CN108550705A - A kind of perovskite solar cell module - Google Patents
A kind of perovskite solar cell module Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108550705A CN108550705A CN201810704858.4A CN201810704858A CN108550705A CN 108550705 A CN108550705 A CN 108550705A CN 201810704858 A CN201810704858 A CN 201810704858A CN 108550705 A CN108550705 A CN 108550705A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- perovskite solar
- perovskite
- solar cell
- layer
- electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetone Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(C)=O YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(IV) isopropoxide Chemical compound CC(C)O[Ti](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 14
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 6
- JTCFNJXQEFODHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ca].[Ti] Chemical compound [Ca].[Ti] JTCFNJXQEFODHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000608 laser ablation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011297 pine tar Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940068124 pine tar Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- RBNWAMSGVWEHFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-p-Menthane-1,8-diol Chemical compound CC(C)(O)C1CCC(C)(O)CC1 RBNWAMSGVWEHFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical class CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 alkalis Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001883 metal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007146 photocatalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
- H10K30/151—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
- H10K30/57—Photovoltaic [PV] devices comprising multiple junctions, e.g. tandem PV cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/80—Constructional details
- H10K30/81—Electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
A kind of perovskite solar cell module of the present invention, including：Conductive substrates, perovskite light-absorption layer and to electrode；Hole blocking layer, electron transfer layer and insulating layer are equipped between conductive substrates and perovskite light-absorption layer；It is being equipped with hole transmission layer between electrode and perovskite light-absorption layer, the conductive Gate lines for collecting electronics and total grid line are also placed in conductive substrates；Multiple perovskite solar battery cells for being formed as parallel-connection structure are equipped in conductive substrates, it is connected by connecting line between perovskite solar battery cell, insulating layer is equipped between connecting line and conductive substrates, conductive Gate lines are summarized in an electrode of total grid line as battery, summarize another electrode as battery by connecting line connection between perovskite solar battery cell.The series resistance that battery can be reduced as a result, improves battery operating current, increases cell active area.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to area of solar cell, and in particular to a kind of perovskite solar cell module.
Background technology
In past 10 years, perovskite solar cell is quickly grown due to its very prominent advantage, specifically, calcium titanium
The making of mine solar cell is simple, cost is relatively low, can prepare flexible, transparent battery.Meanwhile also there is more suitable band gap
Width can control the color of battery by changing its band gap, prepare colored battery.Furthermore charge diffusion length is up to micro-
Meter level, charge life are longer.In addition, its unique defect characteristics, the property of n-type semiconductor can be presented by making perovskite crystal material both
The property of p-type semiconductor can be also presented in matter, thus its application is more diversified.Therefore, perovskite solar cell and related material
Material has become photovoltaic art research direction, obtains the photoelectric conversion efficiency more than 23% at present, solar-electricity can be greatly reduced
The use cost in pond, application prospect are very wide.
Perovskite solar cell is mainly made of three parts：Transparent conductive electrode, perovskite light-absorption layer and to electrode.
In perovskite battery, since perovskite material cavity transmission ability itself is limited, interleaving in calcium titanium ore bed and electrode is needed
Enter one layer of hole mobile material to obtain higher energy conversion efficiency.In ordinary construction, the conductive substrates of transparent conductive electrode
There are electron transfer layer and hole blocking layer among perovskite light-absorption layer, to having hole transport in electrode and perovskite light-absorption layer
Layer.
The industrialization of perovskite solar cell at present is the major issue faced, and perovskite solar battery group
What part used is that baby battery is fabricated to big component by series-parallel mode, thus can bring additional technique process, such as：
Conducting wire between multi-disc battery is drawn, interconnects, puts and is finally laminated.Furthermore additional resistance can be also introduced, such as is led
Line or the resistance etc. of joint reduce so as to cause battery performance.Therefore, the string of several element cells is made on monobasal simultaneously
It is unified into the important channel of the industrialization for perovskite solar cell.
In contrast, patent document 1 discloses a kind of single-unit perovskite solar cell and its perovskite solar cell
Module, and patent document 2 discloses a kind of perovskite solar cell module and preparation method thereof.Although the above method provides
The perovskite solar cell module being connected in series by single-unit perovskite solar cell, but the cascaded structure meetings of inside modules
Cause series resistance larger, and need etched line, aperture opening ratio is small, and there are drawbacks when production and application.
