CN108469450B - Multifunctional steam condensation heat exchange and frosting process visualization experiment device - Google Patents
Multifunctional steam condensation heat exchange and frosting process visualization experiment device Download PDFInfo
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- G01N25/02—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating changes of state or changes of phase; by investigating sintering
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/02—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating changes of state or changes of phase; by investigating sintering
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of condensation heat transfer, and discloses a multifunctional steam condensation heat exchange and frosting process visualization experiment device which comprises a vacuum environment system, a visualization system, a steam generation system, a gas supply system, a cooling system, a data acquisition and control system, an experiment sample and a clamp. According to the device capable of completing condensation and frosting experiments of various types of steam, the influence of the content of the multi-component non-condensable gas on condensation heat transfer, the influence of materials or surface structures on condensation heat transfer with or without the non-condensable gas, the phenomena of variable-steam-pressure condensation heat transfer, frosting and the like can be researched. Meanwhile, the shape of the experimental sample is not required, the observation visual angle is large, and side shooting and depression shooting can be performed simultaneously.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of condensation heat transfer, and relates to an experimental device capable of observing a steam condensation and frosting process and measuring a condensation heat transfer coefficient of a sample surface.
Background
The condensation phase change heat transfer is a ubiquitous energy transportation mode and is widely applied to production and life of aerospace, power generation, heat management, seawater desalination, environmental control and the like. Materials, micro-macro structure, non-condensable gas content, surface steam renewal speed and the like all influence the condensation heat transfer efficiency, so that the research on the action rule of each influencing factor and the mutual coordination among the factors become the focus of increasing attention of people. Meanwhile, the regulation and control of the condensation phase change heat transfer process are realized through the factors, and the method has very important significance for phase change heat transfer, condensation resistance and frost resistance of the material surface and the stability and durability of the material surface used under the wet and cold conditions. For example, the surface of the air conditioner fin can be kept dry by inhibiting the condensation phase change process, the growth of mould can be inhibited, and the growth of ice nuclei on the surfaces of airplane wings, high-voltage cables and the like in a low-temperature environment can also be inhibited.
Research contains the influence mechanism of above-mentioned each factor, needs to gather a large amount of effective experimental data, but most of current experimental facilities satisfy a certain specific experiment and build specially, and commonality and commercial nature are poor. For example, among the disclosed condensation experimental devices, the "vapor condensation heat exchange experimental device containing multi-component non-condensable gas" disclosed in the patent document with the patent application number of 201210540382.8 can only be used for studying the influence of the content of the non-condensable gas on the condensation heat transfer performance of the tubular sample; the condensation heat exchange experimental device capable of coupling natural circulation with forced circulation disclosed in patent document No. 201310084890.4 can only realize observation of heat transfer performance of tubular surfaces based on an in-tube recursion method, and cannot provide a condensation environment of low-pressure and high-pressure pure steam. Meanwhile, the existing experimental device has the following defects: 1) because the volume of the condensation chamber is generally small, the system stability is poor, and the fluctuation is large in the control of experimental parameters such as air pressure, temperature and the like; 2) the temperature of the condensation surface is kept constant by using cooling water, and the time for changing the temperature of the condensation surface is longer due to the larger specific heat capacity of water; 3) the condensation surface temperature cannot be lower than 0 ℃, and the frosting phenomenon cannot be researched; 4) the surface of the sample participates in the sealing of the condensation chamber, the shape of the surface of the sample is required, and the condensation experiment requirements of tubular and plane samples cannot be met; 5) the observation visual angle is small, and the phenomenon of stereo and comprehensive observation cannot be realized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems of poor universality and the like of the existing experimental device, and provides a device capable of completing condensation and frosting experiments of various types of steam. Meanwhile, the shape of the experimental sample is not required, the observation visual angle is large, and side shooting and depression shooting can be performed simultaneously.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a multifunctional steam condensation heat exchange and frosting process visualization experiment device comprises a vacuum environment system, a visualization system, a steam generation system, a gas supply system, a cooling system, a data acquisition and control system, an experiment sample 26 and a clamp;
