CN1082984C - 生产无机颗粒的方法及其用途 - Google Patents
生产无机颗粒的方法及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1082984C CN1082984C CN97117627A CN97117627A CN1082984C CN 1082984 C CN1082984 C CN 1082984C CN 97117627 A CN97117627 A CN 97117627A CN 97117627 A CN97117627 A CN 97117627A CN 1082984 C CN1082984 C CN 1082984C
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/36—Compounds of titanium
- C09C1/3607—Titanium dioxide
- C09C1/3615—Physical treatment, e.g. grinding, treatment with ultrasonic vibrations
- C09C1/3638—Agglomeration, granulation, pelleting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/02—Agglomerated materials, e.g. artificial aggregates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/02—Agglomerated materials, e.g. artificial aggregates
- C04B18/021—Agglomerated materials, e.g. artificial aggregates agglomerated by a mineral binder, e.g. cement
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
- C09C3/04—Physical treatment, e.g. grinding, treatment with ultrasonic vibrations
- C09C3/045—Agglomeration, granulation, pelleting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
Abstract
本发明涉及生产无机颗粒的方法和涉及使用该颗粒使建筑材料尤其混凝土、沥青、墙粉和砂浆着色及生产保护建筑物的油漆的用途。
Description
本发明涉及生产无机颗粒的方法并涉及用它使建筑材料尤其混凝土、沥青、墙粉和砂浆着色和用它生产用以保护建筑物的色浆和油漆的用途。
粘接水泥和石灰的建筑材料，如：墙粉、灰砂砖、石棉胶浆部件及混凝土块体，尤其是屋瓦和铺路石以及大瓷砖，若要带颜色的话，通常是用元机颜料着色。因此，在建筑材料行业中常用氧化铁或氢氧化铁作红色、黑色、棕色或黄色颜料，用氧化锰作棕黑色颜料，用氧化铬作绿色颜料，用二氧化钛作白色颜料。其它例子包括用炭墨作黑色颜料，用镍或铬金红石作黄色颜料，含有钴的尖晶石作兰色和绿色颜料，含有铜的尖晶石作黑色颜料，硫酸钡和锰酸钡的混晶作兰色颜料。
为给建筑材料着色，一般用粉状的颜料。在碾碎状态下，它们具有良好分散性的优点。如在混凝土中，这些颜料必须在短时间内完全均匀地分散，这些细粉的缺点是不能显示良好的流动性且在贮存当中常粘结在一起形成块状物。因此，要加入精确的计量量是很困难的。粉末的另一缺点是易形成灰尘。
众所周知，在使混凝土着色过程中，用颜料的含水混悬液代替干粉末颜料可以避免这些缺点。因此，只是不情愿地接受使用这种类型的色浆，其中包含30至70％(重量)的颜料。然而，加入水的量将导致相当高的运输成本，这尤其取决于生产场地和使用场地间的距离。而且，一同提供的大量的水在每种混凝土组成中都无法处理。
因此，建筑材料行业中大部分继续使用干粉。认为颗粒在混凝土组成中不易分散的认识至今妨碍微粒形式颜料的应用。难于分散的颜料附聚物或颗粒需要相当长的混合时间。若用建筑材料工业中经常使用的短的混合时间，那么由于很差的颜料分布，将在混凝土表面形成颜色的点描作用、条纹或孔穴。而且颜料具有的着色强度不能发挥，因而，为了达到整个混凝土部件的相同的颜色强度，需加大颜料用量。
DE-C-3619363描述了给混凝土材料着色的颜料颗粒，它们基本上含有颜料和一种或多种粘合剂，粘合剂可以增加颜料在混凝土中的分散性。下述为在混凝土中作为分散助剂的粘合剂：烷基苯磺酸盐、烷基萘磺酸盐、木素磺酸盐、硫酸化聚乙二醇醚、三聚氰胺-甲醛缩合物、萘-甲醛缩合物、葡糖酸、低分子量的盐、部分酯化的苯乙烯-马来酐的共聚物及乙烯基乙酸酯和巴豆酸的共聚物。这些物质在颜料中的含量优选为2-6％(重量)。
DE-C-4119667描述了使用元素周期表中前两个主族的可溶性盐，用喷雾干燥生产颜料颗粒的方法。此方法也可用于使含水混悬液或色浆颗粒化。然而，在某些情况下，添加剂，例如加入的粘合剂，会导致粘度增加，必需加水作补偿。因此，喷雾颗粒化的经济可用性就降低了，因为要得到所述固体就要蒸发更多的水分。
US 5401313描述通过对其表面进行电化学和化学修饰的喷雾干燥，分两个阶段从含水混悬液中生产颜料粉末和颗粒。就沉淀阶段而言，该过程只能用于包含低于10％粒子的很稀颜料溶液。这意味着导致喷雾干燥阶段不可避免的高能量消耗。