Existing technical literature：
Patent document：
Patent document 1：Chinese patent discloses CN106784321A；
Patent document 2：Chinese patent discloses CN106910827A.
Invention content
Problems to be solved by the invention：
In view of the problem present on, technical problem to be solved by the present invention lies in provide one kind by multiple battery units in parallel
And the perovskite solar cell module of the monobasal of the large area formed.
The means solved the problems, such as：
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, perovskite solar cell module of the invention, including：Conductive substrates, perovskite are inhaled
Photosphere and to electrode；
Hole blocking layer, electron transfer layer and insulating layer are equipped between the conductive substrates and the perovskite light-absorption layer；
It is equipped with hole transmission layer between electrode and the perovskite light-absorption layer described, is also placed in the conductive substrates
Conductive Gate lines for collecting electronics and total grid line；
Multiple perovskite solar battery cells for being formed as parallel-connection structure are equipped in the conductive substrates, the perovskite is too
It is positive to be connected by connecting line between battery unit, the insulating layer is equipped between the connecting line and the conductive substrates, it is described to lead
Electric Gate lines are summarized in an electrode of the total grid line as battery, by the connection between the perovskite solar battery cell
Line connection summarizes another electrode as battery.
In accordance with the invention it is possible on the monobasal of large area, it is that several perovskite solar battery cells are carried out and
Connection connection, is the perovskite sun being formed in parallel by multiple perovskite solar battery cells in whole piece conductive substrates
It can battery module.I.e., by making perovskite solar cell be formed as parallel-connection structure on monobasal to each other, with previous string
It is coupled structure and compares the series resistance that can reduce battery, improve battery operating current, increases cell active area.And insulating layer can
To separate battery plus-negative plate, to realize stable parallel-connection structure.
Also, in the present invention, can also be, each perovskite solar battery cell includes hole blocking layer, electricity
Sub- transport layer, insulating layer, perovskite light-absorption layer, hole transmission layer and to electrode；
Separated from each other between the perovskite solar battery cell, the conduction Gate lines are set to the perovskite solar cell
In the gap of unit；
The insulating layer is set to described to electrode and the conductive substrates perovskite solar battery cell spaced intermediate
The two poles of the earth, to form parallel-connection structure in the conductive substrates.
Also, in the present invention, can also be, the perovskite solar battery cell be rectangular, round, polygon or
For with pattern and decorative pattern.
Also, in the present invention, can also be, when the perovskite solar battery cell is rectangular, width is 5~
15mm, length are more than 10mm, and 0.05~0.6mm of column pitch, 0.06~1.2mm of line space, the connecting line is by electrode material
It is connected between the perovskite solar battery cell and is formed, width is more than 10 μm.The width, which generally depends on, leads electrode
Electrical property, but should be greater than 10 μm.
Also, in the present invention, can also be, the materials of the conduction Gate lines be in metal, including gold, silver, copper and aluminium extremely
Few one kind；Electric conductivity is different when the conduction Gate lines and total grid line are different materials.
Also, in the present invention, can also be, the width of the conduction Gate lines is 0.01mm~0.5mm, and thickness is 0.1 μm
~30 μm, 10 μm are at least spaced with the perovskite solar battery cell；The width of total grid line is 0.02mm~1mm,
Thickness is 0.1 μm~30 μm, and 10 μm are at least spaced with the perovskite solar battery cell.
According to the present invention, conductive Gate lines and total grid line resistance are much smaller than conductive substrates, and conductive Gate lines are set at wide interval, are used
In collecting electronics, total grid line summarizes the electronics that conductive grid line is collected to one end, since total grid line summarizes distance much larger than conduction
Grid line, therefore total grid line is slightly coarser than conductive grid line.Therefore battery internal resistance can effectively be reduced by introducing conduction Gate lines and total grid line,
Improve battery efficiency.
Also, in the present invention, can also be, the hole transmission layer is formed by silk-screen printing carbon pastes, described to electrode
For conductive film or conducting resinl.Traditional metal evaporation electrode is compared as a result, there is better stability and lower cost.Also, leading
Electric glue or conductive film are compared to traditional electrocondution slurry, and under the premise of ensureing excellent electric conductivity, technique is simpler, and traditional leads
Plasma-based material needs printing-sintering, conductive film, i.e. patch to use, and conducting resinl can rapid curing after coating.
