CN105021648B - A kind of self-balancing pressurized liquid specific heat capacity measurement apparatus and method for reducing heat exchange - Google Patents
A kind of self-balancing pressurized liquid specific heat capacity measurement apparatus and method for reducing heat exchange Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种减小热交换的自平衡加压式液体比热容测量装置，包括相互连通的压力平衡机构和测量机构，所述压力平衡机构包括：第一储液罐、进液管、出液管、第二储液罐、平衡管以及排液管；所述测量机构包括：测量池、加热元件、温度传感器、热流测量元件以及压力传感器；本发明还公开了一种液体比热容测量方法；本发明通过设置第二储液罐，将测量时因加热从测量池膨胀溢出的被测液体引导进入第二储液罐中，极大地降低了出液管以及第一储液罐中被测液体与测量池内被测液体之间的对流质交换及相应的热量交换，显著减少对测量池内被测液体热流的负面影响，大幅度提高测量精确度。
The invention discloses a self-balancing pressurized liquid specific heat measuring device for reducing heat exchange, which includes a pressure balance mechanism and a measurement mechanism connected to each other. The pressure balance mechanism includes: a first liquid storage tank, a liquid inlet pipe, an outlet A liquid pipe, a second liquid storage tank, a balance pipe, and a liquid discharge pipe; the measuring mechanism includes: a measuring pool, a heating element, a temperature sensor, a heat flow measuring element, and a pressure sensor; the invention also discloses a liquid specific heat capacity measuring method; In the present invention, by setting the second liquid storage tank, the measured liquid that overflows from the measurement pool due to heating during measurement is guided into the second liquid storage tank, which greatly reduces the pressure of the liquid outlet pipe and the measured liquid in the first liquid storage tank. The convective mass exchange and corresponding heat exchange with the measured liquid in the measurement pool can significantly reduce the negative impact on the heat flow of the measured liquid in the measurement pool, and greatly improve the measurement accuracy.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及液体比热容测量技术，特别涉及一种减小热交换的自平衡加压式液体比热容测量装置和方法。The invention relates to liquid specific heat capacity measurement technology, in particular to a self-balanced pressurized liquid specific heat capacity measurement device and method for reducing heat exchange.
背景技术Background technique
比热容(specific heat capacity)又称比热容量，简称比热(specific heat)，是单位质量物质的热容量，即是单位质量物体改变单位温度时的吸收或释放的热量。Specific heat capacity, also known as specific heat capacity, referred to as specific heat, is the heat capacity of a unit mass substance, that is, the heat absorbed or released when a unit mass object changes a unit temperature.
物质的比热容与所进行的过程有关。在工程应用上常用的有定压比热容Cp、定容比热容Cv和饱和状态比热容三种。The specific heat capacity of a substance is related to the process being performed. There are three kinds of specific heat capacity at constant pressure Cp, specific heat capacity at constant volume Cv, and specific heat capacity at saturation that are commonly used in engineering applications.
定压比热容Cp：是单位质量的物质在压力不变的条件下，温度升高或下降1℃或1K所吸收或放出的能量。Specific heat capacity at constant pressure Cp: It is the energy absorbed or released by a unit mass of substance when the temperature rises or falls by 1°C or 1K under the condition of constant pressure.
定容比热容Cv：是单位质量的物质在容积(体积)不变的条件下，温度升高或下降1℃或1K吸收或放出的内能。Specific heat capacity at constant volume Cv: It is the internal energy absorbed or released by a substance per unit mass under the condition of constant volume (volume) when the temperature rises or falls by 1°C or 1K.
饱和状态比热容：是单位质量的物质在某饱和状态时，温度升高或下降1℃或1K所吸收或放出的热量。Specific heat capacity in saturated state: It is the heat absorbed or released by a unit mass of substance in a certain saturated state when the temperature rises or falls by 1°C or 1K.
液体的比热容是衡量液体热力学性质的重要指标，对于制冷剂等化工产品，液态比热容数据对于它们热力学状态方程的建立以及在工程应用中的热力计算都具有不可或缺的重要意义。所以液体比热容的测定具有重要意义。The specific heat capacity of a liquid is an important indicator to measure the thermodynamic properties of a liquid. For chemical products such as refrigerants, liquid specific heat capacity data are indispensable for the establishment of their thermodynamic state equations and thermodynamic calculations in engineering applications. Therefore, the determination of the specific heat capacity of liquid is of great significance.
