糖基化双天线寡糖,以及三甘露糖基壳二糖核心结构。它在寡糖的二乙酰壳二糖核心中的两个N-乙酰葡糖胺残基之间进行切割,产生截短的糖分子,其中一个N-乙酰葡糖胺残基保留在天冬酰胺上。
EndoF3对寡聚甘露糖型聚糖不具有活性或不具有显著活性。糖苷内切酶Eβ是来自粪肠球菌的EndoE的β结构域,其与家族20糖基水解酶相似(Collin M,Fischetti VA.JBiol Chem.2004年5月21日;279(21):22558-70))。
免疫球蛋白G降解酶(IdeS)是由人类病原体酿脓链球菌产生的细胞外半胱氨酸蛋白酶(von Pawel-Rammingen等EMBO J.2002年4月2日;21(7):1607–1615.)。IdeS催化人IgG的下铰链中的单一蛋白水解性切割(US7666582)。IdeS还切割多种动物体内的一些IgG亚类,并将IgG高效地转换成Fc和Fab片段。
用于确定IgG对IdeS或任何其他蛋白酶的敏感性或抗性的测定是将IgG与受测蛋白酶温育,并用SDS-PAGE分析温育混合物。受测蛋白酶对IgG的切割将通过重链的表观分子量的减少来证明。经切割的IgG应展现出至少一半的与一种或多种Fc受体的结合。
蛋白N-聚糖酶水解GlcNAc和Asn残基之间的酰胺键。蛋白N-聚糖酶的实例是蛋白N-聚糖酶F(PNGase F)。
本文所用的术语“抗体”、“免疫球蛋白”、“Ig”和“Ig分子”可互换使用。每种抗体分子都具有独特的结构使其可以结合其特异性抗原,但所有抗体/免疫球蛋白都具有此处所述的相同的总体结构。已知的是基本抗体结构单元包含亚基的四聚体。每个四聚体具有两个相同的多肽链对,每一对具有一条“轻”链(约25kDa)和一条“重”链(约50kDa~70kDa)。每条链的氨基末端部分包括约100至110或更多个氨基酸的可变区,主要负责抗原识别。每条链的羧基末端部分界定了主要负责效应物功能的恒定区。轻链的类别分为κ或λ。重链的类别分为γ、μ、α、δ或ε,分别定义了抗体的同型IgG、IgM、IgA、IgD和IgE。轻链和重链被细分成可变区和恒定区(通常参见Fundamental Immunology(Paul,W.编,第2版.Raven Press,N.Y.,1989),Ch.7(通过引用整体并入本文,以用于所有目的)。每个轻/重链对的可变区形成抗体的结合部位。因此,完整的抗体具有两个结合部位。除了在双功能或双特异性抗体中之外,这两个结合部位是相同的。链都展现出相同的总体结构:由三个高变区连接的相对保守的框架区(FR),高变区也称为互补决定区或CDR。来自每一对的两条链的CDR借助于框架区来定位,从而能够结合特定的表位。该术语包括天然存在的形式以及片段和衍生物。该术语的范围内包括各类Ig,即IgG、IgA、IgE、IgM和IgD。该术语的范围内还包括IgG亚类,即IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4。该术语以最广泛的意义使用,包括单一的单克隆抗体(包括激动剂和拮抗剂抗体),以及结合多个表位或抗原的抗体组合物。该术语特别涵盖单克隆抗体(包括全长单克隆抗体)、多克隆抗体、多特异性抗体(例如,双特异性抗体)及抗体片段或其变体,只要它们含有或经修饰而含有免疫球蛋白重链恒定区的CH2结构域的至少一部分即可,该部分包含CH2结构域的N连接的糖基化位点。该术语还包括含有Fc区的分子(例如免疫粘附素(美国专利申请2004/0136986号))、Fc融合物和抗体样分子。作为另一选择,这些术语可以指至少具有Fab区的抗体片段,其至少包含N连接的糖基化位点。
抗体可以是例如单克隆抗体或多克隆抗体。
术语“Fc”片段是指包含CH2和CH3结构域的“结晶”抗体C末端区片段。术语“Fab”片段是指抗体的包含VH、CH1、VL和CL结构域的“抗原结合”区片段。本文所用的术语“Fc”片段还包括链间二硫键的半胱氨酸和Cγ2结构域之间的较低铰链区。
本文所用的术语“单克隆抗体”(mAb)是指从基本上同质的抗体群体(即,除了可能天然出现的少量存在的突变以外,构成该群体的个体抗体都是相同的)中获得的抗体。单克隆抗体是高度特异性的,针对单一抗原性部位。
此外,与通常包括针对不同的决定簇(表位)的不同的抗体的常规(多克隆)抗体制备物相比,每个mAb针对抗原上的单一决定簇。除其特异性之外,单克隆抗体的优势还在于它们可以通过杂交瘤培养来合成,不受其它免疫球蛋白的污染。术语“单克隆”表明抗体特性是从基本上同质的抗体群体中获得,而不应解释为必须用任何特定方法来产生该抗体。例如,将根据本发明使用的单克隆抗体可以用由Kohler等,1975,Nature,256:495首次描述的杂交瘤方法来制备,或可以用重组DNA方法来制备(参见例如Cabilly等的美国专利第4,816,567号)。
本文的抗体包括用以下方式产生的杂交抗体和重组抗体:将抗体的可变(包括高变)结构域与恒定结构域剪接(例如“人源化”抗体),或将轻链与重链剪接,或将来自一个物种的链与来自另一个物种的链剪接,或与异源蛋白融合,而不论来源物种或免疫球蛋白类别或亚类的指定(参见例如Cabilly等的美国专利第4,816,567号;Mage和Lamoyi,Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications,79-97页(MarcelDekker,Inc.,New York,1987))。本文的抗体特别包括:“嵌合”抗体(免疫球蛋白),其中重链和/或轻链的一部分与源自第一物种的或者属于特定的抗体类别或亚类的抗体中的对应序列等同或同源,而该链的其余部分则与源自另一物种的或者属于另一抗体类别或亚类的抗体中的对应序列等同或同源;以及这些抗体的片段,只要它们含有或经修饰而含有至少一个CH2即可。
非人(例如,鼠)抗体的“人源化”形式是含有源自人免疫球蛋白的序列的特定的嵌合免疫球蛋白、免疫球蛋白链或其片段(例如Fv、Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2,或抗体的其他抗原结合性序列)。抗体的Fv片段是保留了整个分子的结合特性和特异性的最小抗体单位。Fv片段是抗体重链和轻链的可变结构域的非共价联结的异二聚体。F(ab)'2片段是含有通过二硫键连接的两个Fab片段臂的片段。
人源化抗体的最常见形式是下述人免疫球蛋白(受体抗体):其中,受体的互补决定区(CDR)的残基被具有所需的特异性、亲和力和能力的非人物种(例如小鼠、大鼠或兔)的CDR(供体抗体)的残基替换。在一些情况下,人免疫球蛋白的Fv框架残基被相应的非人残基替换。
此外,人源化抗体可以包含既未见于受体抗体中、也未见于所引入的CDR或框架序列中的残基。进行这些修饰是为了进一步精炼和最大化抗体的性能。一般而言,人源化抗体将包含基本上所有的可变结构域(可变结构域至少有一个、通常为两个),其中,所有或基本上所有的CDR区都对应于非人免疫球蛋白的CDR区,并且所有或基本上所有的CDR区都是人免疫球蛋白共有序列的CDR区。人源化抗体最佳地还包括免疫球蛋白恒定区(Fc)的至少一部分,通常是人免疫球蛋白的恒定区的至少一部分。更多详情请参见Jones等,1986,Nature321:522-524;Reichmann等,1988,Nature332:323-327,以及Presta,1992,Curr.Op.Struct.Biol.2:593-596。
术语抗体或免疫球蛋白的范围内的“片段”包括:通过用各种蛋白酶消化而产生的片段,通过化学切割和/或化学解离而产生的片段,和重组产生的片段,只要所述片段仍然能够特异性地结合靶分子即可。在这些片段中有Fc、Fab、Fab'、Fv、F(ab')2,以及单链Fv(scFv)片段。
用于本发明方法或应用的治疗性抗体的关注靶标包括:CD2、CD3、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD25、CD30、CD33、CD40、CD52、CD56、CD64、CD70、CD74、CD79、CD80、CD86、CD105、CD138、CD174、CD205、CD227、CD326、CD340、MUC16、GPNMB、PSMA、Cripto、ED-B、TMEFF2、EphA2、EphB2、FAP、av整联蛋白、Mesothelin、EGFR、TAG-72、GD2、CA1X、5T4、α4β7整联蛋白、Her2。其他靶标有细胞因子,例如白介素IL-1至IL-13、肿瘤坏死因子α和β、干扰素α、β和γ、肿瘤生长因子β(TGF-β)、集落刺激因子(CSF)和粒细胞单核细胞集落刺激因子(GMCSF)。见HumanCytokines:Handbook for Basic&Clinical Research(Aggrawal等编,BlackwellScientific,Boston,MA 1991)。其他靶标有激素、酶以及细胞内和细胞间信使,例如,腺苷环化酶、鸟苷环化酶和磷脂酶C。所关注的其他靶标有白细胞抗原,例如CD20和CD33。药物也可以是所关注的靶标。靶标分子可以是人的、哺乳动物的或细菌的。其他靶标有抗原,例如来自微生物病原体(病毒的和细菌的)以及肿瘤的蛋白质、糖蛋白和糖类。另外的其它靶标在US 4,366,241中有所描述。