Also, in the present invention, can also be, the hole transmission layer is low temperature carbon material, and sintering temperature is less than 150 DEG C；
The conducting resinl is glue or adhesive tape, and when sintering or solidification, temperature should be less than 150 DEG C.Conventional high-temperature material can be to inhaling as a result,
Photosphere damages, and 150 DEG C or less lower temperatures do not have counter productive to battery performance.
Also, in the present invention, can also be, the hole blocking layer is TiO2Compacted zone, precursor solution solvent are second
Alcohol and water, including tetraisopropyl titanate, acetylacetone,2,4-pentanedione, hydrochloric acid.Hole blocking layer can be effectively prevented inside battery electricity as a result,
Son, hole-recombination.
Also, in the present invention, can also be, the electron transfer layer is formed by silk-screen printing titania slurry；Institute
Insulating layer is stated to form by silk-screen printing zirconium dioxide slurry.
Invention effect：
The present invention is capable of providing that a kind of process equipment is simple, easy to operate, and equipment cost is cheap, is conducive to industrialization, and be suitable for
The coating process and device for the perovskite light-absorption layer being coated on large area perovskite solar cell substrate.According to following tools
Body embodiment and refer to the attached drawing are better understood with the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the sectional view of cascaded structure in comparative example；
Fig. 2 is the vertical view according to the parallel-connection structure of the rectangular perovskite solar cell module of an implementation form of the invention；
Fig. 3 A are the sectional views at A-A shown in Fig. 2；
Fig. 3 B are the sectional views at B-B shown in Fig. 2；
Fig. 4 is the partial enlarged view of perovskite solar cell module shown in Fig. 2；
Fig. 5 is the vertical view of the perovskite solar cell module of more perovskite solar battery cells in parallel；
Fig. 6 is the vertical view according to the parallel-connection structure of the perovskite solar cell module of the polygon of another implementation form of the present invention
Figure；
Fig. 7 is the cascaded structure of the perovskite solar cell module and prior art that show parallel-connection structure according to the present invention
The performance comparison figure of perovskite solar cell module；
Symbol description：
1 grid line
1a conduction grid lines
The total grid lines of 1b
2 conductive substrates (transparent conducting glass)
3 hole blocking layers
4 electron transfer layers
5 insulating layers
6 perovskite light-absorption layers
7 hole transmission layers
9 etched lines
20 perovskite solar battery cells
21 connecting lines
22 line spaces
23 column pitch
24 gaps.
Specific implementation mode
It is further illustrated the present invention below in conjunction with attached drawing and following embodiments, it should be appreciated that attached drawing and following embodiments
It is merely to illustrate the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.Identical in the various figures or corresponding reference numeral indicates the same part, and saves
Slightly repeated explanation.
Fig. 1 is the sectional view of cascaded structure in comparative example；Fig. 2 is the rectangular perovskite according to an implementation form of the invention
The vertical view of the parallel-connection structure of solar cell module；Fig. 3 A are the sectional views at A-A shown in Fig. 2；Fig. 3 B are shown in Fig. 2
Sectional view at B-B；Fig. 4 is the partial enlarged view of perovskite solar cell module shown in Fig. 2；Fig. 5 is more calcium in parallel
The vertical view of the perovskite solar cell module of titanium ore solar battery cell 20.The present invention in order to solve the above technical problems,
A kind of perovskite solar cell is provided, including：Conductive substrates 2, perovskite light-absorption layer 6 and to electrode；In electrically conducting transparent substrate 2
Hole blocking layer 3, electron transfer layer 4 and insulating layer 5 are equipped between perovskite light-absorption layer 6；To electrode and perovskite extinction
Hole transmission layer 7 is equipped between layer 6.The grid line 1 for collecting electronics is also placed in electrically conducting transparent substrate 2；Multiple calcium titaniums
Mine solar battery cell 20 (hereinafter referred to as unit 20) is formed as parallel-connection structure on substrate.In this implementation form, grid line 1 divides
For conductive Gate lines 1a and total Gate lines 1b.