很多制冷剂等化工产品都属于易挥发的物质，通常沸点比较低，在常温常压下为气态存在。为了使这类化工产品在常温及以上较高温区呈现为液态，就必须对它们作加压处理。这也是制冷剂等化工产品液相比热测量与普通液体液相比热测量最大的区别和最大的难点所在。目前国际上较为常见的方法，是通过高压泵驱动被测流体在闭合回路内循环，流体流经量热仪而被加热。在此过程中，通过测量流体的质量流量、进出量热仪的温差以及加热热流即可得到流体在实验压力和实验温度下的比热容。该方法结构较为复杂，关键参数流体的质量流量比较难以精确地控制以及测量，并且此方法一次实验只能测得一个温度压力下的数据。Many chemical products such as refrigerants are volatile substances, usually with a relatively low boiling point, and exist in a gaseous state at room temperature and pressure. In order to make this kind of chemical products appear in liquid state at normal temperature and higher temperature range, they must be treated under pressure. This is also the biggest difference and the biggest difficulty in thermal measurement of chemical products such as refrigerants compared with ordinary liquids. At present, the more common method in the world is to drive the measured fluid to circulate in a closed loop through a high-pressure pump, and the fluid is heated when it flows through the calorimeter. In this process, the specific heat capacity of the fluid at the experimental pressure and experimental temperature can be obtained by measuring the mass flow rate of the fluid, the temperature difference between the calorimeter and the heating heat flow. The structure of this method is relatively complicated, and the mass flow rate of the key parameter fluid is difficult to accurately control and measure, and this method can only measure data under one temperature and pressure in one experiment.
为了解决上述问题，公布号为CN 103837567 A的专利文献公开了一种能自平衡加压的液体比热容测量装置，较好地解决了现有技术的不能精确测量易挥发液体的比热容的问题。此装置通过平衡气体加压的方法，以保证在较高的温度范围内的实验过程中，被测液体始终处于过冷区，并且一次升温实验可以得到同一压力下整个升温区的比热容实验数据。同时，由于储液罐的体积远大于测量池的体积，被测液体在升温过程中可始终保持体系压力稳定而不受测量池液体升温膨胀的影响，压力的调节也非常方便。In order to solve the above problems, the patent document with publication number CN 103837567 A discloses a liquid specific heat capacity measuring device capable of self-balanced pressurization, which better solves the problem of inability to accurately measure the specific heat capacity of volatile liquids in the prior art. This device adopts the method of balancing gas pressurization to ensure that the measured liquid is always in the subcooling area during the experiment process in the higher temperature range, and the specific heat capacity experimental data of the entire heating area under the same pressure can be obtained in one heating experiment. At the same time, because the volume of the liquid storage tank is much larger than that of the measuring pool, the measured liquid can always keep the system pressure stable during the heating process without being affected by the temperature expansion of the measuring pool liquid, and the pressure adjustment is also very convenient.
虽然上述装置精确度已经很高，但是与理论计算相比较，仍存在一定的偏差，实验所得比热容比理论稍大。这是由于上述装置在加热过程被测液体从测量池中自由地膨胀到管路中，测量池容积内始终充满液体，这样虽然既避免了气泡的产生也避免了液体的蒸发对测量热流的影响，可是测量池上端的出液管以及第一储液灌内的被测液体与测量池内的被测液体不可避免地存在对流质交换以及伴随着产生的热量交换。虽然交换量小，但是仍会对精确测量造成巨大影响。Although the accuracy of the above device is already very high, there is still a certain deviation compared with the theoretical calculation, and the specific heat capacity obtained by the experiment is slightly larger than the theoretical one. This is because the measured liquid expands freely from the measuring cell to the pipeline during the heating process of the above-mentioned device, and the volume of the measuring cell is always filled with liquid, which avoids the generation of air bubbles and the influence of liquid evaporation on the measurement of heat flow. , but there is inevitably convective mass exchange and accompanying heat exchange between the liquid outlet pipe at the upper end of the measuring tank and the measured liquid in the first liquid storage tank and the measured liquid in the measuring tank. Although the amount of exchange is small, it can still have a huge impact on accurate measurements.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明提供了一种减小热交换的自平衡加压式液体比热容测量装置，避免在加热测量池内的被测液体时，膨胀的被测液体溢出测量池后与出液管以及第一储液灌中的低温被测液体发生对流质交换，降低了靠近测量池管路中的热交换，显著减少对测量热流产生的负面影响，从而大幅度提高测量的精确度。The invention provides a self-balancing pressurized liquid specific heat capacity measuring device that reduces heat exchange, so as to prevent the expanded measured liquid from overflowing the measuring cell and contacting the liquid outlet pipe and the first liquid storage when the measured liquid in the measuring cell is heated. The low-temperature measured liquid in the tank undergoes convective mass exchange, which reduces the heat exchange in the pipeline close to the measurement pool, significantly reduces the negative impact on the measured heat flow, and thus greatly improves the measurement accuracy.
