CN108537680A - The management method in grassland ecology pasture - Google Patents
The management method in grassland ecology pasture Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to grassland livestock farm management fields, in particular to a kind of management method in grassland ecology pasture.A kind of management method in grassland ecology pasture, includes the following steps：Quality evaluation is carried out to grassland pasture environment；Grass poultry configuration is carried out according to the area on grassland, productivity and utilization rate；A point group, label and free range husbandry are carried out according to Livestock Sex, production phase to drove and implement information system management.The present invention carries out grass poultry configuration by the area in grassland pasture, productivity and utilization rate, and a point group, label and the conservative distribution of burden are carried out to drove and raised, realize the management of the information system of grassland pasture and livestock, it efficiently solves the mismatch of Productivity and animal number, the problems such as utilization of resources is unreasonable and grassland livestock farm management falls behind, ensures the sustainability of grassland utilization.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to grassland livestock farm management fields, in particular to a kind of management method in grassland ecology pasture.
Background technology
It is increasingly stringent to food requirement as people's living standard is continuously improved.Grassland is pure natural as green
Symbol, not only maintains National Ecological Security, but also be the production base of characteristic livestock products.However, grassland major part pastoral area still in
Livestock farm management level is low, the poor management stage, and there is no the treatment for enjoying " high quality and favourable price " for the characteristic livestock products of production, in turn
Mismatch and the utilization of resources for exacerbating Productivity and animal number are unreasonable.
Currently, the relevant technologies such as the meadow for pastoral area rationally utilizes, grazing management, livestock shed construction, there are many experts
Scholar is studied, and open to society in the form of paper, standard, patent etc., but is directed to Pastoral Areas practical problem, specification
Grassland ecology livestock farm management technology mode existing do not retrieve.Meanwhile existing livestock farm management method, majority is for large and medium-sized
Farm, for the less of Pastoral Areas herdsman raiser and mostly cultural technique, based on pasture Products Eco safety in production system
Manager's rule of system does not have, and cannot meet the needs of pastoral area Modern Animal Husbandry development thirsts for good life with people.In addition,
The family ranch in the vast pastoral area in China and some cooperative societies, breeding enterprise operation by concept, science and technology, management level,
The restriction of all many factors such as fund, there is the clipping pastures that grassland utilization configuration simply, is not adapted with domestic animal demand
Or high yield Forage Base, cannot be cut using rotation grazing wheel by conditionality mode using meadow, not according to livestock nutrition needs
Carry out formula feeding, hygienic conditions and epidemic prevention condition it is poor the problems such as.
Invention content
The present invention provides a kind of management method in grassland ecology pasture, this method provides conjunction for the management in the pasture on grassland
Reason, science according to the case where the pasture of grassland reasonably herd livestock.
The invention is realized in this way：
A kind of management method in grassland ecology pasture, includes the following steps：
Quality evaluation is carried out to grassland pasture environment；
Grass poultry configuration is carried out according to the area on grassland, productivity and utilization rate；
A point group, label and free range husbandry are carried out according to Livestock Sex, production phase to drove and implement information system management.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：The present invention carries out grass poultry by the area in grassland pasture, productivity and utilization rate and matches
It sets and rationally utilizes, and a point group, label and the conservative distribution of burden are carried out to drove and raised, realize the information of grassland pasture and livestock
The management for changing systematization, efficiently solves that the mismatch of Productivity and animal number, the utilization of resources be unreasonable and grassland pasture
The problems such as backward in management, ensures the sustainability of grassland utilization.And it can effectively be done by wearing single-minded electron ear tage for domestic animal
To management of tracing to the source, the health of livestock is detected convenient for raiser.It naturally will herd to be combined with supplementary feeding simultaneously and can either ensure drove
Normal growth can reduce grassland pressure simultaneously and recuperated.
Specific implementation mode
It in order to make the object, technical scheme and advantages of the embodiment of the invention clearer, below will be in the embodiment of the present invention
Technical solution be clearly and completely described.The person that is not specified actual conditions in embodiment, builds according to normal condition or manufacturer
The condition of view carries out.Reagents or instruments used without specified manufacturer is the conventional production that can be obtained by commercially available purchase
Product.
The management method in the grassland ecology pasture of the embodiment of the present invention is specifically described below.