适合抗体的实例包括:阿巴伏单抗(Abagovomab)、阿昔单抗、阿托续单抗(Actoxumab)、阿达木单抗、阿德木单抗(Adecatumumab)、阿非莫单抗、阿夫妥珠单抗(Afutuzumab)、培化阿珠单抗(Alacizumab pegol)、ALD518、阿仑珠单抗、阿里若库单抗(Alirocumab)、喷替酸阿妥莫单抗、阿麦妥昔单抗(Amatuximab)、麻安莫单抗(Anatumomabmafenatox)、安芦珠单抗(Anrukinzumab)、阿泊珠单抗(Apolizumab)、阿西莫单抗(Arcitumomab)、阿塞珠单抗(Aselizumab)、阿替奴单抗(Atinumab)、阿利珠单抗(Atlizumab)(=托珠单抗(tocilizumab))、阿托木单抗、巴匹珠单抗(Bapineuzumab)、巴利昔单抗、巴韦妥昔单抗(Bavituximab)、贝妥莫单抗、贝利木单抗(Belimumab)、贝那珠单抗(Benralizumab)、伯替木单抗(Bertilimumab)、贝索单抗(Besilesomab)、贝伐单抗、贝兹罗图单抗(Bezlotoxumab)、比西单抗、比麦芦单抗(Bimagrumab)、比伐单抗-默坦辛(mertansine)、兰妥莫单抗(Blinatumomab)、布索珠单抗(Blosozumab)、布妥昔单抗(brentuximab)-维多汀(vedotin)、布雷奴单抗(Briakinumab)、巴罗达鲁单抗(Brodalumab)、卡那单抗(Canakinumab)、坎妥珠单抗(Cantuzumab)-默坦辛、坎妥珠单抗-拉夫坦辛(ravtansine)、卡普拉西珠单抗(Caplacizumab)、卡罗单抗-喷地肽、卡鲁单抗(Carlumab)、卡妥索单抗(Catumaxomab)、CC49、西利珠单抗、培化赛托珠单抗(Certolizumab pegol)、西妥昔单抗、Ch.14.18、泊-西他妥珠单抗(Citatuzumabbogatox)、西妥木单抗(Cixutumumab)、克拉扎珠单抗(Clazakizumab)、克立昔单抗、克立瓦妥珠单抗(Clivatuzumab)-DOTA(tetraxetan)、可那妥木单抗(Conatumumab)、扣西珠单抗(Concizumab)、克雷内珠单抗(Crenezumab)、CR6261、达西妥珠单抗(Dacetuzumab)、达克珠单抗、达洛妥珠单抗(Dalotuzumab)、达拉妥木单抗(Daratumumab)、德美西珠单抗(Demcizumab)、地诺单抗(Denosumab)、地莫单抗、阿托度单抗(Dorlimomab aritox)、卓齐妥单抗(Drozitumab)、度利戈妥单抗(Duligotumab)、度匹鲁单抗(Dupilumab)、杜斯吉妥单抗(Dusigitumab)、依美昔单抗(Ecromeximab)、依库珠单抗(Eculizumab)、埃巴单抗、依决洛单抗、依法珠单抗、依夫单抗(Efungumab)、依洛妥珠单抗(Elotuzumab)、艾西莫单抗(Elsilimomab)、依纳伐妥珠单抗(Enavatuzumab)、培化恩莫单抗、依诺珠单抗(Enokizumab)、依诺替库单抗(Enoticumab)、恩西妥昔西单抗(Ensituximab)、西-依匹妥莫单抗(Epitumomab cituxetan)、依帕珠单抗、厄利珠单抗(Erlizumab)、厄马索单抗(Ertumaxomab)、埃达珠单抗(Etaracizumab)、依托珠单抗(Etrolizumab)、依伏罗库单抗(Evolocumab)、艾韦单抗(Exbivirumab)、法索单抗(Fanolesomab)、法拉莫单抗、法勒珠单抗(Farletuzumab)、法西奴单抗(Fasinumab)、FBTA05、非维珠单抗、非扎奴单抗(Fezakinumab)、芬克拉妥珠单抗(Ficlatuzumab)、芬妥木单抗(Figitumumab)、弗拉伏妥单抗(Flanvotumab)、芳妥珠单抗(Fontolizumab)、佛拉鲁单抗(Foralumab)、佛拉韦芦单抗(Foravirumab)、夫苏木单抗(Fresolimumab)、弗拉奴单抗(Fulranumab)、弗妥昔单抗(Futuximab)、加利昔单抗(Galiximab)、甘尼妥单抗(Ganitumab)、甘特芦单抗(Gantenerumab)、加韦莫单抗(Gavilimomab)、吉妥珠单抗-奥佐米星、吉沃珠单抗(Gevokizumab)、吉瑞妥昔单抗(Girentuximab)、格列姆巴妥木单抗(Glembatumumab)-维多汀、戈利木单抗(Golimumab)、戈米昔单抗(Gomiliximab)、GS6624、伊巴珠单抗(Ibalizumab)、伊莫单抗(Ibritumomab)-替坦(tiuxetan)、伊克芦库单抗(Icrucumab)、伊戈伏单抗、英西单抗、英加妥珠单抗(Imgatuzumab)、英克勒库单抗(inclacumab)、英达妥昔单抗(Indatuximab)-拉夫坦辛、英利昔单抗、英特妥木单抗(Intetumumab)、伊诺莫单抗、伊诺妥珠单抗(Inotuzumab)-奥佐米星、伊匹单抗(Ipilimumab)、伊拉妥木单抗(Iratumumab)、伊托珠单抗(Itolizumab)、伊克塞珠单抗(Ixekizumab)、凯利昔单抗、拉贝妥珠单抗(Labetuzumab)、兰帕珠单抗(Lampalizumab)、来金珠单抗(Lebrikizumab)、来马索单抗(Lemalesomab)、乐地单抗、来沙妥木单抗(Lexatumumab)、利韦单抗(Libivirumab)、利格珠单抗(Ligelizumab)、林妥珠单抗、利利单抗(Lirilumab)、罗戴西珠单抗(Lodelcizumab)、罗伏妥珠单抗(lorvotuzumab)-默坦辛、鲁卡妥木单抗(Lucatumumab)、鲁米昔单抗(Lumiliximab)、马帕妥木单抗(mapatumumab)、马司莫单抗、马利木单抗(Mavrilimumab)、马妥珠单抗(Matuzumab)、美泊利单抗、美特木单抗(Metelimumab)、米拉珠单抗(Milatuzumab)、明瑞莫单抗、米妥莫单抗、莫加木珠单抗(Mogamulizumab)、莫罗木单抗、莫他韦珠单抗(Motavizumab)、莫西妥莫单抗(Moxetumomab)-假单胞菌外毒素(pasudotox)、莫罗单抗(Muromonab)-CD3、他那可单抗(Nacolomab tafenatox)、那米鲁单抗(Namilumab)、他那莫单抗(Naptumomab estafenatox)、纳那妥单抗(Narnatumab)、那他珠单抗、奈巴库单抗、奈昔妥木单抗(Necitumumab)、奈瑞莫单抗、耐斯伐库单抗(Nesvacumab)、尼妥珠单抗(Nimotuzumab)、尼伏鲁单抗(Nivolumab)、诺莫单抗-默喷坦(merpentan)、奥卡拉妥珠单抗(Ocaratuzumab)、奥瑞珠单抗(Ocrelizumab)、奥度莫单抗、奥法妥木单抗(Ofatumumab)、奥拉妥单抗(Olaratumab)、奥洛珠单抗(Olokizumab)、奥马佐单抗、奥纳妥珠单抗(Onartuzumab)、莫-奥珠单抗(Oportuzumab monatox)、奥戈伏单抗(Oregovomab)、奥替库单抗(Orticumab)、奥特利昔珠单抗(Otelixizumab)、奥昔鲁单抗(Oxelumab)、奥扎尼珠单抗(Ozanezumab)、奥左拉珠单抗(Ozoralizumab)、帕吉巴昔单抗(Pagibaximab)、帕利珠单抗、帕尼单抗(Panitumumab)、帕诺巴库单抗(Panobacumab)、巴萨妥珠单抗(Parsatuzumab)、帕考珠单抗(Pascolizumab)、帕特克珠单抗(Pateclizumab)、帕曲妥单抗(Patritumab)、培妥莫单抗(Pemtumomab)、培拉珠单抗(Perakizumab)、培妥珠单抗(Pertuzumab)、培克珠单抗(Pexelizumab)、皮地珠单抗(Pidilizumab)、皮那妥珠单抗(Pinatuzumab)-维多汀、平妥莫单抗(Pintumomab)、普拉库鲁单抗(Placulumab)、泊拉妥珠单抗(Polatuzumab)-维多汀、泊尼珠单抗(Ponezumab)、普立昔单抗、普立托昔单抗(Pritoxaximab)、普立妥木单抗(Pritumumab)、PRO 