Specifically, unit 20 includes that hole hinders from the bottom up as shown in Fig. 2, when section view (as shown in Figure 3A, connectionless line)
Barrier 3, electron transfer layer 4, insulating layer 5, perovskite light-absorption layer 6, hole transmission layer 7 and to electrode, when section view (as shown in 3B,
Have connecting line) it can be seen that at connecting line, also include hole blocking layer 3, electron transfer layer 4, insulating layer 5, perovskite from the bottom up
Light-absorption layer 6, hole transmission layer 7 and to electrode, this design is effectively utilized connecting line lower area and is fabricated to effective unit 20.
Also, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, the electronics of conductive substrates 2 is collected by conductive Gate lines 1a, and it is unified to draw, by total grid line 1b
Summarize to one end, is connected with 20 all cathode of unit；To electrode by the hole collection of each unit 20, connected by long side midpoint
Line 21 is unified to draw, and is connected with 20 all anodes of unit, summarizes to the other end.But not limited to this, can also select right end into
Row laser ablation, is fabricated to insulating regions, and conductive substrates 2 are divided into two parts, conductive base is summarised in by electrode and to electrode
It the both ends of insulating regions on plate 2 can be same if later stage module making needs the independent battery of two panels to need to be connected with conducting wire is positive and negative
Positive and negative anodes are drawn in substrate, are separated by etched line, and harness damage caused by difference of height is avoided.
Also, to being equipped with insulating layer 5 among electrode and electrically-conductive backing plate 2, internal short-circuit of battery can avoid.Therefore all units 20
Parallel connection is constituted with positive connection type connected, cathode is connected.In the present invention, positive and negative anodes can because of electrode up and down mutually instead
It exchanges, so it is not only restricted to the aforesaid way of this implementation form.In addition, in the present invention, as shown in figure 5, the number of parallel of unit 20
It is not limited, the size of battery module does not also limit, as long as meet demand.
Also, more specifically, the side of 20 longer dimension of unit is length, and the shorter side of size is width.Unit 20 is according to size
Difference, in conductive substrates 2 arrangement can be formed length direction N rows, in wide direction M row array arrangement.Length direction between unit 20
Intermediate section be connected, be defined as connecting line 21, rest part is separated from each other, define this separate spacing be column pitch 23.Between row
It is equipped with the electronics that conductive grid line 1a collects conductive substrates 2 away from 23 places of separating, the ends conductive grid line 1a have total grid line 1b to summarize to one
End regards 20 electrode of all units as and is connected, if line number is more than 3 rows, every two row is to be spaced apart, and it is in the ranks to define this and separate spacing
Away from 22,22 place of separating of line space adds one section of total grid line 1b, summarizes together with the total grid line 1b in end.Connecting line 21 is passed through to electrode
It is connected with each other, summarizes to the other end, with being connected to electrode for all units 20, insulating layer 5 separates the two poles of the earth in centre, thus
The structure in parallel of multiple units 20 is formed on substrate.
Fig. 6 is the parallel-connection structure according to the perovskite solar cell module of the polygon of another implementation form of the present invention
Vertical view.As shown in fig. 6, unit 20 is in polygon, unit 20 can regard an octagon entirety as, and continuous pattern all can be with
As being connecting line 21, any place of unit 20 can be used as anode, and the gap 24 between unit 20 is equipped with conduction grid line 1a to collect
Electronics in electrically conducting transparent substrate 2, total Gate lines 1b summarize to upper end as cathode, to as previously mentioned, multiple units 20 are in parallel
Constitute perovskite solar cell module.
In addition, in the present invention, it is (following to be also known as the conductive substrates 2 of perovskite solar cell using FTO electro-conductive glass
FTO glass 2), for the SnO of doping fluorine2Transparent conducting glass (SnO2：F), it is widely used in liquid crystal display, photocatalysis, the sun
The fields such as energy cell substrate, dye-sensitized solar cells, electrochomeric glass.The conductive substrates are transparent conductive electrode.
Further, the transparent conductive electrode is FTO glass 2.Perovskite solar cell is to convert light energy into electric energy, transparent material
Material is into order to extinction, and as electrode, wherein electrically conducting transparent substrate 2 can be FTO, AZO or ITO, due to FTO is heat-resisting,
Chemical-resistant stability is best, thus be it is preferred, but not limited to this, can change as the case may be.
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, present invention be described in more detail.
(embodiment 1)
1) in the present embodiment, laser ablation step is omitted.
2) it uses acetone, alkalis, deionized water, acetone to be cleaned by ultrasonic FTO glass 160 minutes respectively, then dries up.