the vacuum environment system provides a sealed chamber 24 with ultrahigh vacuum state and constant temperature, optical windows are arranged at the top and the left and right sides of the sealed chamber 24, an experimental sample 26 is placed in the sealed chamber 24, and the experimental sample 26 is clamped by a clamp; the sealed chamber 24 is connected with a steam generation system and a gas supply system through pipelines, and quantitative steam and non-condensable gas are provided for the interior of the sealed chamber 24 according to experimental requirements; the vacuum environment system comprises an exhaust valve 4, a vacuum valve 5, a vacuum pump set 6, an electronic barometer 7, a heating band power regulator 19, a thermocouple 20, a heating band 21, a sealing chamber 24, a steam inlet flange 32, a cooling water penetrating piece 33, a power supply penetrating piece 35 and a thermocouple penetrating piece 36; after the cabin door of the sealed cavity 24 is closed, the air in the sealed cavity 24 is pumped out under the control of a vacuum pump unit 6 through a vacuum valve 5, so that an ultrahigh vacuum state is achieved; the sealed cavity 24 is provided with an exhaust valve 4; the heating belt 21 is wound around the outer wall of the sealed chamber 24, and the heating value of the heating belt 21 is adjusted through the computer 22 and the heating belt power adjuster 19, so that the internal temperature of the sealed chamber 24 is kept stable at the required condensing environment temperature; the electronic barometer 7 and the thermocouple 20 are arranged on the inner wall of the sealed chamber 24, and the thermocouple 20 is positioned at the inlet end and the outlet end of the experimental sample 26 and the cooling water, so that the acquisition and real-time regulation and control of experimental data in the sealed chamber 24 are realized; the steam inlet flange 32, the cooling water penetration piece 33, the power supply penetration piece 35 and the thermocouple penetration piece 36 are arranged on the side wall of the sealed chamber 24, and the steam inlet flange 32 is connected with the steam flowmeter 9;
the visualization system comprises a sealed chamber 24, wherein the top, the left side and the right side of the sealed chamber are provided with optical windows, an in-depth observation lens cone and a high-speed camera 3; the optical windows are respectively a nodding window 30, a right upper window 31, a right lower window 34, a left upper window 37 and a left lower window 38; the high-speed camera 3 is right opposite to the left side and top optical windows and is matched with a deep-in observation lens cone to simultaneously realize the surface condensation form of the experimental sample 26 in the side-shooting and top-shooting sealed chamber 24; the surface to be condensed or frosted of the experimental sample 26 is fixed near the optical window through a clamp, so that the experimental phenomenon can be observed conveniently;
the steam generation system comprises a steam valve 8, a steam flowmeter 9, an electromagnetic valve 10, a liquid-gas separator 11, a liquid injection valve 12, a return pipe valve 13, a boiler temperature thermocouple 14, a boiler power regulator 15 and a boiler 16, wherein the boiler temperature thermocouple 14 is welded inside the boiler 16 to detect the water temperature in the boiler 16, the boiler 16 heats deionized water through the boiler power regulator 15 and stabilizes the deionized water at a condensation environment temperature, the boiler 16 conveys generated steam to a sealed chamber 24 through a steam pipeline, and the steam pipeline is provided with the steam valve 8, the steam flowmeter 9 and the electromagnetic valve 10 and used for controlling the output quantity of the steam; the steam pipeline is connected with the liquid-gas separator 11, and the liquid-gas separator 11 is controlled by a return pipe valve 13 to form a loop with the boiler 16; a liquid injection valve 12 is arranged on the boiler 16;
the cooling system is responsible for keeping the temperature of the cold end of the experimental sample 26 constant, the temperature of the condensation surface is lower than the vapor saturation temperature in the environment of the sealed chamber 24, so that the vapor is promoted to be condensed on the surface, and a frosting experiment is carried out when the surface temperature is reduced to be lower than 0 ℃; the cooling system comprises a cooling water pump 17, a cooling water tank 18, a Peltier cooling platform 28 and a cooling water coil pipe 29, wherein the Peltier cooling platform 28 is responsible for cooling the experimental sample 26 to a specified temperature, the hot end of the Peltier cooling platform 28 is in contact with the cooling water coil pipe 29, and the cooling water pump 17 conveys cooling water from the cooling water tank 18 to the cooling water coil pipe 29 along a cooling water circulation pipeline for cooling the hot end of the Peltier cooling platform 28; the Peltier cooling stage 28 is controlled by a Peltier cooling stage power controller 23;
the data acquisition and control system is responsible for man-machine interaction and controls the parameters of the whole experimental device to be at set values, and comprises a sample thermocouple 25, an air pressure instrument, a data acquisition card and a computer 22; the sample thermocouple 25 is arranged near the experimental sample 26 and is used for collecting condensation heat transfer experimental data and calculating a heat transfer coefficient;
the gas supply system comprises a high-pressure gas cylinder 1, a pressure reducing valve 2 and a gas flowmeter 27, wherein gas provided by the high-pressure gas cylinder 1 is reduced in pressure by the pressure reducing valve 2 in a pipeline and then enters the sealing chamber 24 through the gas flowmeter 27.