140、奎利珠单抗(Quilizumab)、雷妥莫单抗(Racotumomab)、雷得妥单抗(Radretumab)、雷韦单抗(Rafivirumab)、雷莫芦单抗(Ramucirumab)、雷珠单抗(Ranibizumab)、雷西库单抗(Raxibacumab)、瑞加韦单抗、瑞利珠单抗(Reslizumab)、利妥木单抗(Rilotumumab)、利妥昔单抗、罗妥木单抗(Robatumumab)、罗度单抗(Roledumab)、罗莫索珠单抗(Romosozumab)、罗利珠单抗(Rontalizumab)、罗维珠单抗、鲁利单抗、沙马珠单抗(Samalizumab)、沙里鲁单抗(Sarilumab)、沙妥莫单抗-喷地肽、司库奴单抗(Secukinumab)、司里班妥单抗(Seribantumab)、司托昔抗(Setoxaximab)、司韦单抗、西罗珠单抗、西法木单抗(Sifalimumab)、西妥昔单抗(Siltuximab)、西妥珠单抗(Simtuzumab)、西利珠单抗(Siplizumab)、西芦库单抗(Sirukumab)、索兰珠单抗(Solanezumab)、索利托单抗(Solitomab)、索耐珠单抗(Sonepcizumab)、松妥珠单抗(Sontuzumab)、司他木鲁单抗(Stamulumab)、硫索单抗、苏韦珠单抗(Suvizumab)、他巴鲁单抗(Tabalumab)、他卡妥珠单抗(Tacatuzumab)-DOTA、他度珠单抗(Tadocizumab)、他利珠单抗(Talizumab)、他尼珠单抗(Tanezumab)、帕-他莫单抗(Taplitumomab paptox)、替非珠单抗(Tefibazumab)、阿替莫单抗(Telimomab aritox)、替妥莫单抗(Tenatumomab)、替奈昔单抗(Teneliximab)、替利珠单抗(Teplizumab)、替妥木单抗(Teprotumumab)、TGN1412、替昔木单抗(Ticilimumab)(=曲美木单抗(Tremelimumab))、替拉珠单抗(Tildrakizumab)、替加珠单抗(Tigatuzumab)、TNX-650、托珠单抗(=阿利珠单抗)、托拉珠单抗(Toralizumab)、托西莫单抗、特拉罗奴单抗(Tralokinumab)、曲妥珠单抗(Trastuzumab)、TRBS07、曲加珠单抗(Tregalizumab)、曲美木单抗、妥可妥珠单抗(Tucotuzumab)-西莫白介素、妥韦单抗、优利妥昔单抗(Ublituximab)、优瑞鲁单抗(Urelumab)、优托珠单抗(Urtoxazumab)、优特克单抗(Ustekinumab)、伐利昔单抗(Vapaliximab)、伐特珠单抗(Vatelizumab)、维多珠单抗(Vedolizumab)、维妥珠单抗(veltuzumab)、维帕莫单抗、维森库单抗(Vesencumab)、维西珠单抗(Visilizumab)、伏洛昔单抗(Volociximab)、伏司妥珠单抗(Vorsetuzumab)-马佛多汀(mafodotin)、伏妥莫单抗、扎鲁妥木单抗(Zalutumumab)、扎诺木单抗(Zanolimumab)、扎妥昔单抗(Zatuximab)、齐拉木单抗(Ziralimumab)和阿左莫单抗(Zolimomab aritox)。
能够经修饰而对降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂具有抗性的优选治疗性抗体包括:那他珠单抗、维多珠单抗、贝利木单抗、阿塞西普(Atacicept)、来伐西普(Alefacept)、奥特利昔珠单抗、替利珠单抗、利妥昔单抗、奥法妥木单抗、奥瑞珠单抗、依帕珠单抗、阿仑珠单抗、巴他西普(Abatacept)、依库珠单抗、奥马佐单抗、卡那单抗、美泊利单抗、瑞利珠单抗、托珠单抗、优特克单抗、布雷奴单抗、依那西普(Etanercept)、英夫利昔单抗、阿达木单抗、培化赛托珠单抗、戈利木单抗、曲妥珠单抗、吉妥珠单抗、奥佐米星、伊莫单抗、替坦、托西莫单抗、西妥昔单抗、贝伐单抗、帕尼单抗、地诺单抗、伊匹单抗、布妥昔单抗和维多汀。
本文所讨论的免疫Fc受体可包括:FcγRI,FcγRIIa,FcγRIIb,FcγRIIIa,FcγRIIIb和FcRn(新生儿受体)。术语FcγRI可指任何FcγRI亚型,除非另有规定。术语FcγRII可指任何FcγRII受体,除非另有规定。术语FcγRm是指任何FcγRIH亚型,除非另有规定。
术语范围之内的“衍生物”包括其序列已被修饰但仍能够特异性地结合靶分子的抗体(或其片段),包括:物种间的嵌合抗体和人源化抗体;抗体融合体;异聚抗体复合物和抗体融合体,例如双抗体(双特异性抗体)、单链双抗体和细胞内抗体(参见例如Intracellular Antibodies:Research and Disease Applications,(Marasco编,Springer-Verlag New York,Inc.,1998)。
如本文所用的术语“肽”是指短的多肽,例如长度通常小于约50个氨基酸、更通常小于约30个氨基酸的多肽。本文所用的术语包括模拟结构和此生物学功能的类似物和模拟物。
术语“多肽”包括天然存在和非天然存在的蛋白及其片段、突变物、衍生物和类似物。多肽可以是单体的或多聚的。另外,多肽可以包括许多不同的结构域,其中每个结构域具有一种或多种独特的活性。
术语“分离的蛋白质”或“分离的多肽”是由于其起源或衍生来源而具有以下特征的蛋白或多肽:(1)不与在其天然状态下伴随它的天然联结组分联结,(2)以自然界中未发现的纯度存在,其中,纯度可根据其他细胞物质的存在来判断(例如,不含有来自相同物种的其它蛋白),(3)由其他物种的细胞表达,或(4)在自然界中不存在(例如,它是自然界中存在的多肽的片段,或者,它包括自然界中未发现的氨基酸类似物或衍生物或除标准肽键之外的连接)。因此,化学合成的或在与其天然来源细胞不同的细胞体系中合成的多肽是与其天然联结组分“分离”的。利用本领域众所周知的蛋白纯化技术,也可以通过分离而使多肽或蛋白质基本上不含天然联结的组分。根据这样的定义,“分离的”不必要求将所述蛋白质、多肽、肽或寡肽从其天然环境中物理地除去。
本文中所用的术语“多肽片段”是指与全长多肽相比有缺失的多肽,例如在氨基端和/或羧基端缺失。在优选的实施方式中,多肽片段是连续序列,其中该片段的氨基酸序列与天然存在的序列中的对应位置相同。片段的长度通常为至少5、6、7、8、9、或10个氨基酸,优选为至少12、14、16或18个氨基酸,更优选为至少20个氨基酸,更优选为至少25、30、35、40或45个氨基酸,进一步优选为至少50或60个氨基酸,再进一步优选为至少70个氨基酸。
如果编码一种蛋白的核酸序列与编码另一种蛋白的核酸序列具有相似的序列,则所述一种蛋白质与所述另一种蛋白具有“同源性”或是与其“同源”。或者,如果一种蛋白与另一种蛋白质具有“相似”的氨基酸序列,则这两种蛋白具有同源性(因此,术语“同源蛋白”的定义意指两种蛋白具有相似的氨基酸序列)。在优选的实施方式中,同源蛋白是与野生型蛋白显示出至少65%的序列同源性的蛋白,更优选的是至少70%的序列同源性。甚至更优选的是与野生型蛋白显示出至少75%、80%、85%或90%的序列同源性的同源蛋白。在还更优选的实施方式中,同源蛋白表现出至少95%、98%、99%或99.9%的序列同一性。本文所用的2个氨基酸序列区域之间的同源性(特别是针对所预测的结构相似性)被解释为意味着功能相似性。