一种减小热交换的自平衡加压式液体比热容测量装置，包括相互连通的压力平衡机构和测量机构，所述压力平衡机构包括：A self-balanced pressurized liquid specific heat capacity measuring device that reduces heat exchange, comprising a pressure balance mechanism and a measurement mechanism that communicate with each other, and the pressure balance mechanism includes:
第一储液罐；the first liquid storage tank;
进液管，与第一储液罐连接，所述进液管上设有第一阀门；A liquid inlet pipe is connected to the first liquid storage tank, and the liquid inlet pipe is provided with a first valve;
出液管，一端与第一储液罐连接，另一端与所述测量机构连接，所述出液管上设有第二阀门；A liquid outlet pipe, one end is connected to the first liquid storage tank, the other end is connected to the measuring mechanism, and a second valve is arranged on the liquid outlet pipe;
所述测量机构包括：The measurement mechanism includes:
测量池，进液口与出液管连接用于承接来自第一储液罐的被测液体；The measuring tank is connected with the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet pipe for receiving the measured liquid from the first liquid storage tank;
加热元件，位于测量池的外侧，加热所述测量池；a heating element, located on the outside of the measuring cell, heats the measuring cell;
温度传感器，用于测定测量池外壁的温度；A temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the outer wall of the measuring pool;
热流测量元件，分布在测量池的外壁，用于测定测量池的热流量信号；Heat flow measuring elements, distributed on the outer wall of the measuring pool, are used to measure the heat flow signal of the measuring pool;
压力传感器，用于控制测量液体的压力；A pressure sensor for controlling the pressure of the measuring liquid;
所述压力平衡机构还包括：The pressure balance mechanism also includes:
第二储液罐；the second liquid storage tank;
平衡管，连通第一储液罐与第二储液罐从而使第一储液罐与第二储液罐内的气压相同，所述平衡管上设有第三阀门；A balance pipe, connecting the first liquid storage tank and the second liquid storage tank so that the air pressure in the first liquid storage tank and the second liquid storage tank is the same, and the balance pipe is provided with a third valve;
排液管，相对水平面倾斜设置，较低端与第二储液罐连接，较高端与出液管靠近测量池部分连接，用于引导第一储液罐内剩余的被测液体流入第二储液罐以及引导测量池中因加热膨胀而溢出的被测液体进入第二储液罐，所述排液管上设有第四阀门。The liquid discharge pipe is arranged inclined relative to the horizontal plane, the lower end is connected to the second liquid storage tank, and the higher end is connected to the part of the liquid outlet pipe close to the measuring pool, which is used to guide the remaining measured liquid in the first liquid storage tank to flow into the second storage tank The liquid tank guides the measured liquid overflowing due to heating and expansion in the measuring pool into the second liquid storage tank, and a fourth valve is arranged on the liquid discharge pipe.
本发明通过设置第二储液罐，在测量过程中，通过排液管引导第一储液罐内剩余的被测液体流入第二储液罐，同时还引导测量池中因加热膨胀而溢出的被测液体进入第二储液罐，从而减小测量池内因加热膨胀而溢出的被测液体与出液管以及第一储液罐内的被测液体发生对流质交换及对应的热交换，大幅度提高测量的精确度。In the present invention, by setting the second liquid storage tank, during the measurement process, the remaining measured liquid in the first liquid storage tank is guided to flow into the second liquid storage tank through the liquid discharge pipe, and at the same time, the liquid overflowed due to heating and expansion in the measuring pool is guided. The measured liquid enters the second liquid storage tank, thereby reducing the convective mass exchange and corresponding heat exchange between the measured liquid overflowing due to heating and expansion in the measuring cell, the liquid outlet pipe and the measured liquid in the first liquid storage tank. Amplitude improves the accuracy of the measurement.
为了使测量池排出的被测液体可以顺利得进入第二储液罐，优选的，所述排液管的倾斜角度大于10°。倾斜角度越大，被测液体越容易被排入第二储液罐。In order to make the measured liquid discharged from the measuring cell smoothly enter the second liquid storage tank, preferably, the inclination angle of the liquid discharge pipe is greater than 10°. The larger the inclination angle, the easier it is for the measured liquid to be discharged into the second liquid storage tank.
所述的排液管的较高端连接至出液管靠近测量池部分，其中靠近是指尽可能地靠近，从而使被测液体一膨胀出测量池就进入第二储液罐，但是如果排液管倾斜角度过大，则会导致排液管的较高端很难设置在靠近测量池的位置，因此，优选的，所述排液管的倾斜角度小于50°。The higher end of the discharge pipe is connected to the part of the liquid outlet pipe close to the measuring tank, wherein close means as close as possible, so that the measured liquid enters the second liquid storage tank as soon as it expands out of the measuring tank, but if the draining If the inclination angle of the pipe is too large, it will be difficult to arrange the higher end of the discharge pipe close to the measuring pool. Therefore, preferably, the inclination angle of the discharge pipe is less than 50°.