The invention has the beneficial effects that the device capable of completing condensation and frosting experiments of various types of steam is provided, and the influence of the content of the multi-component non-condensable gas on condensation heat transfer, the influence of materials or surface structures on condensation heat transfer containing (or not containing) the non-condensable gas, the phenomena of variable steam pressure condensation heat transfer, frosting and the like can be researched through the device. Meanwhile, the shape of the experimental sample is not required, the observation visual angle is large, and side shooting and depression shooting can be performed simultaneously.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an experimental apparatus according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a front right hole pattern on a sealed chamber.
Fig. 3 is a lower rear left hole pattern of the sealed chamber.
In the figure: 1, a high-pressure gas cylinder; 2 a pressure reducing valve; 3, a high-speed camera; 4, an exhaust valve; 5, a vacuum valve;
6, a vacuum pump set; 7, an electronic barometer; 8, a steam valve; 9 a steam flow meter; 10, a solenoid valve;
11 liquid-gas separator; 12, a liquid injection valve; 13 a return line valve; 14 boiler temperature thermocouple;
15 boiler power regulators; 16 boilers; 17 cooling water pump; 18 a cooling water tank;
19 heating the belt power conditioner; 20 thermocouples; 21 heating the belt; 22 a computer;
a 23 peltier cold stage power controller; 24 sealing the chamber; 25 sample thermocouples; 26 test samples;
27 a gas flow meter; a 28 peltier cold stage; 29 cooling the water coil; 30, shooting a window in a bent mode;
31 an upper right window; 32 steam is introduced into the flange; 33 cooling the water penetration member; 34 a lower right window;
35 a power feed-through; 36 thermocouple penetration; 37 upper left window; 38 left lower viewing window.
Detailed Description
The following further describes a specific embodiment of the present invention with reference to the drawings and technical solutions.
As can be seen from FIG. 1, the present invention adopts the method of placing the whole experimental sample in the sealed chamber 24 to satisfy the environmental conditions required by the experiment, so that the experimental device of the present invention has no requirement on the shape and the placement direction of the experimental sample 26, and can satisfy both the horizontal tube and the vertical tube as well as the sheet experimental sample. The sealed chamber 24 may provide environmental condition parameters including temperature, gas pressure, gas composition, and sample temperature. The steam temperature in the boiler 16 adopts closed-loop control, and the power regulator of the boiler 16 can regulate the heating power of the boiler 16 according to the water temperature in the boiler measured by the boiler temperature thermocouple 14, so as to ensure the constant temperature of the outlet steam. Meanwhile, the heat preservation layer outside the sealed cavity can prevent the heat loss of the internal steam, the heating belt 18 wound on the outer wall of the sealed cavity 24 and the thermocouple 20 on the wall surface of the sealed cavity form closed-loop control, the temperature of the outer wall can be maintained to be equal to the temperature of the internal steam all the time, and therefore the constancy of the internal environment temperature is guaranteed. In the design of the pipeline between the boiler 16 and the sealed chamber 24, all pipelines are wrapped by heat insulation cotton, and the steam flow meter 9 and the electromagnetic valve 10 are as short as possible with the pipeline of the sealed chamber 24, so that the condensation of steam in the pipeline is reduced. Before steam passes through the electromagnetic valve 10, condensed water possibly generated in the pipeline is collected through the liquid-gas separator 11, and after an experiment, the return pipe valve 13 is opened to return the condensed water to the boiler 16.
The electronic barometer 7 and the steam inlet solenoid valve 10 form closed-loop control to maintain the internal air pressure constant.