Grassland is the major production base of characteristic livestock products, is also important ecological safe shelter zone.But current grassland pasture
Manage still extensive operation, management method falls behind, and existing technological achievement applies in large and medium-sized farm more, could not effective integration answer
In management for grassland pasture.The inventors discovered that existing grassland and domestic animal unreasonable allocation, then lead to grassland utilization rate
Low, a certain period internal loss in grassland is excessive, and grassland cannot quickly and timely repair, and influence subsequent utilization.And current pastoral area
And the farming-pastoral region stationary storage facility without animal waste substantially, it arbitrarily stacks, not only pollutes surrounding enviroment, be also unfavorable for epidemic disease
Disease prevention.Concentrate it is fixed stack, not only improve livestock farm management and excrement recycle, can also reduce discharge to surrounding enviroment and people,
Damage is polluted caused by poultry.Therefore, the present inventor is from grassland protection and efficiently utilization, and the ecological safety of livestock products considers, to grass
In former pasture production process (including at the environmental quality in grassland ecology pasture, infrastructure, livestock farm management, epidemic prevention and waste
Reason etc.) all management links studied, to improve pasture production efficiency, extend value chain, realize the excellent of grassland livestock products
Valence of fine quality provides the management method of reasonable, science system for the management of Pastoral Areas.
The management method in grassland ecology pasture provided by the invention, includes the following steps：
First choice carries out quality evaluation to the environment in grassland pasture, and pasture environmental requirement is grassland health, soil, water resource without
Pollution, specifically, the grassland environment in pasture should reach the standard of GB/T 21439, GB 15618, GB 5084, meanwhile, grassland week
Enclose factory or enterprise without various pollutions at least 1 kilometer range, pasture is apart from 300 meters of highway or more.In the manner described above
It is required that pasture environment is to ensure the pasture environment safety of itself and will not then be ensured domestic animal feeding and existence by industrial pollution
The safety of environment.
Reasonable disposition is then carried out to range land and clipping pasture according to Types of Grassland, landform, drinking-water point etc..Range land according to
Area, productivity and the utilization rate on grassland etc. carry out grass poultry configuration and then realize range land and clipping pasture to reach Forage-Livestock Balance
Reasonable utilization, specifically, the calculation formula of animal number is following formula：
A1=Ym×(1+G)×U×H/I×D
A1The reasonable animal number in-unit area meadow, unit are sheep unit per hectare (sheep units/hm2)；
Ym- careless phase per unit area yield is contained for the first time, unit is a kilogram per hectare (kg/hm2)；
G-Herbage regrowth rate, unit are percentage (%)；
U-meadow reasonable utilization rate, unit are percentage (%)；
H-meadow standard hay conversion factor；
1 sheep unit daily diets of I-are worth for 1.8kg/ (sheep unit days)；
D- herds number of days, or the number of days of grass domestic animal is cradled from mowing grassland, and unit is day (d).
The embodiment of the present invention illustrates related coefficient, referring specifically to table 1, table 2 and table 3, while according to the calculating of above formula
As a result the conservative distribution of burden can be carried out, also carries out the modes such as using rotation grazing, not herd carry out in combination with grassland herbage growth situation, area
Science is herded, and range land is enable to recuperate, and the sustainability that grassland utilizes is put in guarantee.
The Herbage regrowth rate of table 1 different heat bands and different type meadow
Unit is percentage
2 meadow reasonable utilization rate of table
Unit is percentage
3 meadow standard hay conversion factor of table
| Grassland types | Conversion factor | Grassland types | Conversion factor |
| Dogstail temperate steppe and Mountain Meadow | 1.00 | Dogstail Alpine meadow | 1.05 |
| Warm property thick grass, Inertial coupling meadow | 0.85 | Dogstail lowland meadow | 0.95 |
| Hot thick grass, Inertial coupling meadow | 0.80 | Forb meadow and subordinate grass marsh | 0.80 |
| High grass Alpine meadow | 1.00 | Grass moor | 0.85 |
| Miscellany grass Alpine Grasslands and Desert Grassland | 0.90 | Pasture improvement | 1.05 |
| Dogstail high-cold steppe | 0.95 | Artificial pasture | 1.20 |
The landform of mowing grassland is flat, the gradient less than 15 °, without stone and shrubbery, be convenient for do mechanization operation, more than herbage composition
Based on numerous grass, careless group's leaf layer height is not less than 35cm, and careless group's cover degree is not less than 50%, preferably uses wheel to cut and rationally utilizes meadow.Tool
Body, the wheel measure of cutting can refer to 27515 standards of GB/T, ensure the sustainability of mowing pasture production.
Further, a point group, label and free range husbandry are carried out according to Livestock Sex, production phase to drove.In not
It is different for the demand of nutrition with the livestock of upgrowth situation, and drove is classified and can be closed according to the growing state of livestock
Reason is herded, and the influence herded to grassland ecology can be reduced, and keeps the value of grassland grass seeds.