当被测液体为混合液体时，因为各种原因会导致混合后各液体所占比例会有微量变化，为了更精准的测定混合液体中各液体的比例，优选的，所述第一储液罐的中下部还设有取样管，该取样管上设有第五阀门。通过取样管能够从第一储液罐中得到被测液体，在测量混合液体的比热容时，可以通过取样管得到混合液体，并测得更精准的混合液体中各液体的比例，避免混合后各液体比例的微量变化。When the liquid to be measured is a mixed liquid, the proportion of each liquid after mixing will change slightly due to various reasons. In order to more accurately measure the proportion of each liquid in the mixed liquid, preferably, the first liquid storage tank A sampling pipe is also provided at the middle and lower part of the sampling pipe, and a fifth valve is arranged on the sampling pipe. The liquid to be measured can be obtained from the first liquid storage tank through the sampling tube. When measuring the specific heat capacity of the mixed liquid, the mixed liquid can be obtained through the sampling tube, and the ratio of each liquid in the mixed liquid can be measured more accurately, so as to avoid the Small changes in liquid ratio.
为了准确控制被测液体的压力，优选的，所述压力传感器的探测头安装在出液管内。In order to accurately control the pressure of the measured liquid, preferably, the detection head of the pressure sensor is installed in the liquid outlet pipe.
加热元件可以为加热丝或者加热片，加热元件可以直接贴合在测量池外表面上，为了使测量池受热更加均匀，优选的，所述测量机构还包括填充在加热元件和测量池之间的保温介质。优选的，还包括用于容纳所述测量池、加热元件、温度传感器、热流测量元件的加热箱，所述加热箱的内侧壁均布有所述加热元件。The heating element can be a heating wire or a heating sheet, and the heating element can be directly attached to the outer surface of the measuring pool. In order to make the measuring pool heated more evenly, preferably, the measuring mechanism also includes a thermal insulation layer filled between the heating element and the measuring pool. medium. Preferably, it also includes a heating box for accommodating the measuring pool, heating element, temperature sensor, and heat flow measuring element, and the inner wall of the heating box is evenly distributed with the heating element.
为了尽快冷却，优选的，所述加热箱的外壁还盘绕有冷却管。向冷却管充入冷介质能够使加热箱降温，冷却介质可以为水、空气或者液氮等。In order to cool down as soon as possible, preferably, a cooling pipe is coiled on the outer wall of the heating box. Filling the cooling pipe with cold medium can cool down the heating box, and the cooling medium can be water, air or liquid nitrogen.
为了充分冷却，优选的，所述加热箱位于封闭的冷却箱内，该冷却箱内具有一个冷却介质入口和一个冷却介质出口。通过向冷却箱充入冷却介质，能够使加热箱降温，冷却介质可以为水、空气或者液氮等。For sufficient cooling, preferably, the heating box is located in a closed cooling box, and the cooling box has a cooling medium inlet and a cooling medium outlet. The temperature of the heating box can be lowered by filling the cooling box with a cooling medium, which can be water, air or liquid nitrogen.
本发明还公开了一种液体比热容测量方法，在测量过程中，防止因加热而从测量池膨胀出的被测液体与出液管以及第一储液罐内的被测液体发生对流质交换，降低靠近测量池这部分管路对应的热量交换，从而大幅度提高测量的精确度。The invention also discloses a method for measuring the specific heat capacity of a liquid. During the measurement process, the measured liquid expanded from the measuring pool due to heating is prevented from undergoing convective mass exchange with the measured liquid in the liquid outlet pipe and the first liquid storage tank. Reduce the heat exchange corresponding to the part of the pipeline close to the measurement pool, thereby greatly improving the measurement accuracy.