The needle valves arranged on the high-pressure gas bottle 1 can be adjusted according to the flow meter 27 and the electronic barometer 7 for the gas components, so that the quantitative control of the non-condensable gas of each component is realized.
When the experimental sample 26 is in a sheet shape, the bottom of the experimental sample is tightly attached to the cold end of the Peltier cooling stage 2821 through heat-conducting silicone grease, so that the temperature of the sheet sample can be realized by adjusting the power of the Peltier cooling stage 28 through a computer and a power regulator; when the test sample 26 is a tubular sample, the temperature of the tubular sample is directly determined by the cooling water temperature, and thus it is necessary to additionally control the cooling water temperature using a constant-temperature refrigeration water bath apparatus.
As shown in FIG. 2, the sealed chamber 24 is welded by steel plates to form a closed space, the front end of the sealed chamber is connected with a sealing door with a window through a hinge, and the front part of the chamber is provided with a sealing ring.
(1) The boiler 16 injects water for the first time and adds water subsequently, its technical scheme is: when water is added for the first time, the sealing door is closed and locked, all valves of the sealing chamber 24 are closed by opening the steam valve 8 and the air extraction valve 5, the vacuum pump unit 6 is started to vacuumize, when the electronic barometer 7 displays that the air pressure is lower than 1Pa, the air extraction valve 5 is closed, the steam valve 8 is closed, and at the moment, the boiler 16 and the sealing chamber 24 are both in a vacuum state. The other end of the liquid injection valve 12 is connected with a deionized water pipe, the liquid injection valve 12 is opened, and the deionized water is automatically sucked into the boiler 16 due to the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the boiler 16. If air is sucked in the process, the deionized water in the boiler 16 can be heated to be boiled, and the liquid injection valve 12 is opened to discharge the air in the boiler 16 by using steam. When water is added subsequently, the liquid injection valve 12 is connected with the deionized water pipe, the other end of the water pipe is immersed in the deionized water, the deionized water in the boiler 16 is heated to boiling, the liquid injection valve is opened, air in the deionized water pipe is emptied by utilizing steam, then the boiler 16 stops heating, after the boiler 16 is cooled, the deionized water can be automatically sucked into the boiler 16 due to the internal and external pressure difference of the boiler 16, after the preset water level is reached, the liquid injection valve 12 is closed, the deionized water pipe is taken down, and the water injection work of the boiler 16 is completed.
(2) The method is used for the experiment of the influence of the content of multi-component non-condensable gas on condensation heat transfer, and the technical scheme is as follows: the test specimen is mounted in the sealed chamber 24 and the sealing door is closed. After the boiler 16 is filled with water, all the valves which are externally connected with the sealed cavity except the air suction valve 5 are closed, the temperature values in the boiler 16 and the vacuum cavity 24 are set, the boiler 16 and the vacuum cavity 24 are started to be heated, the vacuum pump unit 6 is opened for vacuumizing, when the pressure displayed by the electronic barometer 7 is less than 1Pa, the air suction valve 5 and the vacuum pump unit 6 are closed in sequence, the vacuumizing operation is completed, the cooling water pump 17 is opened, and the temperature of the Peltier cooling platform 28 is set. And after the temperature of the system is stable, opening the high-pressure gas cylinder 1 corresponding to the required non-condensable gas, observing the air pressure value of the electronic barometer 7, adjusting the needle valve control flow of the high-pressure gas cylinder 1, and closing the high-pressure gas cylinder 1 after the specified flow is reached. After the temperature of the system is stable, the steam valve 8 is opened to introduce steam, condensation starts, after the pressure in the cavity is stable, the experimental phenomenon is observed through a side-shooting window and a nodding window, and heat transfer data are collected by the sample thermocouple 25 in the cavity.