Specifically, it is that drove is divided into newborn animal, dam and kind to carry out a point group according to Livestock Sex, production phase to drove
Poultry.Most of pastures are domestic animal natural conception, and the configuration of breeding stock causes dam pregnancy rate low, and lambing quantity is affected；Simultaneously
Breeding stock is mixed raising with dam by most herdsman, is led to dam Time to pregnancy disunity, is considerably increased the labor in management process
Power is put into, and the growth of newborn animal is also inconsistent, and the rate of animals delivered to the slaughter-house of livestock is caused to be affected.Therefore, divide breeding stock and dam to group feeding
It supports, convenient for becoming pregnant in Unified Set, conditional ground can carry out artificial insemination, improve pregnancy rate, improve the rate of animals delivered to the slaughter-house of livestock.Together
When, newborn animal is subjected to a point group feeding with dam and is supported, mainly for reducing long-term lactation of the newborn animal to dam, is caused under dam body condition
Drop reduces the influence to dam production performance, ensures that the unification of livestock grows and delivers for sale.
Specifically, start newborn animal after 2 months after dam farrowing and dam divides group feeding to support, that is, divide group to feed, group is divided to herd.Breeding stock
Individually raising (including supplementary feeding and herd) or use rent mode.
Further, livestock is marked using electron ear tage, this retrospect of source, livestock products is carried out to livestock convenient for the later stage
High quality and favourable price, also allow for the concrete condition that raiser has a clear understanding of every livestock, reduce the government pressure of raiser, while just
In optimization drove, in time that health is bad, illness or poultry age larger livestock are precisely eliminated, and ensure to herd on grassland
The drove of field is in one and is in best production status.
Specifically, label is identified using electron ear tage, record domestic animal kind, parent, individual data items, cultivation ring
Border, breeding way and epidemic prevention data.
Further, free range husbandry is herded in grassland, and is carried out rationally in summer according to the actual conditions on grassland
Rotation grazing, spring or winter carry out supplementary feeding or stop to herd, and ensures the continued propagation of herbage in grassland.And the feed of raise livestock with
Native grassland harvests based on herbage, can be by native grass, manually herd in summer or autumn in conjunction with resources such as Sown Pastures
The resources processings such as grass are used at hay or ensiling, ensure pasture utilization quality.And supplementary feeding is carried out to newborn animal in winter, promote newborn animal
Growth, realize livestock quickly deliver for sale.
Further, the construction of the infrastructure such as colony house, forage grass material shed library is carried out, north closing colony house there should be good adopt
Photosensitiveness, heat insulating ability and air permeability.Colony house space should meet cattle breeding density requirements, generally according to the every head of Adult Bovine
7.5m2~8.5m2, adult sheep every 1.1m2~1.5m2Specification colony house is set, in this way, the livestock number in each colony house is suitable
Preferably, will not be excessively crowded between livestock, trampling between livestock is then prevented, it is empty to ensure that each livestock all has certain activity
Between, while the propagation of the disease between livestock is reduced, it is conducive to keep the health of livestock.
Further, draining abrupt slope and the vent window of 2%-5% are provided in colony house.Setting draining abrupt slope be for the ease of
The excrement etc. of livestock excretion is collected, prevents the dunghills such as excrement from being stacked in colony house for a long time, prevents the generation of epidemic disease
And propagation, ensure the health of each livestock.Relative humidity in colony house also provides an excellent environment for the growth of livestock, leads to
The enough various smells for generating the excrement etc. that livestock is discharged in stacking process of wind energy discharge, meanwhile, it is capable to reduce in colony house
Peculiar smell, provide a more excellent environment for the growth of livestock.
Meanwhile the setting of colony house is that ox is opened with colony house using southern side, north wall ventilation window ara is no less than ground in colony house
The 10% of area can then ensure that ventilation in colony house and light transmission are good, can effectively exclude the peculiar smell in colony house, and enhancing is logical
Wind prevents the generation or propagation of disease.
And there are vent window, southern wall vent window ara to be no less than ground in colony house about the north and south wall that sheepfold house is then colony house
The 10% of area, the area of north vent window are the 50-60% of draught area in the south.The air-conditioning requirement of sheepfold is higher than cattle pen, sheep
The quantity of livestock is more than the quantity of livestock in cattle pen, ventilation requirement higher in circle.
Further, the excrement generated to domestic animal focuses on, and domestic animal is herded on grassland or in colony house
Inside drained, and these excretas can recycle again after everfermentation, promote the life of steppe vegetation as fertilizer
It is long, pasture utilization quality in grassland is promoted, grassland degeneration is prevented, promotes the sustainable development of grassland ecology.