3) TiO is prepared on 2 substrate of FTO glass2Compacted zone 3 (i.e., hole blocking layer 3), precursor solution solvent are second
Alcohol and water, including following component：Tetraisopropyl titanate (0.3mol/L), acetylacetone,2,4-pentanedione (0.45mol/L), hydrochloric acid
(0.09mol/L).Precursor solution is drawn, is added dropwise on the FTO substrates cleaned up, making solution be paved with entire 2 table of FTO glass
Face is formed a film using spin-coating method, spin speed 3000rpm, time 20s.510 DEG C of sintering 30min in Muffle furnace.
4) on compacted zone (i.e., hole blocking layer) 3, silk-screen printing titania slurry is as electron transfer layer 4, admittedly contain
Amount 10%, solvent terpinol, 510 DEG C of sintering 30min in Muffle furnace.
5) on electron transfer layer 4, silk-screen printing zirconium dioxide slurry is as insulating layer 5, solid content 5%, solvent pine tar
Alcohol, 510 DEG C of sintering 30min in Muffle furnace.
6) 461 milligrams of lead iodide (PbI are measured2), 159 milligrams of CH3NH3I powders, 78 milligrams of dimethyl sulfoxides are mixed in 600 milligrams
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) stirs 1 hour at room temperature, forms CH3NH3PbI3Perovskite precursor solution.With this calcium titanium
Mine precursor solution is spin coating liquid, and not thermally treated perovskite light-absorption layer 6 is prepared using spin-coating method, spin speed 5000rpm,
Time 20s, 100 DEG C are annealed 5 minutes.
7) on perovskite light-absorption layer 6, silk-screen printing carbon pastes are as hole transmission layer 7, solid content 37%, solvent pine tar
Alcohol is formed electrode by the release conductive tape of room temperature, obtains perovskite solar cell.In addition, in the above embodiment of the present invention,
Batteries in parallel connection quantity is eight, but not limited to this, it can increase and decrease as needed.Also, the position with the etched line in comparative example 1 is electricity
Unserviceable region is compared without generating electricity in pond, and therefore embodiment 1 saves etched line, be equivalent to the substrate in same size
On, increase effective generating area.
(comparative example 1)
1) FTO layers are etched away on FTO glass 2 using laser, form etched line 9, ensure 20 infinites of unit.
2) it uses acetone, alkalis, deionized water, acetone to be cleaned by ultrasonic FTO glass 20 minutes respectively, then dries up.
3) TiO is prepared on 2 substrate of FTO glass2Compacted zone 3 (i.e., hole blocking layer 3), precursor solution solvent are second
Alcohol and water, including following component：Tetraisopropyl titanate (0.3mol/L), acetylacetone,2,4-pentanedione (0.45mol/L), hydrochloric acid
(0.09mol/L).Precursor solution is drawn, is added dropwise on the FTO substrates cleaned up, making solution be paved with entire 2 table of FTO glass
Face is formed a film using spin-coating method, spin speed 3000rpm, time 20s.510 DEG C of sintering 30min in Muffle furnace.
4) on compacted zone (i.e., hole blocking layer) 3, silk-screen printing titania slurry is as electron transfer layer 4, admittedly contain
Amount 10%, solvent terpinol, 510 DEG C of sintering 30min in Muffle furnace.
5) on electron transfer layer 4, silk-screen printing zirconium dioxide slurry is as insulating layer 5, solid content 5%, solvent pine tar
Alcohol, 510 DEG C of sintering 30min in Muffle furnace.
6) 461 milligrams of lead iodide (PbI are measured2), 159 milligrams of CH3NH3I powders, 78 milligrams of dimethyl sulfoxides are mixed in 600 milligrams
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) stirs 1 hour at room temperature, forms CH3NH3PbI3Perovskite precursor solution.With this calcium titanium
Mine precursor solution is spin coating liquid, and not thermally treated perovskite light-absorption layer 6 is prepared using spin-coating method, spin speed 5000rpm,
Time 20s, 100 DEG C are annealed 5 minutes.
7) on perovskite light-absorption layer 6, silk-screen printing carbon pastes form carbon-coating as hole transmission layer 7 and to electrode, Gu
Content 37%, solvent terpinol obtain perovskite solar battery cell 20.