(3) The device is used for an experiment of the influence of a material or a surface structure on condensation heat transfer without non-condensable gas, and the technical scheme is as follows: a test specimen 26 of a specific material or a specific surface structure is installed in the hermetic chamber 24, and the hermetic door is closed. After water is injected into the boiler 16, all valves which are externally connected with the sealing chamber 24 except the extraction valve 5 are closed, temperature values in the boiler 16 and the sealing chamber 24 are set, the power supply of the sealing chamber heating belt 21 and the boiler 16 is opened, the boiler 16 and the sealing chamber 24 begin to be heated, the vacuum pump set 6 is opened for vacuumizing, when the pressure displayed by the electronic barometer 7 is smaller than 1Pa, the extraction valve 5 and the vacuum pump set 6 are closed in sequence, the vacuumizing operation is completed, the cooling water pump 17 is opened, and the temperature of the Peltier cooling platform 28 is set. After the temperature of the system is stable, the steam valve 8 is opened to introduce steam, condensation starts, after the pressure in the cavity is stable to the atmospheric pressure, the experimental phenomenon is observed through the side-shooting window and the nodding window, and the thermocouple in the cavity is used for collecting heat transfer data.
(4) The device is used for the experiment of variable steam pressure condensation heat transfer and frosting phenomenon, and the technical scheme is as follows: a test specimen 26 of a specific material or a specific surface structure is installed in the hermetic chamber 24, and the hermetic door is closed. After water is injected into the boiler 16, all valves which are externally connected with the sealing chamber 24 except the extraction valve 5 are closed, temperature values in the boiler 16 and the sealing chamber 24 are set, the power supply of the sealing chamber heating belt 21 and the boiler 16 is opened, the boiler 16 and the sealing chamber 24 begin to be heated, the vacuum pump set 6 is opened for vacuumizing, when the pressure displayed by the electronic barometer 7 is smaller than 1Pa, the extraction valve 5 and the vacuum pump set 6 are closed in sequence, the vacuumizing operation is completed, the cooling water pump 17 is opened, and the temperature of the Peltier cooling platform 28 is set. After the temperature of the system is stable, setting the steam pressure in the sealed chamber 24, opening the steam valve 8 to introduce steam, starting condensation, controlling the opening and closing of the electromagnetic valve 10 by the computer 22 program according to the actual air pressure value detected by the electronic barometer 7, so as to keep the air pressure in the sealed chamber 24 stable, observing the experimental phenomenon through the upper left window 37 or the lower left window 38 and the top-down window 30 according to specific needs after the indication of the electronic barometer 7 in the sealed chamber 24 is stabilized to the set value, and collecting heat transfer data by using the sample thermocouple 25; the set steam pressure in the sealed cavity 24 is increased in sequence, and the variable steam pressure condensation or frosting experiment is realized.
Claims (1)
1. The multifunctional steam condensation heat exchange and frosting process visual experiment device is characterized by comprising a vacuum environment system, a visual system, a steam generation system, a gas supply system, a cooling system, a data acquisition and control system, an experiment sample (26) and a clamp;
the vacuum environment system provides a sealed chamber (24) with an ultrahigh vacuum state and constant temperature, optical windows are arranged at the top, the left side and the right side of the sealed chamber (24), an experimental sample (26) is placed in the sealed chamber (24), and the experimental sample (26) is clamped by a clamp; the sealed chamber (24) is connected with the steam generation system and the gas supply system through pipelines, and quantitative steam and non-condensable gas are supplied to the interior of the sealed chamber (24) according to experimental requirements; the vacuum environment system comprises an exhaust valve (4), a vacuum valve (5), a vacuum pump set (6), an electronic barometer (7), a heating band power regulator (19), a thermocouple (20), a heating band (21), a sealing chamber (24), a steam inlet flange (32), a cooling water penetrating piece (33), a power supply penetrating piece (35) and a thermocouple penetrating piece (36); after the cabin door of the sealed cavity (24) is closed, the air in the sealed cavity (24) is pumped out under the control of a vacuum pump set (6) through a vacuum valve (5) to achieve an ultrahigh vacuum state; an exhaust valve (4) is arranged on the sealing chamber (24); the heating belt (21) is wound around the outer wall of the sealed chamber (24), and the heating value of the heating belt (21) is adjusted through the computer (22) and the heating belt power adjuster (19), so that the internal temperature of the sealed chamber (24) is kept stable at the required condensing environment temperature; the electronic barometer (7) and the thermocouple (20) are arranged on the inner wall of the sealed chamber (24), and the thermocouple (20) is positioned at the inlet and outlet ends of the experimental sample (26) and the cooling water, so that the acquisition and real-time regulation and control of experimental data in the sealed chamber (24) are realized; the steam inlet flange (32), the cooling water penetrating piece (33), the power penetrating piece (35) and the thermocouple penetrating piece (36) are arranged on the side wall of the sealed chamber (24), and the steam inlet flange (32) is connected with the steam flowmeter (9);
