CN108508586A - 充气非成像太阳光聚光器 - Google Patents

充气非成像太阳光聚光器 Download PDF

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CN108508586A
CN108508586A CN201710747286.3A CN201710747286A CN108508586A CN 108508586 A CN108508586 A CN 108508586A CN 201710747286 A CN201710747286 A CN 201710747286A CN 108508586 A CN108508586 A CN 108508586A
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王永华
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/50—Rollable or foldable solar heat collector modules
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0004—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed
    • G02B19/0019—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having reflective surfaces only (e.g. louvre systems, systems with multiple planar reflectors)
    • G02B19/0023—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having reflective surfaces only (e.g. louvre systems, systems with multiple planar reflectors) at least one surface having optical power
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/80—Airborne solar heat collector modules, e.g. inflatable structures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/80—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors having discontinuous faces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/81—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors flexible
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/20—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for tracking
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/50—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings
    • F24S80/52—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings characterised by the material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/50—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings
    • F24S80/52—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings characterised by the material
    • F24S80/525—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings characterised by the material made of plastics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
    • G02B19/0038—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with ambient light
    • G02B19/0042—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with ambient light for use with direct solar radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/08—Mirrors
    • G02B5/10—Mirrors with curved faces
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/47—Mountings or tracking

Abstract

一种极低成本的太阳光聚光器由弹性薄膜充气而成。此型聚光器由透明薄膜和反射薄膜构成封闭的气囊，然后充气成型为复合抛物面非成像聚光器。充气聚光器复合抛物面聚光器部分由反射膜构成，其余上部和下部由透明膜构成。入射光线，无论是平信直射阳光或者散射阳光，只要落入复合抛物面聚光器的半接收角内都能够被汇聚到出射孔径。因而，此型聚光器大幅降低了对跟踪器跟踪精度的要求。另外此型非成像聚光器大大提高了对聚光器形变的容忍度。