一种液体比热容测量方法，使用上述的减小热交换的自平衡加压式液体比热容测量装置进行测量，包括以下步骤：A method for measuring liquid specific heat capacity, using the above-mentioned self-balanced pressurized liquid specific heat capacity measuring device for reducing heat exchange to measure, comprising the following steps:
(1)打开第二、第三和第四阀门，使第一、二储液罐和测量池相互连通，将第一、二储液罐和测量池抽真空，关闭第一阀门，使第一、二储液罐和测量池构成一个封闭的腔体；(1) Open the second, third and fourth valves to connect the first and second liquid storage tanks with the measuring pool, vacuumize the first and second liquid storage tanks and the measuring pool, close the first valve, and make the first 1. The second liquid storage tank and the measuring pool form a closed cavity;
(2)通过加热元件对测量池进行均匀加热，测定在测量池内部为真空状态时测量池外壁的温度信号T＇和测量池外壁的热流量信号HFblank；(2) uniformly heating the measuring cell by the heating element, and measuring the temperature signal T' of the outer wall of the measuring cell and the heat flow signal HF blank of the outer wall of the measuring cell when the inside of the measuring cell is in a vacuum state;
(3)在第一、二储液罐和测量池的内部为真空状态下，关闭第二阀门、第三阀门和第四阀门，打开第一阀门，向第一储液罐内充注被测液体，待被测液体稳定后，打开第二阀门，使第一储液罐的被测液体流入并填满测量池，且被测液体填满测量池时，第一储液罐内还剩余部分被测液体；(3) When the first and second liquid storage tanks and the inside of the measuring pool are in a vacuum state, close the second valve, the third valve and the fourth valve, open the first valve, and fill the first liquid storage tank Liquid, after the measured liquid is stable, open the second valve, so that the measured liquid in the first liquid storage tank flows into and fills the measurement pool, and when the measured liquid fills the measurement pool, there is still a part in the first liquid storage tank The liquid to be tested;
(4)打开第一阀门和第三阀门，向第一储液罐内充入平衡气体，通过压力传感器控制压力，到设定的压力后停止充入，关闭第一阀门，使第一、二储液罐和测量池构成一个封闭的腔体；(4) Open the first valve and the third valve, fill the balance gas into the first liquid storage tank, control the pressure through the pressure sensor, stop filling after reaching the set pressure, close the first valve, and make the first and second tanks The liquid storage tank and the measuring pool form a closed cavity;
(5)待压力稳定后，打开第四阀门，所述第一储液罐内剩余的被测液体流入第二储液罐以使出液管内无被测液体，待被测液体稳定后，通过加热元件对测量池进行加热，测定测量池内充满被测液体时测量池外壁的温度信号T和测量池外壁的热流量信号HFsample，此时，因加热而膨胀的被测液体溢出测量池流入第二储液罐；(5) After the pressure stabilizes, open the fourth valve, and the remaining measured liquid in the first liquid storage tank flows into the second liquid storage tank so that there is no measured liquid in the liquid outlet pipe. After the measured liquid is stabilized, pass The heating element heats the measuring cell to measure the temperature signal T of the outer wall of the measuring cell and the heat flow signal HF sample of the outer wall of the measuring cell when the measuring cell is filled with the measured liquid. At this time, the measured liquid expanded by heating overflows the measuring cell and flows into the second Two storage tanks;
(6)通过计算得到被测液体的比热容Cp，计算公式为：其中，dT/dt是步骤(5)采集到的测量池外壁的温度信号T对时间的导数，即升温速率；ρ是被测液体的密度；V是测量池的容积。(6) The specific heat capacity Cp of the measured liquid is obtained by calculation, and the calculation formula is: Wherein, dT/dt is the time derivative of the temperature signal T of the outer wall of the measuring pool collected in step (5), that is, the heating rate; ρ is the density of the liquid to be measured; V is the volume of the measuring pool.
其中，步骤(2)得到测量池空载情况下的温度信号T＇和热流量信号HFblank，此数据也可以通过在加热元件内设置与测量池结构相同的对比池来实现，所述对比池与测量池结构完全相同，且连接有相同的配套设备，测量时的操作过程也与测量池相同，但是对比池并不充入被测液体，只在真空状态下测量，通过设置对比池可以提高测量效率，同时还可以用于检测测量池的功能是否正常，即在测量池充入被测液体前，对比各项参数是否相同。Wherein, step (2) obtains the temperature signal T' and the heat flow signal HF blank of the measurement cell under no-load conditions, and this data can also be realized by setting a comparison cell with the same structure as the measurement cell in the heating element, and the comparison cell The structure is exactly the same as that of the measuring cell, and it is connected with the same supporting equipment. The operation process of the measurement is also the same as that of the measuring cell, but the comparison cell is not filled with the liquid to be measured, and it is only measured in a vacuum state. By setting the comparison cell, it can improve The measurement efficiency can also be used to detect whether the function of the measurement pool is normal, that is, to compare whether the parameters are the same before the measurement pool is filled with the liquid to be measured.
上述过程中，因设置了第二储液罐，收集了自测量池溢出的被测液体，从而有效降低出液管以及第一储液罐与测量池内被测液体的对流质交换及靠近测量池位置出液管的热交换，大幅度提高测量精确度。In the above process, due to the installation of the second liquid storage tank, the measured liquid overflowing from the measuring tank is collected, thereby effectively reducing the convective mass exchange between the liquid outlet pipe and the first liquid storage tank and the measured liquid in the measuring tank and the proximity of the measuring tank. The heat exchange of the outlet pipe at the position greatly improves the measurement accuracy.
平衡气体为与被测液体不发生反应、在其中溶解度小且沸点远低于被测制冷剂(被测液体)的气体。优选的，所述平衡气体为氮气、氦气或氩气。The balance gas is a gas that does not react with the measured liquid, has a small solubility in it, and has a boiling point much lower than the measured refrigerant (measured liquid). Preferably, the balance gas is nitrogen, helium or argon.