可利用成熟完善的表达系统来制造寡聚甘露糖型糖形抗体。一些方法示例包括利用酵母表达系统来产生寡聚甘露糖型聚糖的异源混合物,例如使巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)带有多种寡聚甘露糖型聚糖,但通常为Man8-12GlcNAc2,不过可以更大或更小。例如,Potgieter TI等已报道了表达含有Man5GlcNAc2的抗体的巴斯德毕赤酵母细胞系(JBiotechnol.2009年2月23日;139(4):318-25.Epub 2008年12月27日)。在酵母中表达抗体的另一实例描述于Horwitz AH等,Chang CP,Better M,Hellstrom KE,Robinson RR inProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1988年11月;85(22):8678-82)。以这种方式制备的抗体展示出与缺少岩藻糖一致的增强的ADCC(Horwitz AH等,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1988年11月;85(22):8678-82)。另一种方法涉及在α1,2甘露糖苷酶抑制剂(例如kifunensine)的存在下在哺乳动物细胞系中进行表达(Elbein,Tropea等,1990;Chang,Crispin等,2007;Kanda,Yamada等,2007;Zhou,Shankara等,2008;van Berkel,Gerritsen等,2010),其中,在HEK 293T系统中的浓度足以实现部分抑制,例如为1μM~5μM(Chang,Crispin等,2007)。
寡聚甘露糖型抗体的均质糖形,例如Man9GlcNAc2形式,可以在α1,2甘露糖苷酶抑制剂(例如kifunensine)的存在下在哺乳动物细胞系中表达制备(Elbein AD,等,J BiolChem.1990年9月15日;265(26):15599-605;Chang VT等,Structure.2007年3月;15(3):267-73),其中,在HEK293T表达系统中的浓度足以实现更均质的糖形,例如>5μM,最好>10μM。Kifunensine也可以用来产生由杂交瘤细胞系或由稳定转染或短暂转染的真核细胞系分泌的抗体的寡聚甘露糖型糖形。另一种方法涉及在酵母细胞系中进行表达,该酵母细胞系中的遗传路径已被改变从而不加工Man9GlcnAc2以外的聚糖,例如由GlycoFi(现已是默克公司)开发的毕赤酵母细胞系类型(Li H,等,Nat Biotechnol.2006年2月;24(2):210-5.Epub2006年1月22日)。
均质的Man5GlcNAc2糖形可以在缺乏GlcNAc转移酶I(Gnt I)的哺乳动物细胞系中表达产生,例如CHO Lec1或CHO Lec3.2.8(Patnaik SK,Stanley P.MethodsEnzymol.2006;416:159-82.综述)、GnT I缺陷型HEK 293S细胞(Reeves,P.J.,N.Callewaert等,(2002).Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A99(21):13419-13424),或者也可以借助于上述经改造的酵母表达系统来产生(Potgieter TI等,J Biotechnol.2009年2月23日;139(4):318-25.Epub 2008年12月27日)。
Man8GlcNAc2糖形可以使用上述Man9GlcNAc2糖形来产生,但要用ER甘露糖苷酶I进行加工,例如表达后消化(Dunlop DC,Bonomelli C,Mansab F,Vasiljevic S,Doores KJ,Wormald MR,Palma AS,Feizi T,Harvey DJ,Dwek RA,Crispin M,ScanlanCN.Glycobiology.2010年7月;20(7):812-23.Epub 2010年2月24日)。在另一种方法中,Man8GlcNAc2糖形可以利用上述经改造的酵母表达系统来制造。本领域中用来产生糖蛋白的其他表达宿主系统包括:CHO细胞(Raju WO9922764A1和Presta WO03/035835A1);杂交瘤细胞(Trebak等,1999,J.Immunol.Methods,230:59-70);昆虫细胞(Hsu等,1997,JBC,272:9062-970);和植物细胞(Gerngross等,WO04/07499A2)。具有糖苷内切酶抗性的IgG糖形可以利用含有糖苷酶和糖基转移酶活性的真核细胞系来重组产生。真核细胞系可以被改造成具有用来产生特定糖形的特定糖苷酶和糖基转移酶活性。例如,巴斯德毕赤酵母已被改造成包含人类糖基转移酶。由此产生的经改造的巴斯德毕赤酵母细胞系所分泌的糖蛋白含有在来自天然巴斯德毕赤酵母细胞系的糖蛋白中未见到的聚糖,而这些分泌的糖蛋白与哺乳动物糖蛋白相似。类似的突变细胞系或生物体可以在其他真核表达系统中产生,例如蝇、植物和哺乳动物细胞系。使用这种经改造的细胞系或生物体,可以生成对糖苷内切酶有抗性的糖蛋白。使用这种经改造的细胞系或生物体,可以在例如酵母中产生含有三天线或四天线或五天线聚糖的糖蛋白:Hamilton SR,Gerngross TU.Curr Opin Biotechnol.2007年10月;18(5):387-92.Epub 2007年10月24日。合成糖形的其他方法包括使用糖基转移酶和/或糖苷酶来改变所分泌的糖蛋白的聚糖组成。
杂合型糖形可以用缺乏高尔基体α-甘露糖苷酶II活性的真核表达系统来产生。细胞系可经遗传改造而缺乏高尔基体α-甘露糖苷酶II活性。例如,已利用凝集素抗性产生了基于人胚胎肾293T细胞系的Lec36细胞系(Crispin M等,2009,Journal of BiologicalChemistry,284,21684-21695)。Lec36细胞中表达的糖蛋白具有杂合型糖基化。作为另一选择,也可以构建经改造的酵母细胞,其包含哺乳动物糖苷酶和糖基转移酶,但缺乏高尔基体α-甘露糖苷酶II活性。表达含有杂合型聚糖的糖蛋白的其他方法包括使用高尔基体α-甘露糖苷酶II抑制剂,例如苦马豆素(Tulsiani DR,Harris TM,Touster O.J Biol Chem.1982年7月25日;257(14):7936-9;Crispin M等,2009,Journal of Biological Chemistry,284,21684-21695)。
植物表达系统也可以被改造成产生糖蛋白的确定糖形或糖形范围。在植物表达系统中调节糖基化的策略包括靶向ER以及糖基转移酶和/或糖苷酶基因的敲除和/或敲入(Gomord V,Fitchette AC,Menu-Bouaouiche L,Saint-Jore-Dupas C,Plasson C,MichaudD,Faye L.Plant Biotechnol J.2010年6月;8(5):564-87)。
含有“平分型N-乙酰葡糖胺”的糖形(其中糖形含有与β-甘露糖残基1-4连接的β-N-乙酰葡糖胺)可以在下述真核表达系统中表达产生:该真核表达系统能够产生复杂型或杂合型聚糖并表达GlcNAc转移酶III(又名GnTIII和UDP-N-乙酰葡糖胺:β-D甘露糖苷β(1,4)-N-乙酰葡糖胺转移酶)(例如US 7897842)。
EndoS可以用来使竞争性血清抗体失活,而经改造的治疗性抗体也可以用对该抗体糖形有活性的糖苷内切酶来失活。例如,利用寡聚甘露糖型抗体糖形使治疗性抗体能够被Endo H或Endo F1失活。这使得能够使治疗性抗体失活以控制体内的活性时间,或在患者出现不良反应时使其失活。
如果在N-聚糖结构上在任何时间都不存在可检测量的特定糖残基,在本文中称糖蛋白组合物“缺少”或“缺乏”该糖残基,例如岩藻糖或半乳糖。例如,在本发明的优选实施方式中,所述糖蛋白组合物由上文定义的低等真核生物产生,包括酵母(例如,毕赤酵母属(Pichia sp.);酵母菌属(Saccharomyces sp.);克鲁维酵母属(Kluyveromyces sp.);曲霉菌属(Aspergillus sp.)),并且所述糖蛋白组合物将“缺乏岩藻糖“,因为这些生物体的细胞不具备产生岩藻糖基化N-聚糖结构所需要的酶。因此,术语“基本上不含岩藻糖”涵盖了术语“缺乏岩藻糖”。然而,即使组合物曾经含有岩藻糖基化N-聚糖结构或如上所述包含有限但可检测的量的岩藻糖基化N-聚糖结构,该组合物也可以是“基本上不含岩藻糖”的。
以下文献中分别定义了抗体和抗体-抗原复合物与免疫系统细胞的相互作用以及多种应答,包括抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒作用(ADCC)和补体依赖的细胞毒作用(CDC)、免疫复合物的清除(吞噬作用)、B细胞的抗体产生和IgG的血清半衰期:Daeron等,1997,Annu.Rev.Immunol.15:203-234;Ward和Ghetie,1995,Therapeutic Immunol.2:77-94;Cox和Greenberg,2001,Semin.Immunol.13:339-345;Heyman,2003,Immunol.Lett.88:157-161;和Ravetch,1997,Curr.Opin.Immunol.9:121-125。
