CN108314759A - 一种壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,先制备马来酰化壳聚糖,再与丙烯酰胺单体和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵混合,并溶于水,然后将混合溶液于氮气保护下,加入光引发剂,通过紫外光照射引发聚合反应,静置熟化后得到所述的除藻絮凝剂。本发明制得的壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂,不仅提高了壳聚糖絮凝性能,还改善了壳聚糖的溶解性能,黏度系数更高,可以广泛用于含藻的景观水、河流水和湖泊水的除藻处理。本发明的方法,操作简单、合成时间短,所用主要原料为来源丰富的天然高分子产品,是一种经济的获得高品质的除藻絮凝剂的制备方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于环境保护领域,具体涉及一种壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法。
背景技术
目前水环境已被严重污染,局部地区蓝藻水华赤潮频繁爆发,不但会引起水体DO急剧下降、水质腐败,而且藻细胞衰亡或破裂释放出的微囊藻毒素也对人体健康构成了严重威胁。因此,控制和去除水体中的藻类对水环境的改善及饮水安全具有重大意义。
壳聚糖是一种天然高分子,其前体甲壳素广泛存在于虾蟹等甲壳动物及昆虫、藻类中,是世界上仅次于纤维素的第二大类天然高分子化合物。壳聚糖是由葡糖胺和N一乙酞基葡糖胺组成的碱性多糖,是由甲壳素经浓碱水解脱乙酞基后生成的产物,具有生物相溶性、生物可降解性、吸附性和无毒性等良好性质,是一种应用前景极为广阔的高分子化合物。
单纯使用壳聚糖除藻效果良好,但是投加量大,如Ravi Divakaran等利用壳聚糖处理3种藻混合的水,需投加壳聚糖15 mg/L,在藻水浊度为30 NTU时,可以达到90%以上去除率。改性后的壳聚糖投加量大幅度下降,HuaZou等将壳聚糖溶解于稀盐酸溶液,用海泡石、石英及石母等改性,对铜绿微囊藻水进行处理试验,在壳聚糖投加量为1mg/L、pH为6.7时,2h的浊度去除率在90%以上,改性后的壳聚糖除藻效果明显优于单加壳聚糖。
由于壳聚糖存在电荷密度小、分子量较低、架桥能力差等缺点,同时,壳聚糖也只能溶于酸性水溶液,这限制了它的广泛使用。通过等离子体技术,对壳聚糖进行化学改性,引入新的水溶性基团,接枝聚合制备新型壳聚糖基絮凝剂,可改善其溶解和絮凝性能。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的上述不足,本发明的目的是提供一种壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,以改善壳聚糖的絮凝性能和溶解性能。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将壳聚糖溶于酸溶液中,再将所述酸溶液与马来酸酐水溶液混合,将混合溶液搅拌均匀后,置于恒温水浴摇床中,震荡反应2~12h,其中,壳聚糖与马来酸酐的摩尔比为1:0.04~25;
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的马来酰化壳聚糖与丙烯酰胺、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵混合,配制成总单体质量分数为25~30%的单体水溶液,其中总单体为马来酰化壳聚糖、丙烯酰胺和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵,马来酰化壳聚糖、丙烯酰胺、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵三者的质量比为1:1~4:0.5~1.5;
(3)将单体水溶液于氮气保护下,加入光引发剂,并通过紫外光照射引发聚合反应,反应完成后静置熟化,即得到所述的除藻絮凝剂,所述光引发剂为总单体质量的0.01~3%。
在上述步骤(1)中,所用的酸溶液可为有机酸或无机酸,有机酸包括甲酸、乙酸、乙二酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、丙烯酸、醋酸或草酸,无机酸包括稀盐酸或稀硝酸,酸溶液的pH可为0.5~5,壳聚糖与酸溶液的质量体积比可为1~25g:20~120mL。马来酸酐水溶液中水的体积只需适量,保证马来酸酐完全溶解即可。
在上述步骤(2)中,壳聚糖太多会导致聚合物产物溶解性和分子量降低,丙烯酰胺过多易导致聚合产物交联从而降低溶解性,二甲基二烯丙基氯化有利于提高电中和性能,但二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵价格较高,而且用量太多会影响单体之间的交联,使产物分子量降低。
在上述步骤(3)中,紫外光的波长可为365nm或254nm,聚合反应在0~30℃室温环境下进行,制备得到的除藻絮凝剂可用无水乙醇提纯,提纯时间可为18~24h,提纯后剪碎造粒、烘干,并用研钵研磨成粉。
作为优选,步骤(1)中恒温水浴温度为10~65℃。
作为优选,所述壳聚糖分子量不小于5万,脱乙酰度为60~95%。这样条件的壳聚糖具有更强的水溶性,更加有利于聚合反应
作为优选,步骤(3)中所述光引发剂为偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐V-50、偶氮二异丁咪唑林盐酸盐VA-044、硝酸铈铵CAN、过硫酸铵或过硫酸钾。引发剂的含量如果过多,易引起交联,使得聚合产物不溶解,过少会导致反应不完全,聚合产物分子量低。