8) eight perovskite solar battery cells 20 are as above made, then make eight perovskite solar cells in list
Cascaded structure is formed on substrate, specifically, as shown in Figure 1：By laser ablation, forms etched line 9 and separate FTO glass 2, lead to
Cross screen printing mode making carbon to electrode, utilize dislocation so that previous unit 20 to electrode, be directly printed onto next list
On the conductive Gate lines 1a of member 20, i.e. the anode of first unit 20 connects the cathode of second unit 20, and so on, form series connection
Structure.
Fig. 7 is the tandem junction of the perovskite solar cell module and prior art that show parallel-connection structure according to the present invention
The performance comparison figure of the perovskite solar cell module of structure.Following table further illustrates according to an embodiment of the invention 1 and right
The performance parameter for the perovskite solar cell that perovskite solar cell prepared by ratio 1 is prepared with prior art；
Theoretically, under the premise of using same materials, the total voltage of the solar cell of cascaded structure is that monocell is total
With electric current is equal everywhere, as single battery electric current, therefore can obtain higher voltage.In contrast, it is according to the present invention simultaneously
The total current for being coupled the perovskite solar cell of structure is monocell electric current summation, and voltage is equal everywhere, as single battery voltage.
However, in fact, as shown above, the current density value of the solar cell of eight parallel-connection structures is 17.22mA/cm2, it is more than
1.67*8=13.36mA/cm2, in other words it is more than the sum of the electric current of solar cell of eight cascaded structures.In addition, and being coupled
The series resistance Rs of structure is much smaller than cascaded structure (nearly two orders of magnitude).
It follows that the perovskite solar cell of parallel-connection structure can effectively avoid connecting between monocell in cascaded structure
Resistance is higher and the shortcomings that influencing efficiency.Moreover, the cell active area of the perovskite solar cell of parallel-connection structure is carried
Height improves substrate utilization to which general power improves 50mW.
To sum up, it by the way that perovskite solar cell is formed as parallel-connection structure, is powered on to overcome monobasal well
Pond is formed as that resistance caused by cascaded structure is excessive, influences the problems such as efficiency.Further, since being not necessarily to laser incising corrosion line, improve
Substrate utilization, improves unit area generated energy.Therefore, the industrialized development in perovskite solar cell future is provided
A kind of preferably idea and method.
Above specific implementation mode has carried out further specifically the purpose of the present invention, technical solution and advantageous effect
It is bright, it should be appreciated that these are only a kind of specific implementation mode of the present invention, however it is not limited to protection model of the invention
It encloses, in the case where not departing from the objective of essential characteristic of the present invention, the present invention can be presented as diversified forms, therefore the implementation in the present invention
Form is to be illustrative rather than definitive thereof, and is defined by the claims rather than is limited by specification, Er Qieluo due to the scope of the present invention
All changes in the full scope of equivalents of the range defined in claim or its range defined are understood to be included in right
In claim.All within the spirits and principles of the present invention, any modification, equivalent substitution, improvement and etc. made should all wrap
Containing within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of perovskite solar cell module, which is characterized in that including：
Conductive substrates, perovskite light-absorption layer and to electrode；
Hole blocking layer, electron transfer layer and insulating layer are equipped between the conductive substrates and the perovskite light-absorption layer；
It is equipped with hole transmission layer between electrode and the perovskite light-absorption layer described, is also placed in the conductive substrates
Conductive Gate lines for collecting electronics and total grid line；
Multiple perovskite solar battery cells for being formed as parallel-connection structure are equipped in the conductive substrates, the perovskite is too
It is positive to be connected by connecting line between battery unit, the insulating layer is equipped between the connecting line and the conductive substrates, it is described to lead
Electric Gate lines are summarized in an electrode of the total grid line as battery, by the connection between the perovskite solar battery cell
Line connection summarizes another electrode as battery.
2. perovskite solar cell module according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
Each perovskite solar battery cell includes hole blocking layer, electron transfer layer, insulating layer, perovskite extinction
Layer, hole transmission layer and to electrode；
Separated from each other between the perovskite solar battery cell, the conduction Gate lines are set to the perovskite solar cell
In the gap of unit；
The insulating layer is set to described to electrode and the conductive substrates perovskite solar battery cell spaced intermediate
The two poles of the earth, to form parallel-connection structure in the conductive substrates.
3. perovskite solar cell module according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that
The perovskite solar battery cell is rectangular, round, polygon or is with pattern and decorative pattern.