本发明的有益效果：Beneficial effects of the present invention:
本发明通过设置第二储液罐，将测量时因加热从测量池膨胀溢出的被测液体引导进入第二储液罐中，极大地降低了出液管以及第一储液罐中被测液体与测量池内被测液体的对流质交换，显著减少靠近测量池部分的热量交换，大幅度提高测量精确度。In the present invention, by setting the second liquid storage tank, the measured liquid that overflows from the measurement pool due to heating during measurement is guided into the second liquid storage tank, which greatly reduces the pressure of the liquid outlet pipe and the measured liquid in the first liquid storage tank. The convective mass exchange with the measured liquid in the measuring pool significantly reduces the heat exchange near the measuring pool and greatly improves the measurement accuracy.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明的结构示意图。Fig. 1 is a structural schematic diagram of the present invention.
图中各附图标记为：Each reference mark in the figure is:
1.第五阀门；2.取样管；3.第一储液罐；4.第一阀门；5.进液管；6.第二阀门；7.出液管；8.平衡管；9.第三阀门；10.第二储液罐；11.第四阀门；12.排液管；13.冷却介质出口；14.保温介质；15.加热箱；16.温度传感器；17.测量池；18.热流测量元件；19.加热元件；20.冷却介质入口；21.冷却箱；22.压力传感器。1. Fifth valve; 2. Sampling pipe; 3. First storage tank; 4. First valve; 5. Inlet pipe; 6. Second valve; 7. Outlet pipe; 8. Balance pipe; 9. The third valve; 10. The second liquid storage tank; 11. The fourth valve; 12. Drain pipe; 13. Cooling medium outlet; 14. Heat preservation medium; 15. Heating box; 16. Temperature sensor; 17. Measuring pool; 18. Heat flow measuring element; 19. Heating element; 20. Cooling medium inlet; 21. Cooling box; 22. Pressure sensor.
具体实施方式detailed description
如图1所示，本实施例的减小热交换的自平衡加压式液体比热容测量装置包括：相互连通的压力平衡机构以及测量机构，As shown in Figure 1, the self-balancing pressurized liquid specific heat capacity measuring device for reducing heat exchange in this embodiment includes: a pressure balance mechanism and a measuring mechanism that communicate with each other,
压力平衡机构包括：Pressure equalization mechanisms include:
第一储液罐3；The first liquid storage tank 3;
进液管5，位于第一储液罐3的外侧，进液管5上设有第一阀门4，且进液管5一端与第一储液罐3相连；The liquid inlet pipe 5 is located on the outside of the first liquid storage tank 3, the liquid inlet pipe 5 is provided with a first valve 4, and one end of the liquid inlet pipe 5 is connected to the first liquid storage tank 3;
出液管7，位于第一储液罐3的外侧，出液管5上设有第二阀门6，且一端与第一储液罐3连接，另一端与测量机构连接；The liquid outlet pipe 7 is located outside the first liquid storage tank 3. The liquid outlet pipe 5 is provided with a second valve 6, and one end is connected to the first liquid storage tank 3, and the other end is connected to the measuring mechanism;
平衡管8，位于第一储液罐3和第二储液罐10的外侧中上部，平衡管8上设有第三阀门9，且一端与第一储液罐3连接，另一端与第二储液罐10连接。The balance pipe 8 is located at the middle and upper part of the first liquid storage tank 3 and the second liquid storage tank 10. The balance pipe 8 is provided with a third valve 9, and one end is connected with the first liquid storage tank 3, and the other end is connected with the second liquid storage tank 3. The reservoir tank 10 is connected.
取样管2，位于第一储液罐3的中下部，该取样管2上设有第五阀门1。The sampling pipe 2 is located at the middle and lower part of the first liquid storage tank 3 , and the sampling pipe 2 is provided with a fifth valve 1 .
第二储液罐10；The second liquid storage tank 10;
排液管12，位于第二储液罐10的外侧，相对水平面倾斜设置，倾斜角度为15°，较低端与第二储液罐10连接，较高端与出液管7靠近测量池17部分连接，用于排除出液管7内的被测液体以及引导测量池17中因加热膨胀而溢出的被测液体进入第二储液罐10，排液管12上设有第四阀门11。The liquid discharge pipe 12 is located on the outside of the second liquid storage tank 10, and is inclined relative to the horizontal plane with an inclination angle of 15°. The lower end is connected to the second liquid storage tank 10, and the higher end is connected to the liquid outlet pipe 7 near the measuring pool 17. The connection is used to discharge the measured liquid in the liquid outlet pipe 7 and guide the measured liquid overflowed due to heating and expansion in the measuring pool 17 into the second liquid storage tank 10 , and the fourth valve 11 is provided on the liquid discharge pipe 12 .