Further, it is to concentrate animal waste to stack wind direction under living area leeward or side that animal waste, which carries out centralized processing,
Topography lower prevents the gaseous matters such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, the formaldehyde that excrement generates in stacking process from drifting everywhere with the wind pair
The health of livestock adversely affects.Meanwhile animal waste is concentrated to stack and keeps 100m's or more with forage grass material shed library, living area
Spacing, and surface water body distance 400m or more, in this way, to prevent excrement from being polluted to forage, water source etc., it then can be into one
Step ensures the health of livestock in colony house.
Further, the management method in grassland ecology pasture further includes that the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control of herbage and the disease of domestic animal are prevented
It controls.The prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control to herbage is in order to ensure environmental nonpollution, and meadow is not degenerated, and the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control of herbage includes cradling
Remove and using it is degradable, the medicament of secondary pollution will not be caused to be purged.Using it is degradable, secondary pollution will not be caused
Medicament be for prevent administer pest and disease damage during cause soil secondary pollution, such medicament include using Dipel, elder brother
The pathogenic microorganisms insecticide such as parasitosis poison.
The disease control of domestic animal include to colony house sterilize, interval 1-2 days clear up a colony house in rubbish and and after
From processing ill domestic animal or dead poultry.Prevent pest and disease damage from being propagated between livestock.Colony house disinfection is with water using quick lime by 1：1 ratio
Example is made white lime, then is made into the suspension of 10-20% for sterilizing with water；Or the peracetic acid soln with 0.3-0.5%
It is sterilized for ground, wall, it can also be used to which empty column fumigation generally presses every cubic metre 1-3 grams, is diluted to 3-5% solution, adds
(indoor relative temperature 60-80%) is steamed in hot smoking, confinement door and window 1-2 hours；Or every cubic metre of space 15-30 milliliters of formalin
It is evaporated after being mixed with isometric water, or increases potassium manganate (ratio of itself and formalin is 3：5) oxidation evaporation；Also 2- can be used
4% formalin solution carries out ground, wall, equipment disinfection.
Embodiment 1
The present embodiment provides a kind of management methods in grassland ecology pasture, include the following steps：
Quality evaluation is carried out to the environment in grassland pasture, pasture environmental requirement is grassland health, and soil, water resource are without dirt
Dye, specifically, pasture grassland health status should meet 3 grades of requirements above as defined in GB/T 21439, and soil should meet GB
Environmental quality standards requirement in agricultural land as defined in 15618, water source preferably meets water quality requirement as defined in GB 5084.Meanwhile pasture
Environmental requirement is at least 1 kilometer range interior factory or enterprise without various pollutions around grassland environment, and pasture is apart from highway 300
Meter or more.
Grass poultry configuration is then carried out according to the area on grassland, productivity and utilization rate, determines the quantity of livestock.
It is that drove is divided into newborn animal, dam and breeding stock then to carry out a point group according to Livestock Sex, production phase.Meanwhile profit
Be identified with electron ear tage, and record domestic animal kind, parent, individual data items, cultivation pasture, breeding way, sign data with
And epidemic prevention data.
Free range husbandry is then carried out, summer carries out rational rotation grazing, and spring or winter carry out supplementary feeding or stop to herd.Meanwhile
Two season of summer and autumn is hay to carrying out secondary operation after the grass harvesting in pasture.
The setting of the infrastructure such as colony house, north closing colony house should have good daylighting, heat insulating ability and air permeability.Generally
According to every 7.5m of Adult Bovine2, adult sheep every 1.1m2Specification be arranged colony house.Be provided in colony house 2% draining abrupt slope and
Vent window.The setting of colony house is that ox is opened with colony house using southern side, and north wall ventilation window ara is no less than floor area in colony house
10%, sheepfold house, which is then the north and south wall of colony house, has vent window, southern wall vent window ara to be no less than floor area in colony house
10%, the area of north vent window is the 50% of draught area in the south.
The excrement generated to domestic animal focuses on, by wind direction under animal waste concentration stacking living area leeward or side
Gesture lower keeps the spacing of 100m or more with forage grass material shed library, living area, with surface water body distance 400m or more.
The prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control of herbage carries out pasture to cradle removing, and the disease control of domestic animal includes being sterilized to colony house, interval
Rubbish and timely isolation processing ill domestic animal in the colony house of cleaning in 1 day or dead poultry.Disinfection is with water and water using lime by 1：1
Ratio, be made white lime, then the suspension of 10-20% is made into for sterilizing with water.
Embodiment 2-3
The present embodiment provides the pipes in the grassland ecology pasture that a kind of embodiment 1 of management method in grassland ecology pasture provides
Reason method is almost the same, and difference lies in the operating conditions of implementation process to change.