本发明的抗体可加入药物组合物中,所述组合物包含作为活性治疗剂的所述抗体和多种药学上可接受的成分,见Remington’s Pharmaceutical Science(第15版,MackPublishing Company,Easton,Pennsylvania,1980)。优选形式取决于所计划的施用模式和治疗应用。根据所需的制剂,所述组合物可以包含:药物学上可接受的无毒的载剂或稀释剂,其定义为常用来配制施用给动物或人的药物组合物的载质。选择稀释剂以便不影响组合的生物学活性。这类稀释剂的实例是蒸馏水、生理磷酸缓冲盐溶液、林格氏液、右旋糖溶液和Hank氏溶液。此外,该药物组合物或制剂还可以包括其它载剂、佐剂或无毒的非治疗性非免疫原性稳定剂,等等。
药物载剂可以是液体,并且药物组合物可以为溶液形式。液体载剂用于制备溶液、悬浮液、乳液、糖浆、酏剂和加压组合物。活性成分可以溶解或悬浮在药学上可接受的液体载剂中,例如水、有机溶剂、二者的混合物或药学上可接受的油或脂肪。液体载体可以包含其它合适的药物添加剂,例如增溶剂、乳化剂、缓冲剂、防腐剂、甜味剂、调味剂、悬浮剂、增稠剂、着色剂、粘度调节剂、稳定剂或渗透压调节剂。用于口服和胃肠外施用的液体载剂的适合实例包括:水(部分地含有添加剂,例如纤维素衍生物,优选羧甲基纤维素钠溶液),醇(包括一元醇和多元醇,例如二醇类)及其衍生物,以及油类(例如分馏的椰子油和花生油)。对于肠胃外施用而言,载剂也可以是油性酯,例如油酸乙酯和肉豆蔻酸异丙酯。无菌液体载剂可用在供胃肠外施用的无菌液体形式的组合物中。
用于肠胃外施用的药物组合物是无菌的、基本上等渗的、无热原的,并根据FDA或类似机构的GMP来制备。抗体可以作为该物质的溶液或悬浮液的可注射剂型施用,其中,该物质处在生理上可接受的稀释剂和药物载剂(可以是无菌液体,例如水、油、盐水、甘油或乙醇)中。另外,组合物中可存在辅助物质,例如润湿剂或乳化剂、表面活性剂和pH缓冲物质等。药物组合物的其他组分有石油、动物、植物或合成来源的组分,例如花生油、大豆油和矿物油。通常,例如丙二醇或聚乙二醇等二醇是优选的液体载剂,对于可注射溶液尤其如此。抗体可以以积存注射剂或植入制剂的形式施用,这些形式能够被配制成允许活性成分持续释放。通常,将组合物制备成可注射物,即液体溶液或悬浮液;也可以制备成适合于在注射前溶解或悬浮在液体载质中的固体形式。如上面所讨论,该制备物也可被乳化或包封在脂质体或微粒中,例如聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸交酯、或用于增强佐剂效果的共聚物(见Langer,Science 249,1527(1990)和Hanes,Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 28,97-119(1997))。
所述试剂和治疗性抗体可以通过任何适合的途径施用。优选的是,二者均为静脉内(i.v.)施用。
其他优选实施方式包括以下实施方式:
1.一种组合物,所述组合物包含:
(i)降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂,和
(ii)对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体。
2.如实施方式1所述的组合物,所述组合物用于提高所述治疗性抗体的效力。
3.如实施方式1所述的组合物,所述组合物用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫。
4.如实施方式1~3所述的组合物,其中,所述试剂选自糖苷内切酶、蛋白酶或蛋白-N-聚糖酶。
5.如实施方式4所述的组合物,其中,所述糖苷内切酶选自糖苷内切酶S或糖苷内切酶F3或糖苷内切酶Eβ。
6.降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体,用于提高所述治疗性抗体的效力。
7.在实施方式6中,所述试剂选自糖苷内切酶、蛋白酶或蛋白-N-聚糖酶.
8.在实施方式7中,所述糖苷内切酶选自糖苷内切酶S、糖苷内切酶F3和糖苷内切酶Eβ。
9.一种治疗性抗体,所述抗体对降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂有抗性。
10.如实施方式9所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述抗体的Fc结构域是去糖基化的,并且能够结合Fc受体。
11.如实施方式9所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述抗体的Fc结构域包括一种或多种对所述试剂的活性有抗性的糖形。
12.如实施方式9、10或11所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述Fc结构域的每个聚糖都含有至少5个甘露糖残基。
13.如实施方式11所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述糖形是寡聚甘露糖型糖形。
14.如实施方式13所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述Fc结构域的每个聚糖都含有仅2个GlcNAc残基和3个以上甘露糖残基。
15.如实施方式13所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述Fc结构域的每个聚糖都含有Man5GlcNAc2、Man8GlcNAc2或Man9GlcNAc2。
16.如实施方式13所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述寡聚甘露糖型糖形是寡聚甘露糖型聚糖的混合物。
17.如实施方式13或14所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述Fc结构域的每个聚糖都含有5~20个甘露糖残基。
18.如实施方式11所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述糖形是杂合型糖形。
19.如实施方式11所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述糖形含有至少一个与β-甘露糖残基1-4连接的β-N-乙酰葡糖胺残基(“平分型N-乙酰葡糖胺”)。
20.如实施方式11所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述糖形含有两个与β-甘露糖残基1-4连接的β-N-乙酰葡糖胺残基(“平分型N-乙酰葡糖胺”)。
21.如实施方式11所述的治疗性抗体,其中,所述糖形含有唾液酸或与半乳糖α2-6连接的唾液酸。
22.降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体在制备用于提高抗体介导的疗法的效力的药物中的应用。
23.如实施方式22所述的应用,其中,所述药物用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫。
24.如实施方式22所述的应用,其中,所述试剂是EndoS,并且所述治疗性抗体具有包含寡聚甘露糖型聚糖的Fc结构域。
25.如实施方式22所述的应用,其中,所述试剂是EndoS,并且所述治疗性抗体具有包含杂合型聚糖的Fc结构域。
26.如实施方式22所述的应用,其中,所述试剂是EndoS,并且所述治疗性抗体具有包含与β-甘露糖残基1-4连接的β-N-乙酰葡糖胺残基的Fc结构域。
27.如实施方式22所述的应用,其中,所述试剂是EndoS,并且所述治疗性抗体具有包含唾液酸的Fc结构域。
28.一种提高抗体介导的疗法的效力的方法,所述方法包括向受试者施用降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体。