Description

充气非成像太阳光聚光器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种太阳光聚光装置，具体地说是充气非成像太阳光聚光器，属于太阳能的收集转化领域。
背景技术
太阳能清洁、取之不尽、用之不竭、而且广泛分布于世界每一个角落。太阳能是地球最理想的能源，而且是化石燃料耗尽后，地球唯一的希望。然而要让太阳能成为主流能源，用于支持电网发电，建筑用能，和运输系统用能，太阳能系统的成本必须大幅度降低，效率必须大幅度提升。相对于其他能源形式而言，造成太阳能系统高成本的主要原因是太阳辐射的低能流密度特性。到达地球表面的太阳辐射强度在标准状态下只有1000w/m2。通常的平板太阳能光伏系统采用昂贵的半导体材料直接接收和转化太阳能，面积巨大的半导体材料造成太阳能平板光伏系统的成本高居不下。为了减少半导体转化器的面积，通常情况下大面积的聚光器被用于汇聚浓缩阳光。相对低廉的聚光器大幅度地降低了太阳能系统的成本。但是随着常规硅材料光伏技术的发展以及平板光伏系统的广泛采用，常规硅材料光伏技术成本的快速下降使得几乎所有聚光光伏技术丧失了竞争力。平板光伏板的成本已经逼近聚光光伏系统的成本。然而，太阳能电力的成本依然远远高于化石燃料发电的成本。常规平板光伏技术的发展已趋近其极限，已没有很大的空间发生根本性的变化。我们必须要开拓新的思路和新想法去根本性地降低聚光器的成本以开创光伏系统发展的新动能和新趋势。充气太阳光聚光器采用成本极其低廉的一层薄膜以及反光涂层汇聚太阳光，因而能够实现太阳能系统的极低成本。
授予Cummings的美国专利，专利号：8,074,638，公布了一种成像型充气聚光器。这种聚光器由一层透明膜和一层反光膜构成，这两层膜组装成一个气囊，然后充气形成一定的形状将平行入射的太阳光汇聚到一个焦点上。Cummings的发明使得用由薄膜材料制备的气球型聚光器汇聚阳光成为可能。这项发明展示了实现极低成本汇聚太阳光的潜在可能性。但是，这种系统只能汇聚平行的直射阳光，不能汇聚散射阳光，而且需要精确地成型和精确地跟踪。
授予Winston的美国专利，专利号：3,923,381，公布了一种非成像系统和装置用于汇聚电磁能量尤其是太阳能。Winston的发明实现了无需太多跟踪的太阳光汇聚。他发明的聚光器由两个抛物面复合而成一个结构，此结构使得不同区域的反射面积依次反射汇聚太阳光。此聚光器称之为复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)。两个抛物面的轴线形成一个角度称之为接收角θmax其半角称之为接收半角θc。入射光线无论其是直射阳光还是散射阳光，只要其落入接收半角以内，都能够被汇聚。这就意味着太阳在一天东升西落的过程中，太阳光入射线与CPC轴线间的角度会改变，但是只要此角度小于接收半角，此光线即可被汇聚。对于一个具有特定接收半角θc的CPC设计而言，聚光器在不跟踪的情况下只在一天中一个特定的时段工作。这种聚光器的聚光比是由接收角θc所确定的，θc越大，聚光比越小。对于大θc，聚光比是一个很小的数值。例如，当θc＝30°时，聚光比是2(参照John Duffie & WilliamBeckman，Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes，3rd Edition，2006，pp 340-347).要实现100倍的聚光比，接收角要小至6°。在具有跟踪的实际应用中，采用比较小的接收角，聚光比可达几百倍。这就意味着高倍CPC非成像聚光器需要较小的跟踪精度，而且可以同时聚焦直射阳光和散射阳光。Winston的发明提供了非成像聚光光学和器件原理，但是其器件是开放的，无法制备充气聚光器。
本发明的目的在于提供一种充气式的非成像聚光系统或者器件，该系统或器件可以同时汇聚直射阳光和散射阳光，大幅度降低对于跟踪精度的要求，并大幅度降低聚光器成本。
发明内容
本发明提供一种充气式非成像光学系统用来汇聚平行的直射阳光和散射阳光，并从出射口径出射。该系统实质性地降低了聚光系统对跟踪精确性的要求，极大地降低太阳能系统的成本。本发明的实施体是一个由两个透明膜和一个反射膜构成的集成体。在这个集成体中，两个透明膜一个在反射膜之上一个在反射膜之下构成一个气囊，然后充气成型为一个封闭的CPC。入射阳光包括平行直射阳光和散射阳光穿透顶部透明盖层被汇聚到底部透明底层出射。对于CPC聚光器而言只要入射阳光落入半接收角内即可被汇聚到出射口径中输出，因而对跟踪精度的要求大大降低。
图1所示是在先发明，它展示出CPC聚光器的构造结构和CPC聚光器的一些参数和概念，例如半接收角θc，抛物面焦点，聚光器口径，接收器，和抛物面轴线。入射阳光，无论是直射阳光还是散射阳光，只要其落入半接收角内即可被CPC所汇聚。
图2所示是本发明的充气非成像聚光器，由反光膜构成的CPC聚光器主体10上部覆盖透明膜层20，下部对接透明膜层30构成一个封闭的气囊，并在上部透明层安装充气气嘴。然后充气形成一个封闭的CPC 聚光器集成体，这个集成体有一个透明的顶盖和一个透明的底盖。
如果这个封闭的装置充入空气并配备了跟踪器，其跟踪精度要求将大大降低。聚光器在运行过程中，穿透顶部透明层20的光线被CPC聚光器汇聚到底部透明层30出射。
如果这个封闭装置充入诸如氦气或者氢气的气体，他就可以浮在空中收集汇聚太阳光了。
综上所述，该型聚光器的优越性就很明显了。此型充气装置提供了一种途径去实现超级轻量化，极低成本，以及高度紧凑的聚光太阳能系统。此型聚光器既可汇聚平行直射阳光，又可汇聚散射阳光。非成像 CPC聚光器大大降低了对跟踪系统跟踪精度的要求，而且对聚光器形变的容忍程度大大提升。
附图说明
图1所示是在先发明非成像复合抛物面聚光器构造的示图。图中示出了此型聚光器的一些基本概念，例如抛物面的焦点，抛物面的轴线，以及抛物面轴线相交所形成的接收角，半接收角θc，复合抛物面聚光器的高度h，复合抛物面聚光器开口尺寸2a，复合抛物面聚光器轴线等。(参阅Fig.7.6.1 of John Duffie & William Beckman，Solar Engineeringof Thermal Processes，4th Edition，2013，pp 337-344)复合抛物面聚光器由两个抛物面以其轴线相交成一定角度并各自贡献一个臂复合而成，两轴线形成的角度称之为接收角，其半角既是半接收角θc。复合抛物面聚光器在运行时，当光线从左边入射时，复合抛物面聚光器的右臂反射并汇聚光线，当光线从右边入射时，复合抛物面聚光器的左臂反射和汇聚光线，当光线从正面入射时，复合抛物面聚光器的两臂同时发挥作用。只要入射光与复合抛物面聚光器轴线间形成的角落入±θc的范围内入射光就能被汇聚。这就意味着太阳在±θc的开口角范围内移动时，阳光就能被静止聚光器汇聚。
图2是充气非成像聚光器的结构示图。由两个透明膜和一个反射膜构成的密封气囊经充气而成一个CPC 聚光器10，外加一个透明上盖20，和一个透明底盖30。
具体实施方式
本发明的目的是通过如下的技术方案实现的：透明弹性薄膜安一定方式裁剪并热封成为半球状，反射弹性薄膜安一定方式裁剪并热封成为CPC状，透明弹性薄膜安一定方式裁剪制成透明底盖，然后三者热封成为一个密封的气囊。此密封的气囊经充气后成为封闭的CPC聚光器。

Claims (3)

1.一种由至少两个透明弹性薄膜和一个反射弹性薄膜构成的集成，该集成被充气形成复合抛物面聚光器，复合抛物面聚光器的上部输入口带有一个透明上盖，下部输出口带有一个透明下盖；因而，上述的透明薄膜和反射薄膜通过充气构成一个气球型装置，该装置通过内外气压的不同形成一个封闭式的非成像复合抛物面聚光器。
2.权利要求1中的集成可用氢气或者氦气充气形成气球聚光器。
3.光伏器件，换热器等其他一些器件可封入权利要求1的集成中。
CN201710747286.3A 2016-09-12 2017-08-21 充气非成像太阳光聚光器 Pending CN108508586A (zh)

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