测量机构包括：Measuring agencies include:
加热箱15，内壁均布有加热元件19；Heating box 15, with heating elements 19 evenly distributed on the inner wall;
测量池17，位于加热箱15内，用于容纳被测液体，且测量池17与出液管7相连；The measuring pool 17 is located in the heating box 15 and is used to accommodate the liquid to be measured, and the measuring pool 17 is connected to the liquid outlet pipe 7;
保温介质14，填充在加热箱15的内壁和测量池17之间；Insulation medium 14 is filled between the inner wall of the heating box 15 and the measuring pool 17;
温度传感器16，设置在热量池17的周围，用于测定测量池17外壁的温度；A temperature sensor 16 is arranged around the thermal pool 17 for measuring the temperature of the outer wall of the measuring pool 17;
热流测量元件18，分布在测量池17的周围，用于测定测量池17的热流量信号；heat flow measuring elements 18, distributed around the measuring pool 17, for measuring the heat flow signal of the measuring pool 17;
压力传感器22，设置在出液管7上，用于测量被测液体的压力。The pressure sensor 22 is arranged on the liquid outlet pipe 7 for measuring the pressure of the liquid to be tested.
本实施例第一阀门4、第二阀门6、第三阀门9、第四阀门11和第五阀门1为手动阀、电磁阀或者电动阀；温度传感器16为热电偶。In this embodiment, the first valve 4 , the second valve 6 , the third valve 9 , the fourth valve 11 and the fifth valve 1 are manual valves, electromagnetic valves or electric valves; the temperature sensor 16 is a thermocouple.
为了方便使用，快速冷却加热箱15，加热箱15位于封闭的冷却箱21内，该冷却箱21内具有一个冷却介质入口20和一个冷却介质出口13。通过向冷却箱充入冷却介质，能够使加热箱15降温，冷却介质可以为水、空气或者液氮等。除了冷却箱进行冷却，还可以在加热箱的外壁盘绕冷却管，向冷却管充入冷介质能够使加热箱降温，冷却介质可以为水、空气或者液氮等。For convenience of use, the heating box 15 is rapidly cooled, and the heating box 15 is located in a closed cooling box 21 , which has a cooling medium inlet 20 and a cooling medium outlet 13 . The temperature of the heating box 15 can be lowered by filling the cooling box with a cooling medium, and the cooling medium can be water, air or liquid nitrogen. In addition to cooling the cooling box, a cooling pipe can also be coiled on the outer wall of the heating box. Filling the cooling pipe with a cold medium can cool the heating box. The cooling medium can be water, air or liquid nitrogen.
本实施例的液体比热容测量方法包括以下步骤：The liquid specific heat capacity measuring method of the present embodiment comprises the following steps:
(1)实验前检查各装置部件及连接，确保各阀门关闭及仪器完好。(1) Check the components and connections of each device before the experiment to ensure that the valves are closed and the instruments are in good condition.
(2)打开第一阀门4，第二阀门6，第三阀门9，第四阀门11，将第一，二储液罐和测量池17抽真空，抽完真空后关闭第一阀门4，使第一、第二储液罐和测量池17构成一个封闭的腔体，加热元件19工作，对测量池17进行均匀加热，测定在测量池17内部为真空状态时测量池17外壁的温度信号T＇和测量池外壁的热流量信号HFblank。(2) Open the first valve 4, the second valve 6, the third valve 9, and the fourth valve 11, the first and second liquid storage tanks and the measuring tank 17 are vacuumized, and the first valve 4 is closed after vacuuming, so that The first and second liquid storage tanks and the measuring pool 17 form a closed cavity, the heating element 19 works to uniformly heat the measuring pool 17, and measure the temperature signal T of the outer wall of the measuring pool 17 when the inside of the measuring pool 17 is in a vacuum state ’ and measuring the heat flow signal HF blank on the outer wall of the pool.
(3)向冷却介质入口20充入冷水或空气，对加热箱15进行冷却。(3) Fill the cooling medium inlet 20 with cold water or air to cool the heating box 15 .
(4)关闭第二阀门6、第三阀门9和第四阀门11，打开第一阀门4，将制冷剂R134a钢瓶连接到阀4入口，将制冷剂充注到第一储液罐4，充注完成后，关闭第一阀门4(若是测量混合制冷剂的比热，则应依据室温下饱和压力由低到高的顺序依次进行充注，同时通过第一储液罐的取样管1抽取适量混合液体，确定混合液体各成分的确切比例)。(4) Close the second valve 6, the third valve 9 and the fourth valve 11, open the first valve 4, connect the refrigerant R134a cylinder to the inlet of the valve 4, fill the refrigerant into the first liquid storage tank 4, and fill the After the injection is completed, close the first valve 4 (if the specific heat of the mixed refrigerant is to be measured, it should be filled in sequence according to the order of saturation pressure at room temperature from low to high, and at the same time, take a proper amount of refrigerant through the sampling tube 1 of the first liquid storage tank. mixing liquids, determine the exact proportions of the components of the mixed liquid).