29.如实施方式28所述的方法,其中,所述方法包括向受试者施用降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂和用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体。
30.一种试剂盒,所述试剂盒包含:
(i)治疗有效量的降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂;和
(ii)治疗有效量的用于治疗癌症、感染和/或自身免疫的对所述试剂有抗性的治疗性抗体。
附图说明
下面将参考以下附图和实施例,仅以示例方式来描述本发明的其他优选实施方式,在附图中:
图1显示了在PBS或浓度逐渐增加的人血清的存在下,以糖苷内切酶S处理或模拟处理时,人IgG1Fc与固定的FcγRIIIa的结合。
图2A和2B显示了对在EndoS消化前存在于人血清IgG上的N连接型聚糖的PNGase F释放物的质谱分析。
图3A和3B显示了对在EndoS消化后存在于人血清IgG上的N连接型聚糖的PNGase F释放物的质谱分析(主要离子是氯离子加合物。m/z 1762和1924的离子是磷酸加合物;m/z1519是m/z 1862的片段)。
图4A和4B显示了对由EndoS释放的聚糖的直接质谱分析(Ran作为氯离子加合物;m/z 1210、1372和1534是磷酸加合物;m/z 951、1113和1275是片段)。
图5显示了含寡聚甘露糖型的Fc糖形对EndoS介导的水解的抗性。天然糖基化的IgG1Fc(a~c)和寡聚甘露糖型(Man9GlcNAc2)的Fc(d~f)被Endo-S(b、e)或Endo-H(c、f)消化。所示聚糖结构基于最丰富的同分异构体物种,与已知的生物合成途径是一致的。核心GlcNAcβ1→4GlcNAc键的切割导致单个GlcNAc和所连接的岩藻糖残基从复杂聚糖上的去除(预测的Δm/z=349.1),以及GlcNAc从寡聚甘露糖型聚糖上的去除(预测的Δm/z=203.1)。
图6示出了在缓冲剂(PBS)或浓度逐渐增加的人类血清的存在下,重组单克隆IgG1(mAb IgG CIIC1,其为人Fc和小鼠Fab的嵌合IgG)与固定化的FcγRIIIa通过ELISA的结合。使用对小鼠Fab结构域有特异性的二抗来检测结合。
图7显示了EndoS介导的血清失活使得mAb IgG CIIC1(人Fc和小鼠Fab的嵌合IgG)与FcγRIIIa的结合增强。显示出了在PBS、血清、“血清+Endo-S”、“血清+Endo-H”或“血清+EndoS+EndoH”的存在下含有寡聚甘露糖型(Man5GlcNAc2)的人IgG1Fc与FcγRIIIa的结合。数据点表示总共四次实验中的3次独立测量结果的计算出的平均值。
图8显示了EndoS如何消除大量血清抗体与FcγR的亲和性但不消除聚糖经改造(寡聚甘露糖型)的抗体与FcγR的亲和性的示意图。
具体实施方式
序列说明
SEQ ID NO:1是从酿脓链球菌AP1分离出的EndoS的氨基酸序列。
SEQ ID NO:2是包含信号序列的从酿脓链球菌AP1分离出的EndoS的氨基酸序列。
实施例
发明原理
图8图示了本发明的至少一个方面的原理。特别是,图8显示了EndoS如何通过去除“正常”的Fc糖基化而消除大量血清抗体与FcγR的亲和性的示意图。然而,EndoS对聚糖经改造(寡聚甘露糖型)的抗体无效,并实现了FcR的活化。在生理条件下,大部分FcR被“非相关”Ig Fc(通常为血清Ig Fc)结合。这极大地限制了可用的Fc受体(FcγR)的有效浓度。在该实施方式中,使用EndoS显著降低了非相关血清抗体与FcγR的亲和性,但未降低聚糖经改造(寡聚甘露糖型)的单克隆抗体与FcγR的亲和性。
实施例1:血清IgG与FcγRIIIa的结合的降低增加了有抗性的治疗性抗体的结合
为了证明EndoS可用于降低血清IgG与FcγRIIIa的结合,进行了以下实验。将PBS中的2.5μg/mL的FcγRIIIa(158Val变体;R&D systems,Minneapolis,U.S.A.)在高结合性微量滴定板上(3690,Corning,NY,U.S.A.)于4℃包被过夜。用含有0.05%吐温20(Sigma-aldrich,U.S.A.)的PBS洗涤经包被的板,并在室温下用PBS中的3%BSA封闭2小时。然后加入人血清(H4522,Sigma-Aldrich,U.S.A.)或携带Man9GlcNAc2或Man5GlcNAc2的重组人IgG1糖形(在PBS中的起始浓度为0.1mg/mL)的连续稀释液,并使其在室温下结合2小时。用含有0.05%吐温的PBS洗涤板五次,并使用对鼠IgG Fab有特异性的与HRP偶联的Fab片段检测结合(ab98659,Abcam,Cambridge,UK)。根据制造商的说明,使用TMB底物(ThermoScientific,Rockford,IL,U.S.A.)来显色。加入2M H2SO4来停止显色,并在Spectramax M5(Molecular Devices,California,U.S.A.)多孔平板读板器上在450纳米下测量吸光度。将血清与1微克/毫升的EndoS或PBS在37℃下温育过夜。对照血清样品用PBS进行模拟处理,并在37℃下温育过夜。处理数据并使用Prism(GraphPad software,California,U.S.A.)作图。计算对应于ELISA结合曲线上的半值最大结合的寡聚甘露糖型mAb浓度作为表观亲和力。利用标记的抗人Fab来检测正常人类血清的结合。其结果示于图1,其清楚地表明:对人类血清IgG的EndoS处理导致FcγRIIIa结合的下降。
图6表明,随着血清IgG浓度的增加,观察到了单克隆抗体IgG CIIC1(具有人Fc和小鼠Fab的嵌合IgG,其使得能够在更大的血清抗体池的背景下特异性地检测该单克隆抗体)与FcγRIIIa的结合的减少。对于一系列单克隆抗体浓度(x轴),在逐渐增加的血清稀释度(1:5、1:10、1:20和1:50)下和在PBS中确定了所述结合。利用HRP偶联的抗小鼠(Fab)’2抗体检测单克隆抗体IgG CIIC1的结合。图6示出了血清IgG如何胜过单克隆抗体IgG CIIC1。
血清IgG对EndoS活性敏感
为了证明平分型聚糖和唾液酸化结构对EndoS有抗性,如材料和方法部分所述,在EndoS消化之前(a)和之后(b)对人血清IgG上的N连接型聚糖进行了组成分析。存在于天然血清Ig的主要的中性双天线结构(m/z在1559,1721,1883)在已经暴露于EndoS的IgG上完全不存在。相反,相应的平分型结构(图2A和2B中的m/z 1762,1925和2087)在Endo-S消化之前代表小众群体,但在EndoS消化之后却是IgG上最丰富的物种。
如“材料和方法”部分所述,对利用EndoS释放的聚糖进行直接质谱分析。图4A和图4B示出了中性双天线结构被水解(产生了在m/z 1148、1310、1473的产物),但在所释放的产物池中没有可检测的平分型结构。在所释放的产物池中发现了一些单唾液酸化的结构(m/z1566和1728),但发现其是在消化的IgG上的富集部分(m/z 2078和2280),表明这些结构对EndoS显示出部分抗性。与中性的平分型结构的抗性一致,平分型唾液酸化结构(m/z 2280)作为残余聚糖的组分得到显著富集。大部分唾液酸化的聚糖被EndoS释放。
这些数据总体表明平分型聚糖对EndoS有抗性,唾液酸化结构对EndoS有适度抗性,而IgG上的大部分双天线聚糖群体(缺乏平分型结构和唾液酸)对EndoS完全敏感。
寡聚甘露糖型抗体抵抗EndoS的酶促分解的能力
为了证明可以产生对EndoS有抗性的寡聚甘露糖型抗体,进行了以下实验。
图5示出了寡聚甘露糖型Fc糖形对EndoS介导的水解的抗性。如材料和方法部分所述,在不存在抑制剂kifunensine(图5(a))或存在抑制剂kifunensine(d)的情况下,在人胚胎肾293T细胞中表达重组IgG-Fc结构域。这产生了与图2A和图2B所示的人血清中所见图谱相似的如(a)所示的典型双天线复杂型聚糖图谱,或者在使用了抑制剂kifunensine的情况下产生了纯寡聚甘露糖型图谱(d)。图5(b)示出EndoS如何能够完全切割复杂型聚糖,但对寡聚甘露糖型聚糖无效(e)。用EndoH进行的消化证明了EndoH的逆反特异性(reciprocalspecificity)和其如何不能切割复杂型聚糖(如图5(c)所示),但能完全水解寡聚甘露糖型Fc糖形(如图5(f)所示)。