如上述一些文献所述，当使用磷酸盐或木素磺酸盐，尤其以较高浓度用于混凝土中时，会导致某些不想要的作用，如，混凝土沉降时间加长。而且，尽管由于它们的高电荷密度产生的分散稳定性，但对硅酸盐却不总是适用，因为在这一过程中形成难溶化合物(由于碳化作用(carbonization))。因此，获得均匀颜色的分散时间增加。在有些情况下，由于在雾化前加入无机粘合剂使混悬液的粘度增加。然后，不得不通过相应的稀释再次形成其流动性。但是，同时由于待蒸发水量的增加，干燥成本也增加。
本发明的目的是提供无上述缺点，能生产颜料颗粒的方法。
通过使用除已知的粘合剂外，加上有机或金属有机化合物，实现这个目标是可能的。
本发明涉及生产包含一种或多种颜料或填料和一种或多种无机粘合剂的无机颜料颗粒和无机填料颗粒的方法，颗粒的含水量不超过5％(重量)，其粒径在100微米和2毫米之间。向颜料或填料的含水混悬液中加入盐作为粘合剂，除此之外再加入有机或金属有机液化剂，随后将此混悬液转变为颗粒。使有机液化剂或金属有机液化剂中的有机部分热分解，以便在所述颗粒材料中没有有机残余物。
根据本发明方法，优选向含水混悬液中加入粉末状的粘合剂和附加化合物，使所述附加有机化合物或其有机部分在颗粒化的过程中热分解或者在颗粒化过程后可选进行的干燥或热处理步骤中分解。
例如，颗粒化操作是在含有喷嘴或喷雾盘的喷雾干燥器中通过喷雾粒化进行的。然而，该操作也可以通过优选部分干燥材料的凝集制粒(平盘或转筒制粒)、混合器凝集或流化床制粒以及多种方法结合制粒来实施。制粒过程也可以通过胶料的成型，然后干燥、粉碎来实施。
所有可买到的制粒设备都是适合的设备。
此外可选进行的热处理步骤可以在常规装置如回转窑、连续窑或流化床中，在惰性、氧化或还原气氛下，于120℃至550℃，优选150℃至350℃进行。除了可以在正常压力下进行热处理外，也可以在加压或减压下进行。在500℃至1000℃的高温下，雾化无机颜料或填料也是可能的。
适合的粘合剂包括水溶性盐，例如，如碱金属和碱土金属及其它金属(如铝和铁)和铵的硫酸盐、氯化物、氟化物、硝酸盐、碳酸盐、硅酸盐、磷酸盐、亚硫酸盐、硒酸盐、铝酸盐、硼酸盐，硫酸镁尤为适合。基于颜料的用量为0.01和10％(重量)之间，优选0.05至5％(重量)，最优选0.2至4％(重量)。
所有具有直到250℃的低沸点或直到350℃的低分解点，及对含有元机盐的无机颜料或填料混悬液有液化作用的有机化合物都适合作为液化剂。
特别作为液化用途的有机化合物或金属有机化合物的化合物有：甲酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、草酸和它们的盐或衍生物(如：酯、酰氯等)、醇化物、聚丙烯酸酯、磺酸盐、聚天冬氨酸尤其是其铵盐形式、甲醛与胺的缩合产物，其用量为0.01至10％(重量)，优选0.1至5％(重量)。特别优选上述有机化合物的钠盐和铵盐。
优选下述物质作为颜料：氧化铁、二氧化钛、氧化铬、氧化锌、混合相金红石颜料、氧化铁锰和炭黑。
优选用作无机填料颗粒的物质是具有低着色力的无机化合物，如：天然氧化铁、硫化锌、氧化铝、重晶石、二氧化硅、硅酸盐(滑石、粘土、云母)、碳酸钙和硫酸钙。
也优选使产生的颗粒经有机化合物后处理。根据它们以后的用途(如：塑料、分散油漆、漆体系)，常可选特定和优选的有机化合物用于后处理。这类化合物的实例如下：
用于塑料：
乙醇、羧酸盐、酯、硅化合物、胺、酰胺、聚醚、多元醇；
用于分散油漆：
醇、酯、硅化合物、胺、酰胺、聚醚、多元醇；
用于漆体系：
醇、醇化物、羧酸盐、酯、硅化合物、胺、酰胺、聚醚、多元醇。
本发明进一步涉及根据本发明生产的颗粒用于使建筑材料如混凝土、沥青和水泥砂浆混合物着色和用于生产保护建筑物的色浆和油漆的用途。
为给混凝土和水泥砂浆着色，优选将所述颗粒加入混合器内的建筑材料中；工业通用的搅拌机或混合机设备可用于色浆和油漆的生产。
本发明用下述实施例详细说明，但不能认为受其限制。
实施例1
从Bayertitan R-FK-D(Bayer AG的产品)的含有50％粒子的混悬液生产二氧化钛颗粒。所述混悬液粘度为122毫帕.秒，加入硫酸镁后增至323毫帕.秒。加入聚丙烯酸酯(含有40％活性成份的3.8％Polystabil S’312由Stockhausen，Krefeld供应的产品)降至39毫帕.秒。通过加入1％草酸，50％混悬液的粘度同样降至98毫帕.秒。在工业可用的喷雾干燥器中通过喷雾盘雾化后(其水蒸发率为20公斤/小时，入口和出口温度分别为340℃和140℃)，接着于300℃后处理12小时后，没有发现来源于添加物的碳。得到具有d50为50微米的可自由流动的颗粒，可以轻易地掺入建筑材料中。
实施例2
使含有60％粒子的Bayferrox 130氧化铁红(Bayer AG产品)的混悬液在Niro提供的喷雾干燥器中雾化(喷雾盘转速为12000转/分，水蒸发率为20公斤/小时，进口温度为350℃，出口温度为140℃)。所述混悬液的粘度为14毫帕.秒。其颗粒很软，加入1％硫酸镁作为粘合剂，粘度增至190毫帕.秒。该增加的粘度可以通过加入具有液化作用的各种物质再降低：
1％甲酸 为136毫帕.秒
1％酒石酸 为40毫帕.秒
1％三异丙醇铝 为118毫帕.秒
干燥或于300℃后热处理12小时后，检测不到来源于液化剂的碳。得到的颗粒具有较好的稳定性，并可以像粉末一样容易地掺入混凝土块体中。
实施例3
Cromoxid GN(Bayer AG产品)的50％混悬液的粘度为324毫帕.秒。加入粘合剂如1％的硫酸镁，使其粘度增加约10％。加入缩合的有机多元酸或其相应的盐，如0.33％聚天冬氨酸，其粘度可明显降低到135毫帕.秒。雾化和于350℃热处理12小时后，没有发现来源于液化剂的碳。
同样，当加入1％甲酸钙或0.5％聚丙烯酸酯至二氧化钛中时，经热处理后也检测不到有机键合的碳。所有颗粒都可以像它们所基于的粉末一样容易地掺入混凝土中。