(5)待制冷剂R134a压力稳定或是混合制冷剂混合均匀后，打开第二阀门6，制冷剂R134a通过出液管流入到测量池17中，且制冷剂R134a填满测量池17时，第一储液罐3内还具有制冷剂R134a。(5) After the pressure of the refrigerant R134a is stabilized or the mixed refrigerant is evenly mixed, the second valve 6 is opened, the refrigerant R134a flows into the measuring pool 17 through the outlet pipe, and when the refrigerant R134a fills the measuring pool 17, the second A liquid storage tank 3 also contains refrigerant R134a.
(6)将平衡气体钢瓶连接至第一阀门4入口，打开第一阀门4和第三阀门9，高压的平衡气体进入到第一储液罐和第二储液罐，待压力升至所需值时，关闭第一阀门4，完成升压过程。平衡气体为与被测制冷剂不反应、在其中溶解度小且沸点远低于被测制冷剂的气体，如氮气、氦气或氩气，因此可以不考虑平衡气体对被测液体成分的影响。(6) Connect the balance gas cylinder to the inlet of the first valve 4, open the first valve 4 and the third valve 9, and the high-pressure balance gas enters the first liquid storage tank and the second liquid storage tank, and wait for the pressure to rise to the required level. value, close the first valve 4 to complete the boosting process. The balance gas is a gas that does not react with the refrigerant to be tested, has a small solubility in it, and has a boiling point much lower than that of the refrigerant to be tested, such as nitrogen, helium or argon, so the influence of the balance gas on the liquid composition to be tested can be ignored.
(7)待压力稳定后，打开第四阀门11，第一储液罐3内剩余的被测液体流入第二储液罐10以使出液管7内无被测液体，待被测液体稳定后，对测量池17进行均匀加热，测定在测量池内充满被测液体时测量池外壁的温度信号T和测量池外壁的热流量信号HFsample(第二储液罐10用来收集管中落下的冷凝的热制冷剂蒸汽)；此时，测量池内的被测液体膨胀后通过排液管12进入第二储液罐10从而避免出液管7内的被测液体与从测量池膨胀出的被测液体发生对流质交换，显著减小了靠近测量池的管路中的热交换，大幅度提高测量的精确度。(7) After the pressure stabilizes, open the fourth valve 11, and the remaining liquid to be measured in the first liquid storage tank 3 flows into the second liquid storage tank 10 so that there is no liquid to be measured in the liquid outlet pipe 7, and the liquid to be measured is stable Afterwards, the measuring pool 17 is uniformly heated, and the temperature signal T of the outer wall of the measuring pool and the heat flow signal HF sample of the outer wall of the measuring pool are measured when the measuring pool is full of the liquid to be measured (the second liquid storage tank 10 is used to collect the water falling in the pipe. condensed hot refrigerant vapor); at this time, the measured liquid in the measuring cell expands and enters the second liquid storage tank 10 through the discharge pipe 12 so as to avoid the measured liquid in the liquid outlet pipe 7 from being expanded from the measuring cell The measured liquid undergoes convective mass exchange, which significantly reduces the heat exchange in the pipeline close to the measuring pool and greatly improves the measurement accuracy.
(8)通过计算得到被测液体的比热容Cp，计算公式为：其中，dT/dt是采集到的测量池外壁的温度信号T对时间的导数，即升温速率；ρ是被测液体的密度；V是测量池的容积。(8) The specific heat capacity Cp of the measured liquid is obtained by calculation, and the calculation formula is: Among them, dT/dt is the time derivative of the collected temperature signal T on the outer wall of the measuring tank, that is, the heating rate; ρ is the density of the measured liquid; V is the volume of the measuring tank.
综上所述，本实施例的测量装置和测量方法，通过设置第二储液罐10，并通过排液管12将自测量池内因膨胀而溢出的被测液体引导进入第二储液罐10，从而降低出液管以及第一储液罐内被测液体与测量池内被测液体地对流质交换及对应的热交换，大幅度提高测量的精确度。To sum up, the measuring device and measuring method of this embodiment, by setting the second liquid storage tank 10, and guiding the measured liquid overflowing from the measuring pool due to expansion into the second liquid storage tank 10 through the drain pipe 12 , thereby reducing the mass exchange and corresponding heat exchange between the measured liquid in the liquid outlet pipe and the first liquid storage tank and the measured liquid in the measuring tank, and greatly improving the measurement accuracy.
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| CN107067905A (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2017-08-18 | 德州学院 | The general specific heat capacity experiment instrument of gas-liquid solid |
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