为了证明EndoS可以用于增加寡聚甘露糖型mAb对FcγRIIIa的表观亲和力,进行了以下实验。将PBS中的2.5μg/mL的FcγRIIIa(158Val变体;R&D systems,Minneapolis,U.S.A.)在高结合性微量滴定板(3690,Corning,NY,U.S.A.)上于4℃包被过夜。用含有0.05%吐温20(Sigma-aldrich,U.S.A.)的PBS洗涤经包被的板,并在室温下用PBS中的3%BSA封闭2小时。然后加入人血清(H4522,Sigma-Aldrich,U.S.A.)或携带Man9GlcNAc2或Man5GlcNAc2的重组人IgG1糖形(在PBS中的起始浓度为0.1mg/mL)的连续稀释液,并使其在室温下结合2小时。用含有0.05%吐温的PBS洗涤板五次,并用对鼠IgG Fab有特异性的与HRP偶联的Fab片段来检测结合(ab98659,Abcam,Cambridge,UK)。根据制造商的说明,使用TMB底物(Thermo Scientific,Rockford,IL,U.S.A.)进行显色。加入2M H2SO4来停止显色,并在Spectramax M5(Molecular Devices,California,U.S.A.)多孔平板读板器上在450纳米下测量吸光度。将1:5稀释的血清与1:100稀释的EndoS(1mg/mL)或EndoH(500U/μl)在37℃下温育过夜。对照血清样品用PBS进行模拟处理,并在37℃下温育过夜。处理数据并且使用Prism(GraphPad software,California,U.S.A.)作图。计算对应于ELISA结合曲线上的半值最大结合的寡聚甘露糖型mAb浓度作为表观亲和力。
与来自图1的数据一致,图7表明:利用HRP偶联的抗小鼠Fab检测发现,不含酶的血清高效地阻断了寡聚甘露糖型mAb IgG CIIC1与FcγRIIIa的结合。在仅存在PBS时或在存在血清或血清加EndoS与EndoH的组合时,确定了所述结合。在没有任何糖苷内切酶时,血清有效地战胜了寡聚甘露糖型mAb IgG CIIC1。然而,EndoS的添加导致了寡聚甘露糖型mAb对FcγRIIIa的表观亲和力显著升高,其中,在mAb为约0.05μM时实现了50%的受体饱和度,这个水平接近在完全不存在血清时针对IgG而确定的mAb:FCR水平,并与该相互作用的报道值(0.08μM)符合(Kanda,Y.,Yamada,T.,Mori,K.,Okazaki,A.,Inoue,M.,Kitajima-Miyama,K.,Kuni-Kamochi,R.,Nakano,R.,Yano,K.,Kakita,S.,Shitara,K.和Satoh,M.(2007).Glycobiology 17,104-18)。
这种增强是对经改造的单克隆抗体和天然血清Ab的差异性糖基化的直接后果。这种糖形依赖性通过添加Endo H来确认,无论是否用EndoS处理过竞争性血清,Endo H均可导致可检测的FcγRIIIa结合的丧失。例如,使用寡聚甘露糖型抗体糖形能够使治疗性抗体被Endo H失活,如图7所示。EndoH可用于使治疗性抗体失活以控制体内活性时间,或在患者出现不良反应时将其失活。
材料和方法
IgG1寡聚甘露糖型糖形Man9GlcNAc2和Man5GlcNAc2的蛋白表达和纯化.
将人IgG1Fc(残基240-440,遵循Edelman等的编号规则;GenBank登录号J00228)克隆到pHLsec载体中,并如此前所述在人胚胎肾脏细胞中短暂表达(Aricescu等,ActaCrystallogr D Biol Crystallogr.2006年10月;62(Pt 10):1243-50.Epub 2006年9月19日),其中,DNA与聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)分别以1:1.5的质量比混合。Man9GlcNAc2糖形通过下述方式获得:在5μM kifunensine(一种I类α-甘露糖苷酶抑制剂)(Chang VT,Crispin M,Aricescu AR,Harvey DJ,Nettleship JE,Fennelly JA,Yu C,Boles KS,Evans EJ,StuartDI,Dwek RA,Jones EY,Owens RJ,Davis SJ.Structure.2007年3月;15(3):267-73)的存在下在人类胚胎肾293T细胞中短暂表达,从而产生携带不成熟的寡聚甘露糖型N连接型聚糖Man9GlcNAc2的IgG Fc。Man5GlcNAc2糖形通过在缺乏GlcNAc转移酶I的人类胚胎肾293S细胞中短暂表达而获得(Reeves,P.J.,N.Callewaert等,(2002).Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A99(21):13419-13424)。转染之后5天,使细胞上清液澄清,通过利用螯合性Sepharose FastFlow Ni2+琼脂糖珠的固定化金属亲和层析(GE Healthcare,Buckinghamshire,UK)来纯化IgG Fc。在25℃下用75μg mL-1的糖苷内切酶H使IgG-Fc部分脱糖基化12小时,然后通过尺寸排阻色谱进行纯化。用SDS-PAGE分析来评估蛋白纯度,去糖基化的IgG的通常产率为20mgL-1细胞培养物。
将鼠单克隆抗体CIIC1的Fab结构域(Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank,University of Iowa,Department of Biology,Iowa City,IA 52242)克隆到pFUSE-CHIg-HG1载体(Invivogen,San Diego,California,U.S.A.)中,从而产生携带人IgG1Fc结构域的全长IgG1抗体。具有复杂型寡聚甘露糖型聚糖的完整CIIC1抗体如上所述在人类胚胎肾细胞中短暂表达。通过SDS-PAGE分析,还通过ELISA测定(针对与小鼠II型胶原蛋白的结合),证实了全长抗体的成功表达。
N连接型聚糖的酶促释放
从考马斯蓝染色的还原性SDS-PAGE凝胶中切出含有约10μg目标糖蛋白的条带,用水和乙腈交替洗涤并在真空离心机中干燥,随后用100单位/ml的PNGase F(New EnglandBiolabs,MA,U.S.A.)进行再水化,并在37℃下温育12小时,从而从该条带中释放出寡糖。将酶促释放的N-连接型聚糖用水洗脱。加入1μg重组EndoS(购自Genovis AB,Lund,Sweden,并还获自Ben Davis教授,CRL,University of Oxford)或1μl Endo H(500U/μl,New EnglandBiolabs,MA,U.S.A.),并在37℃下温育12小时,从而进行聚糖的糖苷内切酶消化。
基质辅助的激光解吸/电离(MALDI)飞行时间(TOF)质谱
以Nafion 117膜对用上述方法产生的聚糖的水溶液进行清洁。用配有延时引出(delayed extraction)和氮激光(337nm)的Shimazu AXIMA TOF MALDI TOF/TOF记录正离子MALDI-TOF质谱。加速电压为20kV;脉冲电压为3200V;延时引出离子源的延时为500ns。通过下述方式制备样品:在不锈钢靶盘上将0.5μL样品水溶液添加到基质溶液(0.3μL 2,5-二羟基苯甲酸在乙腈中的饱和溶液)中,并使其在室温下干燥。然后样品/基质混合物从乙醇中重结晶。
实施例2:小鼠模型
将来自细胞系SKBR3(高表达HER2的细胞系)的细胞皮下导入小鼠中。以每周30mg/Kg的剂量将EndoS和对EndoS有抗性的针对HER2的治疗性抗体(例如赫赛汀)静脉内导入,并持续4周。对照小鼠不接受(i)Endo S或(ii)治疗性抗体。所得肿瘤的尺寸用卡尺测量。
实施例3:治疗性抗体的延迟施用
用盐水溶液中的15mg EndoS静脉内治疗乳腺癌受试者。通过对患者IgG样品进行纯化并用SDS-PAGE来估算IgG的质量,来监视患者IgG糖基化水平(IgG的去糖基化使IgG的质量减少)。
在2天的延迟后,用2mg治疗性抗体/kg体重的曲妥珠单抗静脉内治疗受试者。
实施例4:血液的体外处理
使乳腺癌受试者的血液以250mL/小时的速率历时4小时穿过Endo S柱,并返回该受试者体内。在此时,糖基化的内源性血清IgG水平下降至低于起始水平的50%。随后以2mg/Kg的曲妥珠单抗静脉内治疗受试者。
氨基酸序列表
<110> 因马格生物股份有限公司(Immago Biosystems Ltd.)