Embodiment 2：When colony house is arranged, generally according to every 8.5m of Adult Bovine2, adult sheep every 1.5m2Specification setting circle
House.5% draining abrupt slope and vent window are provided in colony house.The prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control of herbage is prevented using Dipel
It controls.The disease control of domestic animal includes to the rubbish and timely isolation processing disease in colony house disinfection, interval cleaning in a 2 days colony house
Poultry or dead poultry.Colony house disinfection is sterilized for ground, wall with the peracetic acid soln of 0.3-0.5%, it can also be used to which empty column is smoked
Disinfection is steamed, generally presses every cubic metre 1-3 grams, is diluted to 3-5% solution, heating fumigating (indoor relative temperature 60-80%), confinement
Door and window 1-2 hours.
Embodiment 3：When colony house is arranged, generally according to every 8m of Adult Bovine2, adult sheep every 1.3m2Specification setting circle
House.5% draining abrupt slope and vent window are provided in colony house.The prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control of herbage is prevented using Dipel
It controls.The disease control of domestic animal includes being sterilized to colony house, the rubbish being spaced in the colony house of cleaning in 1.5 days and timely isolation processing
Ill domestic animal or dead poultry.Colony house disinfection is to carry out ground, wall, equipment disinfection with the formalin solution of 2-4%.
In conclusion the present invention carries out grass poultry configuration by the environment in grassland pasture, and to drove carry out a point group, label with
And free range husbandry, it realizes the management of the integrated system of grassland pasture and livestock, efficiently solves falling for grassland livestock farm management
Afterwards, the problems such as efficiency is low.The meadow on grassland is protected using on the basis of range resource simultaneously, ensures the sustainable of grassland
Property.And effectively accomplish management of tracing to the source by the way that point group energy is enough, the health of livestock is detected convenient for raiser, ensures that drove is constantly in most
Good production status.To herd and raise simultaneously to be combined can either promote the growth of drove while can reduce grassland life
The destruction of state.
The foregoing is merely the preferred embodiment of the present invention, are not intended to restrict the invention, for this field
For technical staff, the invention may be variously modified and varied.All within the spirits and principles of the present invention, any made by
Modification, equivalent replacement, improvement etc., should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of management method in grassland ecology pasture, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
Quality evaluation is carried out to grassland pasture environment；
Grass poultry configuration is carried out according to the area on grassland, productivity and utilization rate；
Drove carries out a point group, label and free range husbandry, and implements information system management according to Livestock Sex, production phase.
2. the management method in grassland ecology pasture according to claim 1, which is characterized in that drove according to domestic animal property
Not, it is that drove is divided into newborn animal, dam and breeding stock that the production phase, which carries out a point group,.
3. the management method in grassland ecology pasture according to claim 2, which is characterized in that label is to utilize electron ear tage
It is identified, and records domestic animal kind, parent, sign data, breeding environment, breeding way and epidemic prevention data.
4. the management method in grassland ecology pasture according to claim 1, which is characterized in that pasture environmental requirement is grassland
Around factory or enterprise without various pollutions at least 1 kilometer range, pasture is apart from 300 meters of highway or more.
5. the management method in grassland ecology pasture according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the grassland ecology pasture
Management method further includes colony house and the library construction of forage grass material shed, every 7.5m of colony house Adult Bovine2~8.5m2, adult sheep every 1.1m2
~1.5m2Specification be arranged colony house.
6. the management method in grassland ecology pasture according to claim 5, which is characterized in that be provided with 2%- in colony house
5% draining abrupt slope and vent window.
7. the management method in grassland ecology pasture according to claim 5, which is characterized in that concentrated to animal waste
It stacks, animal waste carries out concentrating stacking being to concentrate animal waste to stack wind direction topography lower under living area leeward or side, with
Forage grass material shed library, living area keep the spacing of 100m or more, with surface water body distance 400m or more.
8. the management method in grassland ecology pasture according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the management in grassland ecology pasture
Method further includes the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control of herbage and the disease control of domestic animal.
9. the management method in grassland ecology pasture according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the disease control of domestic animal includes
Rubbish in disinfection, interval cleaning in a 1-2 days colony house, and isolation processing ill domestic animal or dead poultry in time.
10. the management method in grassland ecology pasture according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control of herbage
Including cradle removing and using it is degradable, the medicament of secondary pollution will not be caused to be purged.
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| CN117502373B (en) * | 2023-12-06 | 2024-08-13 | 东北师范大学 | Grassland pasture area livestock grazing-barn feeding grading combined cultivation method |
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