作为优选,步骤(3)中紫外光的光强为100~5000uW/cm。可进一步优先为1000~3000uW/cm。
作为优选,步骤(3)中聚合反应时间为10~200min。
作为优选,步骤(3)中,静置熟化时间为1~6h。
上述方法制备的除藻絮凝剂在源水除藻中的应用。
作为优选,所述源水的pH为4.5~10。
作为优选,所述除藻絮凝剂的用量为0.1~50mg/L。
相比现有技术,本发明具有如下有益效果:
1、本发明通过对壳聚糖进行化学改性,在壳聚糖分子链上引入不同的基团来制备新型的壳聚糖衍生物絮凝剂,其阳离子强度得到了提升,分子量增大,并且黏结架桥作用也得以强化,絮凝性能明显增强。同时,新基团的引入也能弥补壳聚糖自身性能的不足,拓宽了壳聚糖的应用领域。将改性壳聚糖絮凝剂用于藻类的去除处理,利用其强正电荷性和改善之后的吸附架桥作用使得藻细胞脱稳沉降,达到絮凝除藻的目的。
2、本发明制得的壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂,不仅提高了壳聚糖絮凝性能,还改善了壳聚糖的溶解性能,黏度系数更高,可以广泛用于含藻的景观水、河流水和湖泊水的除藻处理。
3、壳聚糖经接枝聚合后具有良好的抗盐和抗pH性能,使用pH范围较宽,在4.5-10范围内均可应用。
4、本发明用于除藻,高效安全可靠,除藻彻底、速度快、除藻剂用量小,能够使藻沉降到水底,安全有效地控制藻类水华,保持水面干净,水体清澈透明,不影响水体美观,且原料壳聚糖来源广泛,天然无毒可降解,无二次污染风险。
5、本发明的方法,操作简单、合成时间短,所用主要原料为来源丰富的天然高分子产品,是一种经济的获得高品质的除藻絮凝剂的制备方法。
6、本发明制得的壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂具有良好的絮凝、金属离子吸附、抑菌、除臭、脱色及有效降低COD值等诸多功能。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明。
实施例中使用的壳聚糖分子量为5万,脱乙酰度为80%。
实施例1
本实施例壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
第一步,向10mL质量浓度为1%的醋酸溶液中加入7.64g(0.047mol)的壳聚糖粉末,并置于磁力搅拌器上搅拌至溶解,再缓慢加入10mL马来酸酐水溶液,其中马来酸酐为4.589g(0.047mol),用磁力搅拌器搅拌至溶液呈均一透明,且呈微黄色的溶液。将所得到的均一、透明溶液置于水浴摇床中,在30℃震荡7h,并置于40℃下烘干干燥,得到的产物即为马来酰化壳聚糖。
第二步,向石英反应器中依次加入马来酰化壳聚糖2g、去离子水30ml、丙烯酰胺(AM)6g、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为2g,搅拌均匀至完全溶解形成均一水溶液,其中去离子水作为溶剂,计丙烯酰胺、DMDAAC和马来酰化壳聚糖单体为总单体,所述单体水溶液中总单体质量分数为25%。
第三步,在第二步所述单体水溶液中,通入氮气除氧,在溶液液面1cm处充5分钟,4分钟后加入占总单体质量为0.02%的光引发剂V50,继续向反应装置充入高纯氮,持续5min后,将反应装置完全密封;
第四步,在室温20℃环境下,将第三步得到的反应溶液放入紫外光反应装置中,在紫外光照射下进行引发聚合,其中紫外光波长为365nm,光强为1000uW/cm,光照2h后取出,静置熟化1h,将产物用无水乙醇提纯,浸泡24小时并将产物剪碎造粒,并在烤箱中干燥24小时,并用研钵研磨成粉,制得壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂P(CS-AM-DMDAAC)。
实施例2
本实施例壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
第一步,向15mL质量浓度为4%的醋酸溶液中加入9.821g(0.061mo)的壳聚糖粉末,并置于磁力搅拌器上搅拌至溶解,再缓慢加入20mL马来酸酐水溶液,其中马来酸酐为5.892g(0.059mol),用磁力搅拌器搅拌至溶液呈均一透明,且呈微黄色的溶液。将所得到的均一、透明溶液置于水浴摇床中,在40℃震荡5h,并置于40℃下烘干干燥,得到的产物即为马来酰化壳聚糖。
第二步,向石英反应器中依次加入马来酰化壳聚糖单体3g、去离子水25ml、丙烯酰胺(AM)5g、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为2g,搅拌均匀至完全溶解形成均一水溶液,其中去离子水作为溶剂,计丙烯酰胺、DMDAAC和马来酰化壳聚糖单体为总单体,按照一定所述单体水溶液中总单体质量分数为28.6%;
第三步,在第二步所述单体水溶液中,通入氮气除氧,在溶液液面1cm处充5分钟,4分钟后加入占总单体质量为0.2%的光引发剂过硫酸铵,继续向反应装置充入高纯氮,持续5min后,将反应装置完全密封;
第四步,在室温25℃环境下,将第三步得到的反应溶液放入紫外光反应装置中,在紫外光照射下进行引发聚合,其中紫外光波长为365nm,光强为2000uW/cm,光照1h后取出,静置熟化1h,将产物用无水乙醇提纯,浸泡24小时并将产物剪碎造粒,并在烤箱中干燥24小时,并用研钵研磨成粉,制得壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂P(CS-AM-DMDAAC)。
实施例3