the visualization system comprises a sealed chamber (24), wherein optical windows, an in-depth observation lens cone and a high-speed camera (3) are arranged at the top, the left side and the right side of the sealed chamber; the optical windows are respectively a nodding window (30), an upper right window (31), a lower right window (34), an upper left window (37) and a lower left window (38); the high-speed camera (3) is right opposite to the left side and top optical windows and is matched with a deep-in observation lens cone to simultaneously realize the surface condensation form of an experimental sample (26) in the side-shooting and top-shooting sealed chamber (24); the surface to be condensed or frosted of the experimental sample (26) is fixed near the optical window through a clamp, so that the experimental phenomenon can be observed conveniently;
the steam generation system comprises a steam valve (8), a steam flow meter (9), an electromagnetic valve (10), a liquid-gas separator (11), a liquid injection valve (12), a return pipe valve (13), a boiler temperature thermocouple (14), a boiler power regulator (15) and a boiler (16), wherein the boiler temperature thermocouple (14) is welded inside the boiler (16) to detect the temperature of water in the boiler (16), the boiler (16) heats deionized water through the boiler power regulator (15) and stabilizes the deionized water at a condensation environment temperature, the boiler (16) conveys generated steam to a sealing chamber (24) through a steam pipeline, and the steam pipeline is provided with the steam valve (8), the steam flow meter (9) and the electromagnetic valve (10) and is used for controlling the output quantity of the steam; the steam pipeline is connected with the liquid-gas separator (11), and the liquid-gas separator (11) is controlled by a reflux pipe valve (13) to form a loop with a boiler (16); a liquid injection valve (12) is arranged on the boiler (16);
the cooling system is used for keeping the temperature of the cold end of the experimental sample (26) constant, enabling the temperature of the condensation surface to be lower than the vapor saturation temperature in the environment of the sealed chamber (24), promoting the vapor to be condensed on the surface, and carrying out a frosting experiment when the temperature of the surface is reduced to be lower than 0 ℃; the cooling system comprises a cooling water pump (17), a cooling water tank (18), a Peltier cooling platform (28) and a cooling water coil pipe (29), wherein the Peltier cooling platform (28) is responsible for cooling an experimental sample (26) to a specified temperature, the hot end of the Peltier cooling platform (28) is in contact with the cooling water coil pipe (29), and the cooling water pump (17) conveys cooling water from the cooling water tank (18) to the cooling water coil pipe (29) along a cooling water circulation pipeline for cooling the hot end of the Peltier cooling platform (28); the Peltier cooling station (28) is controlled by a Peltier cooling station power controller (23);
the data acquisition and control system is responsible for man-machine interaction and controls the parameters of the whole experimental device to be in set values, and comprises a sample thermocouple (25), a barometer, a data acquisition card and a computer (22); the sample thermocouple (25) is arranged near the experimental sample (26) and is used for collecting condensation heat transfer experimental data and calculating a heat transfer coefficient;
the gas supply system comprises a high-pressure gas cylinder (1), a pressure reducing valve (2) and a gas flowmeter (27), wherein gas provided by the high-pressure gas cylinder (1) is reduced in pressure by the pressure reducing valve (2) in a pipeline and then enters the sealing chamber (24) through the gas flowmeter (27).
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| CN201810229255.3A CN108469450B (en) | 2018-03-16 | 2018-03-16 | Multifunctional steam condensation heat exchange and frosting process visualization experiment device |
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| CN201810229255.3A CN108469450B (en) | 2018-03-16 | 2018-03-16 | Multifunctional steam condensation heat exchange and frosting process visualization experiment device |
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| CN108469450B true CN108469450B (en) | 2020-04-07 |
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| CN109470733B (en) * | 2018-10-18 | 2020-06-30 | 浙江大学 | Experimental device capable of realizing visualization of condensation inside and outside steam pipes |
| CN109709138A (en) * | 2018-12-29 | 2019-05-03 | 北京卫星环境工程研究所 | The test macro and test method of vacuum and low temperature Frost deposit |
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