实施例4
当用3％硫酸镁作为粘合剂时，Bayferrox 330氧化铁黑(Bayer AG产品)的混悬液具有下述性质：
50％粒子 液体
55％粒子 粘着
60％粒子 糊状
含3％硫酸镁的55％混悬液可以通过加入有机液化剂，如2％甲酸或5％聚天冬氨酸的钠盐而容易地雾化。
使含有55％粒子，加上3％硫酸镁和2％甲酸的Bayferrox 330在由Schick提供的具有一空锥状喷嘴的并流喷嘴干燥器中雾化，喷嘴内径为1毫米，喷雾角度为30°，入口温度为400℃，出口气温度为160℃。产生的颗粒平均粒度为200微米。此材料可以自由流动并能容易地以计量量加入。掺入混凝土后的可视颜色同用粉末所得效果一样。该粉末中碳含量为1.32％，向色浆中加入甲酸后可提高至1.84％。所述颗粒材料中含有1.28％的碳；经后热处理，该碳含量降至1％以下；它于400℃降至0.8％；于550℃降至0.47％(温度为后热处理温度)。
Claims (5)
1.生产包含一种或多种颜料或填料和一种或多种无机粘合剂的无机颜料颗粒和无机填料颗粒的方法，颗粒含水量不超过5重量％，其粒径在100微米和2毫米之间，该方法包括下列步骤：向颜料或填料的含水混悬液中加入盐作为粘合剂，此外加入有机或金属有机液化剂，随后将所述混悬液转变为颗粒，其中，使所述有机液化剂或所述金属有机液化剂中的有机部分进行热分解，在所述颗粒材料中没有有机残留物；其中作为粘合剂使用无机金属盐，选自硼酸盐、碳酸盐、硅酸盐、硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐、硒酸盐、氯化物、氟化物、磷酸盐、硝酸盐和铝酸盐，其用量为0.01-10重量％；其中所述液化剂选自甲酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、草酸和它们的盐或衍生物，聚丙烯酸酯、聚天冬氨酸、磺酸盐、醇化物或甲醛与胺的缩合产物，所述液化剂的用量为0.01-10重量％。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其中用作颜料的有氧化铁、二氧化钛、氧化铬、氧化锌、金红石混合相颜料、氧化铁锰和炭黑。
3.根据权利要求1的方法，其中用作填料的低着色力无机化合物有二氧化硅、硅酸盐、碳酸钙和硫酸钙。
4.根据权利要求1的方法，其中，将所述混悬液转变为颗粒的步骤可选自喷雾干燥、凝集制粒、流化床过程、色浆成型后干燥、挤压或压紧过程后干燥和这些过程组合。
5.用于使建筑材料着色和用于生产保护建筑物的色浆和油漆的方法，该法包括使用经权利要求1方法所得颗粒的过程。
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| NL1002344C2 (nl) * | 1996-02-14 | 1997-08-15 | Dsm Nv | Granulaat dat anorganische korrels bevat en werkwijzen voor de bereiding van het granulaat en een mortel. |
| CA2393425C (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2011-02-08 | Sun Chemical Corporation | Organic pigment dispersion for coloring building materials |
| US6440561B2 (en) * | 1999-12-10 | 2002-08-27 | Toda Kogyo Corporation | Iron oxide hydroxide composite particles, pigment, paint and resin composition |
| DE10066190B4 (de) * | 2000-01-21 | 2004-11-04 | Brockhues Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verwendung einer Kombination aus Erdalkali-Ionen bindenden Verbindungen und Mono- oder Polyhydroxyverbindungen zur Herstellung von Pigmentgranulaten |
| DE10003248B4 (de) | 2000-01-26 | 2008-05-29 | Brockhues Gmbh & Co. Kg | Pigmentgranulat zur Einfärbung von unpolaren Medien sowie Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| AU5638201A (en) * | 2000-04-18 | 2001-10-30 | Innoface Consulting Oy | Pigment composite and method for the preparation thereof |
| EP1395526B1 (en) * | 2001-05-18 | 2010-09-01 | Sun Chemical Corporation | Method for coloring building materials using a cationic pigment dispersion |
| FI115046B (fi) * | 2001-11-01 | 2005-02-28 | Kautar Oy | Hydraulisesti kovettuva sideaineseos ja menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi |
| US6822033B2 (en) | 2001-11-19 | 2004-11-23 | United States Gypsum Company | Compositions and methods for treating set gypsum |
| ITMI20050443A1 (it) * | 2005-03-17 | 2006-09-18 | In T Ec S R L | Materiali litoidi granulari e procedimento per la loro preparazione |
| US8070895B2 (en) | 2007-02-12 | 2011-12-06 | United States Gypsum Company | Water resistant cementitious article and method for preparing same |
| US20090208763A1 (en) * | 2008-02-15 | 2009-08-20 | Troy Harris | Systems and methods for staining surfaces |
| DE102008020573A1 (de) * | 2008-04-24 | 2009-10-29 | Klaus Hudelmaier | Verfahren zum Herstellen pigmenthaltiger Produkte |
| US8329308B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 | 2012-12-11 | United States Gypsum Company | Cementitious article and method for preparing the same |
| US9267039B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2016-02-23 | Cristal Inorganic Chemicals Switzerland Ltd | Non-micronized pigment for plastics application |
| WO2016183840A1 (en) * | 2015-05-21 | 2016-11-24 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Spray-dried composite particles |
| DE102016009514A1 (de) * | 2016-08-04 | 2018-02-08 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen von Kompositpartikeln |
| CN116685647A (zh) * | 2020-12-23 | 2023-09-01 | 陶氏环球技术有限责任公司 | 缩短涂料组合物的干燥时间的方法和具有缩短的干燥时间的涂料组合物 |
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| WO1992017294A1 (de) * | 1991-03-28 | 1992-10-15 | DIPL.-ING. BELA TISZA & CO. vormals MÜHLENINDUSTRIE FÜR ZERKLEINERUNG UND AUFBEREITUNG GESELLSCHAFT M.B.H. | Verfahren zur herstellung von granuliertem stranggiesspulver |
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| US4267065A (en) * | 1978-08-01 | 1981-05-12 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Dispersants for a ceramic slurry |
| AU1087883A (en) * | 1982-02-02 | 1983-08-11 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Water dispersible, soluble granules |
| DE3232635A1 (de) * | 1982-09-02 | 1984-03-08 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur agglomeration von feinen pulvern |
| DE3619363A1 (de) * | 1986-06-09 | 1987-12-10 | Brockhues Chem Werke Ag | Verfahren zum einfaerben von beton |
| DE3910779A1 (de) * | 1989-04-04 | 1990-10-11 | Bayer Ag | Eisenoxidschwarzpigmentgranulate, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung sowie deren verwendung |
| DE4033825A1 (de) * | 1990-10-24 | 1992-04-30 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zum einfaerben von baustoffen |
| DE4119667A1 (de) * | 1991-06-14 | 1992-12-17 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zum einfaerben von baustoffen |
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| DE4336613C1 (de) * | 1993-10-27 | 1995-02-09 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Einfärbung von Baustoffen |
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1996
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1997
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- 1997-08-05 ES ES97113458T patent/ES2180864T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-08-05 DE DE59707907T patent/DE59707907D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-08-08 US US08/908,878 patent/US5882395A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-08-11 AU AU33262/97A patent/AU716295B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-08-12 JP JP22893597A patent/JPH10101963A/ja active Pending
- 1997-08-13 CA CA 2212988 patent/CA2212988A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-08-14 NO NO973741A patent/NO973741L/no unknown
- 1997-08-15 CN CN97117627A patent/CN1082984C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-08-15 BR BR9704367A patent/BR9704367A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-08-15 MX MX9706241A patent/MX9706241A/es not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1992017294A1 (de) * | 1991-03-28 | 1992-10-15 | DIPL.-ING. BELA TISZA & CO. vormals MÜHLENINDUSTRIE FÜR ZERKLEINERUNG UND AUFBEREITUNG GESELLSCHAFT M.B.H. | Verfahren zur herstellung von granuliertem stranggiesspulver |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH10101963A (ja) | 1998-04-21 |
| US5882395A (en) | 1999-03-16 |
| AU716295B2 (en) | 2000-02-24 |
| NO973741L (no) | 1998-02-17 |
| EP0825236A3 (de) | 1999-04-14 |
| BR9704367A (pt) | 1999-05-25 |
| AU3326297A (en) | 1998-02-26 |
| MX9706241A (es) | 1998-02-28 |
| DE19632928A1 (de) | 1998-02-19 |
| ES2180864T3 (es) | 2003-02-16 |
| NO973741D0 (no) | 1997-08-14 |
| DE59707907D1 (de) | 2002-09-12 |
| EP0825236A2 (de) | 1998-02-25 |
| EP0825236B1 (de) | 2002-08-07 |
| CA2212988A1 (en) | 1998-02-16 |
| CN1176980A (zh) | 1998-03-25 |
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