4. perovskite solar cell module according to claim 3, which is characterized in that
The perovskite solar battery cell be it is rectangular when, width be 5 ~ 15mm, length be more than 10mm, column pitch 0.05 ~
0.6mm, 0.06 ~ 1.2mm of line space,
For the connecting line by being formed being connected to the perovskite solar battery cell to electrode material, width is more than 10 μ
m。
5. perovskite solar cell module according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
The material of the conduction Gate lines is at least one of metal, including gold, silver, copper and aluminium；
Electric conductivity is different when the conduction Gate lines and total grid line are different materials.
6. perovskite solar cell module according to claim 5, which is characterized in that
The width of the conduction Gate lines is 0.01mm ~ 0.5mm, and thickness is 0.1 μm ~ 30 μm, with the perovskite solar cell
Unit is at least spaced 10 μm；
The width of total grid line is 0.02mm ~ 1mm, and thickness is 0.1 μm ~ 30 μm, with the perovskite solar battery cell
At least it is spaced 10 μm.
7. perovskite solar cell module according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
The hole transmission layer is formed by silk-screen printing carbon pastes, and described is conductive film or conducting resinl to electrode.
8. perovskite solar cell module according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
The hole transmission layer is low temperature carbon material, and sintering temperature is less than 150 DEG C；
The conducting resinl is glue or adhesive tape, and when sintering or solidification, temperature should be less than 150 DEG C.
9. perovskite solar cell module according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
The hole blocking layer is TiO2Compacted zone, precursor solution solvent are second alcohol and water, including tetraisopropyl titanate, acetyl
Acetone, hydrochloric acid.
10. perovskite solar cell module according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
The electron transfer layer is formed by silk-screen printing titania slurry；
The insulating layer is formed by silk-screen printing zirconium dioxide slurry.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810704858.4A CN108550705A (en) | 2018-06-30 | 2018-06-30 | A kind of perovskite solar cell module |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810704858.4A CN108550705A (en) | 2018-06-30 | 2018-06-30 | A kind of perovskite solar cell module |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108550705A true CN108550705A (en) | 2018-09-18 |
Family
ID=63494237
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810704858.4A Pending CN108550705A (en) | 2018-06-30 | 2018-06-30 | A kind of perovskite solar cell module |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108550705A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109830601A (en) * | 2019-01-23 | 2019-05-31 | 上海黎元新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of single-unit perovskite solar battery |
| CN111162171A (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2020-05-15 | 杭州纤纳光电科技有限公司 | Perovskite solar cell with parallel structure and preparation method |
| CN111583190A (en) * | 2020-04-16 | 2020-08-25 | 浙江浙能技术研究院有限公司 | Automatic identification method for hidden crack defect of internal cascade structure component |
| CN111883658A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2020-11-03 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Perovskite solar cell module and preparation method thereof |
| WO2022126479A1 (en) | 2020-12-17 | 2022-06-23 | 湖北万度光能有限责任公司 | Printable curved perovskite solar cell and preparation method therefor |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20080264482A1 (en) * | 2005-11-30 | 2008-10-30 | Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute | Dye-sensitized solar cell module and the manufacturing method using carbon nanotube electrode |
| CN103078000A (en) * | 2011-10-25 | 2013-05-01 | 绿阳光电股份有限公司 | Flexible solar cell module and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN103490011A (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2014-01-01 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | Perovskite-based thin film solar cell and method for preparing same |
| CN106450001A (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-02-22 | 电子科技大学 | Composite laminated perovskite solar cell and manufacturing method therefor |
| CN106784321A (en) * | 2016-12-09 | 2017-05-31 | 苏州黎元新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of single-unit perovskite solar cell and its perovskite solar module |
| CN208507733U (en) * | 2018-06-30 | 2019-02-15 | 浙江浙能技术研究院有限公司 | A kind of perovskite solar cell module |
-
2018
- 2018-06-30 CN CN201810704858.4A patent/CN108550705A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20080264482A1 (en) * | 2005-11-30 | 2008-10-30 | Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute | Dye-sensitized solar cell module and the manufacturing method using carbon nanotube electrode |