<120> 抗体和蛋白酶的联合治疗应用
<130> 489.114439/01
<150> GB 1201314.0
<151> 2012-01-26
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Arg Pro Glu Gln Tyr Met Ile Gly Phe Ser Phe Tyr Glu Glu Asn Ala
340 345 350
Gln Glu Gly Asn Leu Trp Tyr Asp Ile Asn Ser Arg Lys Asp Glu Asp
355 360 365
Lys Ala Asn Gly Ile Asn Thr Asp Ile Thr Gly Thr Arg Ala Glu Arg
370 375 380
Tyr Ala Arg Trp Gln Pro Lys Thr Gly Gly Val Lys Gly Gly Ile Phe
385 390 395 400
Ser Tyr Ala Ile Asp Arg Asp Gly Val Ala His Gln Pro Lys Lys Tyr
405 410 415
Ala Lys Gln Lys Glu Phe Lys Asp Ala Thr Asp Asn Ile Phe His Ser
420 425 430
Asp Tyr Ser Val Ser Lys Ala Leu Lys Thr Val Met Leu Lys Asp Lys
435 440 445
Ser Tyr Asp Leu Ile Asp Glu Lys Asp Phe Pro Asp Lys Ala Leu Arg
450 455 460
Glu Ala Val Met Ala Gln Val Gly Thr Arg Lys Gly Asp Leu Glu Arg
465 470 475 480
Phe Asn Gly Thr Leu Arg Leu Asp Asn Pro Ala Ile Gln Ser Leu Glu
485 490 495
Gly Leu Asn Lys Phe Lys Lys Leu Ala Gln Leu Asp Leu Ile Gly Leu
500 505 510
Ser Arg Ile Thr Lys Leu Asp Arg Ser Val Leu Pro Ala Asn Met Lys
515 520 525
Pro Gly Lys Asp Thr Leu Glu Thr Val Leu Glu Thr Tyr Lys Lys Asp
530 535 540
Asn Lys Glu Glu Pro Ala Thr Ile Pro Pro Val Ser Leu Lys Val Ser
545 550 555 560
Gly Leu Thr Gly Leu Lys Glu Leu Asp Leu Ser Gly Phe Asp Arg Glu
565 570 575
Thr Leu Ala Gly Leu Asp Ala Ala Thr Leu Thr Ser Leu Glu Lys Val
580 585 590
Asp Ile Ser Gly Asn Lys Leu Asp Leu Ala Pro Gly Thr Glu Asn Arg
595 600 605
Gln Ile Phe Asp Thr Met Leu Ser Thr Ile Ser Asn His Val Gly Ser
610 615 620
Asn Glu Gln Thr Val Lys Phe Asp Lys Gln Lys Pro Thr Gly His Tyr
625 630 635 640
Pro Asp Thr Tyr Gly Lys Thr Ser Leu Arg Leu Pro Val Ala Asn Glu
645 650 655
Lys Val Asp Leu Gln Ser Gln Leu Leu Phe Gly Thr Val Thr Asn Gln
660 665 670
Gly Thr Leu Ile Asn Ser Glu Ala Asp Tyr Lys Ala Tyr Gln Asn His
675 680 685
Lys Ile Ala Gly Arg Ser Phe Val Asp Ser Asn Tyr His Tyr Asn Asn
690 695 700
Phe Lys Val Ser Tyr Glu Asn Tyr Thr Val Lys Val Thr Asp Ser Thr
705 710 715 720
Leu Gly Thr Thr Thr Asp Lys Thr Leu Ala Thr Asp Lys Glu Glu Thr
725 730 735
Tyr Lys Val Asp Phe Phe Ser Pro Ala Asp Lys Thr Lys Ala Val His
740 745 750
Thr Ala Lys Val Ile Val Gly Asp Glu Lys Thr Met Met Val Asn Leu
755 760 765
Ala Glu Gly Ala Thr Val Ile Gly Gly Ser Ala Asp Pro Val Asn Ala
770 775 780
Arg Lys Val Phe Asp Gly Gln Leu Gly Ser Glu Thr Asp Asn Ile Ser
785 790 795 800
Leu Gly Trp Asp Ser Lys Gln Ser Ile Ile Phe Lys Leu Lys Glu Asp
805 810 815
Gly Leu Ile Lys His Trp Arg Phe Phe Asn Asp Ser Ala Arg Asn Pro
820 825 830
Glu Thr Thr Asn Lys Pro Ile Gln Glu Ala Ser Leu Gln Ile Phe Asn
835 840 845
Ile Lys Asp Tyr Asn Leu Asp Asn Leu Leu Glu Asn Pro Asn Lys Phe
850 855 860
Asp Asp Glu Lys Tyr Trp Ile Thr Val Asp Thr Tyr Ser Ala Gln Gly
865 870 875 880
Glu Arg Ala Thr Ala Phe Ser Asn Thr Leu Asn Asn Ile Thr Ser Lys
885 890 895
Tyr Trp Arg Val Val Phe Asp Thr Lys Gly Asp Arg Tyr Ser Ser Pro
900 905 910
Val Val Pro Glu Leu Gln Ile Leu Gly Tyr Pro Leu Pro Asn Ala Asp
915 920 925
Thr Ile Met Lys Thr Val Thr Thr Ala Lys Glu Leu Ser Gln Gln Lys
930 935 940
Asp Lys Phe Ser Gln Lys Met Leu Asp Glu Leu Lys Ile Lys Glu Met
945 950 955 960
Ala Leu Glu Thr Ser Leu Asn Ser Lys Ile Phe Asp Val Thr Ala Ile
965 970 975
Asn Ala Asn Ala Gly Val Leu Lys Asp Cys Ile Glu Lys Arg Gln Leu
980 985 990
Leu Lys Lys
995
Claims (11)
1.一种组合物,所述组合物包含:
(i)降低Fc受体与内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂,其中,所述试剂是IdeS,
和
(ii)治疗性抗体,其中,所述治疗性抗体对所述试剂的活性有抗性,
所述试剂和所述治疗性抗体作为联合制剂在治疗受试者的乳腺癌的方法中依次使用,其中,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)向所述受试者施用所述试剂;随后,
(b)在设定的时间间隔后,向所述受试者施用所述治疗性抗体。
2.通过酶促降解内源性血清抗体而降低Fc受体与所述内源性血清抗体的结合的试剂在制备与治疗性抗体联合使用的药物中的应用,所述药物用于提高所述治疗性抗体或所述治疗性抗体介导的疗法的功效或效力,其中:
(a)向受试者施用所述试剂;随后,
(b)在设定的时间间隔后,向所述受试者施用所述治疗性抗体;
其中,所述试剂是IdeS,且所述治疗性抗体对所述试剂的活性有抗性。
3.如权利要求2所述的应用,其中,所述治疗性抗体或所述治疗性抗体介导的疗法用于治疗疾病。
4.如权利要求3所述的应用,其中,所述疾病是癌症、感染或自身免疫。
5.如权利要求4所述的应用,其中,所述癌症是膀胱癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、黑色素瘤、结肠癌、直肠癌、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、子宫内膜癌、胰腺癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、白血病、甲状腺癌或食管癌。
6.如权利要求4所述的应用,其中,所述癌症是乳腺癌。
7.如权利要求4所述的应用,其中,所述癌症是肾细胞癌。
8.如权利要求2或3所述的应用,其中,所述设定的时间间隔是1天至2天。
9.如权利要求2或3所述的应用,其中,所述设定的时间间隔是1天至5天。
10.如权利要求2或3所述的应用,其中,所述设定的时间间隔是1天至10天。
11.如权利要求2或3所述的应用,其中,所述设定的时间间隔是1天至20天。
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WO2013110946A1 (en) | 2013-08-01 |
CN104519911B (zh) | 2018-07-17 |
US20170274070A1 (en) | 2017-09-28 |
ES2728290T3 (es) | 2019-10-23 |
US20230398212A1 (en) | 2023-12-14 |
CY1122060T1 (el) | 2020-11-25 |
LT2806892T (lt) | 2019-07-25 |
PT2806892T (pt) | 2019-06-17 |
PL2806892T3 (pl) | 2019-09-30 |
DK2806892T3 (da) | 2019-06-11 |
GB201201314D0 (en) | 2012-03-07 |
HUE044632T2 (hu) | 2019-11-28 |
EP2806892A1 (en) | 2014-12-03 |
SI2806892T1 (sl) | 2019-08-30 |
EP2806892B1 (en) | 2019-03-06 |
US20150125443A1 (en) | 2015-05-07 |
IN2014DN06722A (zh) | 2015-05-22 |
US20200345844A1 (en) | 2020-11-05 |
CN104519911A (zh) | 2015-04-15 |
JP2015511223A (ja) | 2015-04-16 |
JP6249962B2 (ja) | 2017-12-20 |
HRP20191022T1 (hr) | 2019-09-06 |
TR201908367T4 (tr) | 2019-06-21 |
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