本实施例壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
第一步,向25mL质量浓度为2%的醋酸溶液中加入7.64g的壳聚糖粉末,并置于磁力搅拌器上搅拌至溶解,再缓慢加入40mL马来酸酐水溶液,其中马来酸酐为4.589g,用磁力搅拌器搅拌至溶液呈均一透明,且呈微黄色的溶液。将所得到的均一、透明溶液置于水浴摇床中,在30℃震荡7h,并置于40℃下烘干干燥,得到的产物即为马来酰化壳聚糖。
第二步,向石英反应器中依次加入马来酰化壳聚糖单体2g、去离子水25ml、丙烯酰胺(AM)6g、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为2g,搅拌均匀至完全溶解形成均一水溶液,其中去离子水作为溶剂,计丙烯酰胺、DMDAAC和马来酰化壳聚糖单体为总单体,按照一定所述单体水溶液中总单体质量分数为28.6%;
第三步,在第二步所述单体水溶液中,通入氮气除氧,在溶液液面1cm处充5分钟,4分钟后加入占总单体质量为2%的光引发剂硝酸铈铵,继续向反应装置充入高纯氮,持续5min后,将反应装置完全密封;
第四步,在室温30℃环境下,将第三步得到的反应溶液放入紫外光反应装置中,在紫外光照射下进行引发聚合,其中紫外光波长为365nm,光强为3000uW/cm,光照20min后取出,静置熟化1h,将产物用无水乙醇提纯,浸泡24小时并将产物剪碎造粒,并在烤箱中干燥24小时,并用研钵研磨成粉,制得壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂P(CS-AM-DMDAAC)。
应用试验
根据《水处理剂混凝性能的评价方法HGT 4331-2012》的标准,将实施例1、2和3制备的壳聚糖改性除燥絮凝剂分别用于源水除藻,试验设置3组,每组源水pH分别为3、4.5、7、10、11的5个样,各组絮凝剂的用量均为0.2mg/L,试验结果见表1。
本发明的上述实施例仅仅是为说明本发明所作的举例,而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其他不同形式的变化和变动。这里无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。凡是属于本发明的技术方案所引申出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明的保护范围之列。
Claims (10)
1.一种壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)将壳聚糖溶于酸溶液中,再将所述酸溶液与马来酸酐水溶液混合,将混合溶液搅拌均匀后,置于恒温水浴摇床中,震荡反应2~12h,其中,壳聚糖与马来酸酐的摩尔比为1:0.04~25;
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的马来酰化壳聚糖与丙烯酰胺、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵混合,配制成总单体质量分数为25~30%的单体水溶液,其中总单体为马来酰化壳聚糖、丙烯酰胺和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵,马来酰化壳聚糖、丙烯酰胺、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵三者的质量比为1:1~4:0.5~1.5;
(3)将单体水溶液于氮气保护下,加入光引发剂,并通过紫外光照射引发聚合反应,反应完成后静置熟化,即得到所述的除藻絮凝剂,所述光引发剂为总单体质量的0.01~3%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中恒温水浴温度为10~65℃。
3.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述壳聚糖分子量不小于5万,脱乙酰度为60~95%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中所述光引发剂为偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐V-50、偶氮二异丁咪唑林盐酸盐VA-044、硝酸铈铵、过硫酸铵或过硫酸钾。
5.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中紫外光的光强为100~5000uW/cm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中聚合反应时间为10~200min。
7.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖改性除藻絮凝剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,静置熟化时间为1~6h。
8.权利要求1至7任一项所述的方法制备的除藻絮凝剂在源水除藻中的应用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,所述源水的pH为4.5~10。
10.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,所述除藻絮凝剂的用量为0.1~50mg/L。
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