| CN103078000A (en) * | 2011-10-25 | 2013-05-01 | 绿阳光电股份有限公司 | Flexible solar cell module and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN103490011A (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2014-01-01 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | Perovskite-based thin film solar cell and method for preparing same |
| CN106450001A (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-02-22 | 电子科技大学 | Composite laminated perovskite solar cell and manufacturing method therefor |
| CN106784321A (en) * | 2016-12-09 | 2017-05-31 | 苏州黎元新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of single-unit perovskite solar cell and its perovskite solar module |
| CN208507733U (en) * | 2018-06-30 | 2019-02-15 | 浙江浙能技术研究院有限公司 | A kind of perovskite solar cell module |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111162171A (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2020-05-15 | 杭州纤纳光电科技有限公司 | Perovskite solar cell with parallel structure and preparation method |
| CN111162171B (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2023-04-07 | 杭州纤纳光电科技有限公司 | Perovskite solar cell with parallel structure and preparation method |
| CN109830601A (en) * | 2019-01-23 | 2019-05-31 | 上海黎元新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of single-unit perovskite solar battery |
| CN111583190A (en) * | 2020-04-16 | 2020-08-25 | 浙江浙能技术研究院有限公司 | Automatic identification method for hidden crack defect of internal cascade structure component |
| CN111583190B (en) * | 2020-04-16 | 2022-07-22 | 浙江浙能技术研究院有限公司 | Automatic identification method for hidden crack defect of internal cascade structure component |
| CN111883658A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2020-11-03 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Perovskite solar cell module and preparation method thereof |
| CN111883658B (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2023-10-20 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Perovskite solar cell module and preparation method thereof |
| WO2022126479A1 (en) | 2020-12-17 | 2022-06-23 | 湖北万度光能有限责任公司 | Printable curved perovskite solar cell and preparation method therefor |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN108550705A (en) | A kind of perovskite solar cell module | |
| EP3172776B9 (en) | Mesoscopic framework for organic-inorganic perovskite based photoelectric conversion device and method for manufacturing the same | |
| CN103746078A (en) | Perovskite solar cell and preparation method thereof | |
| CN108922973B (en) | Perovskite solar cell-based photovoltaic module and packaging method thereof | |
| US10964486B2 (en) | Dye-sensitized solar cell unit and a photovoltaic charger including the solar cell unit | |
| CN108550647B (en) | Solar cell module and manufacturing method thereof | |
| CN109888034A (en) | A kind of perovskite/back contacts crystal silicon lamination solar cell | |
| CN208507732U (en) | A kind of novel perovskite solar cell module | |
| CN102543972A (en) | Solar battery module | |
| CN208507733U (en) | A kind of perovskite solar cell module | |
| CN107706308A (en) | A kind of perovskite solar cell and preparation method | |
| CN108574048A (en) | A kind of novel perovskite solar cell module | |
| CN110246911A (en) | Back contacts lamination solar battery string and manufacturing method, lamination solar module | |
| CN105304819A (en) | Solar cell containing perovskite material and preparation method thereof | |
| CN111261782A (en) | Encapsulated large area perovskite solar cells | |
| CN106981524A (en) | The back electrode structure and battery of p-type PERC double-sided solar batteries | |
| Lund et al. | Application of dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells on flexible substrates | |
| CN211789098U (en) | Crystalline silicon-perovskite component | |
| EP3824488B1 (en) | A dye-sensitized solar cell unit, a photovoltaic charger including the dye-sensitized solar cell unit and a method for producing the solar cell unit | |
| CN210575957U (en) | Perovskite solar cell | |
| CN109830601A (en) | A kind of single-unit perovskite solar battery | |
| CN104300019B (en) | Solar cell, module thereof and manufacturing method thereof | |
| CN109285949A (en) | The production method of perovskite solar battery | |
| CN206628475U (en) | The back electrode structure and battery of p-type PERC double-sided solar batteries | |
| JP2009009851A (en) | Photoelectric conversion device |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| CB02 | Change of applicant information | ||
| CB02 | Change of applicant information |
Address after: 310052 3, Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 3 Applicant after: ZHEJIANG ENERGY GROUP Research Institute Applicant after: Zhejiang Tiandi Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd Applicant after: SHANGHAI INSTITUTE OF CERAMICS, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Address before: 310052 3, Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 3 Applicant before: ZHEJIANG ENERGY GROUP Research Institute Applicant before: ZHEJIANG TIANDI ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd. Applicant before: SHANGHAI INSTITUTE OF CERAMICS, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES |