CN108138674A - 用于内燃机的废气后处理的方法以及装置 - Google Patents

用于内燃机的废气后处理的方法以及装置 Download PDF

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CN108138674A
CN108138674A CN201680057404.1A CN201680057404A CN108138674A CN 108138674 A CN108138674 A CN 108138674A CN 201680057404 A CN201680057404 A CN 201680057404A CN 108138674 A CN108138674 A CN 108138674A
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exhaust
internal combustion
combustion engine
catalytic unit
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S.保克纳
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Volkswagen AG
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/025Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
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    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2033Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using a fuel burner or introducing fuel into exhaust duct
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    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于内燃机(10)废气后处理的方法及具有实施该方法的废气后处理装置的内燃机(10)。借助压缩机(18)向内燃机(10)供给新鲜空气,内燃机(10)具有用于进气门(14)和/或排气门(16)的可调节的气门控制装置(12)且与废气通道(20)连接,其中在废气通道(20)中布置第一三效催化器(24),且沿内燃机(10)的废气流动方向在内燃机(10)的排气口下游且第一三效催化器(24)上游布置有用于将燃料引入废气通道(20)的喷射阀(26)。所述方法包括以下步骤:以扫气运行模式运行内燃机(10);将高于化学计量的废气导入废气通道(20)中;在废气通道(20)中将燃料计量加入第一三效催化器(24)上游,从而在第一三效催化器(24)的进口处设定化学计量的废气;且通过第一三效催化器(24)对化学计量的废气进行后处理。

Description

用于内燃机的废气后处理的方法以及装置
本发明涉及一种根据独立权利要求的用于内燃机的废气后处理的方法以及装置。
持续加强的排放法规以及需要进一步能耗优化的需求对车辆生产者提出了较高的要求,这些要求通过用于减少发动机的未处理排放的相应措施并且通过相应的废气后处理解决。为了降低能耗谋求所谓的小型化,其中,在功率相同的情况下使用具有较小排量和/或较少气缸的较小的发动机,从而能够减小燃烧室中的摩擦以及内燃机的重量。与此主要相关联的功率下降常常通过借助废气涡轮增压器实现的发动机的增压补偿。在小型增压发动机中前提要求在于在低转速下实现高转矩(所谓的“低端转矩”)。用于提高转矩的方法是所谓的扫气。在此,出现进气门和排气门的打开时间重叠,从而当存在正的扫气压降时,部分新鲜空气将位于气缸中的废气吹扫至排气歧管中,由此,与不具有气门叠开的传统运行相比明显改善了燃烧室的充气状况。通过提高废气通道中的质量流,基于提高的涡轮增压器转速能够设置尤其在低转速下的较高的增压压力。然而在有效的扫气中,产生高于化学计量的废气,也就是说,在废气通道中充斥着过剩的氧气,由此,三效催化器的功能受到损害,并且氮氧化物的排放升高(NOx排放)。由于被讨论的“实际驾驶排放”法规(RDE法规),低转速和高负荷下的运行点对于发动机和车辆的认证和许可也是重要的,因此,针对内燃机的扫气运行的废气后处理措施是必要的。
由文献DE 10 2013 202 196 A1已知一种用于在具有由内燃机和电动机构成的混合动力方案的机动车中进行废气后处理的方法,其中,内燃机至少分阶段地以扫气运行模式运行,其中,源自高于化学计量的废气中的氧气暂时贮存三效催化器中,以便避免氮氧化物排放(NOx排放)突增,并且通过关闭排气门周期性地以低于化学计量的浓混合气运行内燃机,以便清除三效催化器中的氧气贮存量。然而由此又降低了低转速下转矩增大的积极效应。
本发明所要解决的技术问题在于,提高低转速下的转矩,并且同时通过三效催化器实现高效的废气后处理。
所述技术问题通过一种用于内燃机的废气后处理的方法解决,其中,借助压缩机向内燃机供给新鲜空气,并且所述内燃机具有用于进气门和/或排气门的可调节的气门控制装置。此外,所述内燃机与废气通道连接,其中,在废气通道中布置有第一三效催化器,并且沿内燃机的废气流经废气通道的流动方向在内燃机的排气口的下游且在第一三效催化器的上游布置有用于将燃料引入废气通道的喷射阀。所述方法包括以下步骤:
-以扫气运行模式运行内燃机,
-将高于化学计量的废气导入废气通道中,
-在废气通道中将燃料计量加入第一三效催化器上游,从而在第一三效催
化器的进口处设定化学计量的废气,
-通过第一三效催化器对化学计量的废气进行后处理。
术语内燃机的扫气运行表示一种运行模式,其中,控制内燃机的进气门和/或排气门的气门打开时间,使得进气门的打开时间与排气门的打开时间产生重叠(所谓的气门叠开)。在此,当排气门尚未关闭时,进气门已经打开。当然,可以在其它运行模式、尤其不存在气门叠开的运行模式以外规定内燃机的扫气运行模式,并且可以根据预先确定的条件、尤其内燃机的运行点实施该扫气运行模式。在此情况下,可调节的气门控制装置例如可以理解为凸轮轴调节器,通过凸轮轴调节器可以相对改变进气门和/或排气门的打开时间。由此例如可以在低转速下实现进气门和排气门的打开时间对于扫气运行所需要的重叠。通过调节凸轮轴调节器使得在其它运行点、例如在高转速和高负荷下不出现进气门和排气门的气门打开时间的重叠。
所建议的解决方案的优点在于,通过进气门和排气门的气门打开时间的重叠实现了更好地将残余气体吹出内燃机的燃烧室,这实现了燃烧室的改善的充气状况以及涡轮增压器的涡轮机的更高的转速,由此可以提高内燃机的转矩。在高扫气速率下并且考虑到燃烧空气混合气的浓度由点火条件或者说碳烟形成的制约的事实情况,可能产生高于化学计量的废气。由于向第一三效催化器上游的废气通道中计量加入燃料,能够产生化学计量的废气,这样的废气可以有效地被三效催化器净化。由此即使在内燃机的扫气运行模式下也能够通过第一三效催化器实现有效的废气净化、尤其在扫气运行中产生的氮氧化物的有效减少。
通过从属权利要求中列举的措施可以有利地改进独立权利要求中所述的方法。
通过第一三效催化器对化学计量的废气进行的后处理包括废气(即源自发动机废气中的混合废气和额外计量加入的燃料)流入和流经三效催化器,三效催化器通过其三效催化涂层实现未燃尽的碳氢化合物(HC)、一氧化碳(CO)和氮氧化物(NOx)的催化转化。
根据所述方法的改进方案规定,在废气通道中在第一三效催化器上游设置第二三效催化器,其中,在第二三效催化器和第一三效催化器之间向废气通道中计量加入燃料。由于在扫气运行中未燃尽的碳氢化合物(HC)也随扫气空气一起被引入废气通道中,因此未燃尽的碳氢化合物可以在第二催化器上放热地转化。由于通过喷射阀引入废气通道中的燃料在第一三效催化器上放热地转化,因此将这两个放热反应分配到两个催化器上,由此避免三效催化器的热损伤或提前老化。
根据所述方法的另一改进方案规定,在废气通道中在第一三效催化器的下游布置有λ传感器,其中,通过λ传感器调节通过喷射阀的燃料量的剂量。由于通过测量技术不能探测内燃机的燃烧室中的精确的新鲜空气量,因此通过节气门的位置和喷射量控制燃烧空气比。为了使扫气运行中的燃烧空气比不必过浓,过浓可能导致颗粒排放增加并且由于未燃尽组分的放热转化导致三效催化器的构件损伤,因此如此选择燃烧空气比,使得在扫气运行中产生稀的、高于化学计量的废气空气比。然而由此不再能通过三效催化器有效减少氮氧化物排放(NOx排放)。通过第一三效催化器下游的λ传感器可以如此调节通过布置在废气通道中的喷射阀计量加入的燃料量,由此将在废气通道中在第一三效催化器上游的化学计量的废气空气比设置为,有利于通过第一三效催化器实现有效的废气净化。
根据所述方法的另一改进方案规定,所述压缩机由废气通道中的涡轮机驱动。通过废气通道中的涡轮机可以省去压缩机的机械或电气的驱动装置,由此不会损害内燃机的效率。需要内燃机的进气通道与内燃机的废气通道之间的压缩机以及相应压降,以便扫气运行中的气门打开时间的重叠可以被用于对燃烧室的有效吹扫,并且不会导致废气从废气通道中回流至燃烧室中。
在此特别有利的是,将燃料向废气通道中的计量加入是在涡轮机的下游并且第一三效催化器的上游进行的。当在涡轮机上游计量加入燃料时,作为副作用出现燃料与废气通道中的残余氧气的放热转换,由此,提供附加的能量用于涡轮机的驱动。然而,对于废气净化有意义的是,在涡轮机下游才计量加入燃料,因为在那里不会出现副作用,并且由此可以使所需的燃料量与废气通道中存在的残余氧气更精确地匹配。
按照本发明建议一种内燃机,其具有用于废气后处理的装置,所述内燃机具有可变气门控制装置、尤其凸轮轴调节器,利用所述气门控制装置能够改变进气门和/或排气门的打开时间,所述内燃机还具有用于向内燃机供给新鲜空气的压缩机以及废气通道,其中,在废气通道中,沿废气流经废气通道的流动方向在内燃机的排气口的下游布置有第一三效催化器,其中,在排气口的下游且第一三效催化器的上游布置有喷射阀,用于将燃料引入废气通道中,其中,内燃机设计用于实施上述用于废气后处理的方法。通过这种装置可以实施开头所述的方法,从而即使在内燃机的扫气运行中也能够通过三效催化器实现有效的废气后处理。
根据本发明的有利的实施方式规定,在废气通道中在排气口的下游且第一三效催化器的上游布置有第二三效催化器。由此可以实现特别有效的废气净化,因为第二三效催化器升温较快并且由此更快地达到运行温度,用于废气净化的催化反应在此运行温度上进行。
根据有利的改进方案规定,所述三效催化器中的至少一个设计为具有发挥三效催化作用的涂层的颗粒过滤器。通过颗粒过滤器能够附加地过滤源自废气中的碳烟颗粒。通过颗粒过滤器上的发挥三效催化作用的涂层能够实现三效催化器的废气净化作用。此外,向废气通道中的燃料喷射也可以用于预热废气以便还原颗粒过滤器,从而在此不需要附加的部件,而能够使用已存在的部件来实施按照本发明的方法。
根据有利的改进方案规定,第二三效催化器布置在发动机近旁,并且第一三效催化器布置在发动机的远处、尤其机动车的底部位置中。在此,发动机近旁的布置方式理解为在内燃机的排气口后的最高50cm、尤其最高30cm的平均废气行程。由于邻近内燃机,第二三效催化器能够在冷启动后特别快速地开始运转,从而第二三效催化器也作为启动催化器起作用。与此相反,第一三效催化器远离发动机的布置方式防止第一三效催化器在设置的放热反应中过热并且由此受到由热造成的损坏。此外,在底部区域有相对较多结构空间供利用,从而使第二三效催化器的简单安装是可行的。远离发动机的布置方式理解为在内燃机的排气口后的至少80cm、尤其至少100cm的平均废气行程。
根据另一有利的改进方案规定,在第二三效催化器的上游、第二三效催化器和第一三效催化器之间以及第一三效催化器的下游分别布置一个λ传感器。由此可以调节第一和第二三效催化器上的燃烧空气比以及废气空气比,从而在扫气运行以外也能够实现空气量的相应调节,使得能够通过这两个三效催化器和必要时废气后处理装置的其它布置在废气通道中的部件实现尽可能好的废气净化。
本发明的在此申请中提及的各种实施方式,如果在单个情况下同样地实施,则能够以优点相互组合。
以下在实施例中借助附图阐述本发明。在附图中:
图1示出具有进气道和用于实施按照本发明的废气后处理方法的废气通道的内燃机的实施例,
图2示出具有进气道和用于实施按照本发明的废气后处理方法的废气通道的内燃机的另一实施例,
图3示出具有进气道和用于实施按照本发明的废气后处理方法的废气通道的内燃机的另一实施例,
图4示出在内燃机的扫气运行中进气门和排气门的打开和关闭以及气门打开时间的重叠的示意图,
图5示出增压的内燃机以及在扫气运行中当进气门和排气门的气门打开时间重叠时的扫气过程的示意图。
图1示出具有进气道40以及废气通道20的内燃机10。内燃机10例如是用涡轮增压器46增压的外源点火式内燃机。在进气道40中布置有涡轮增压器46的压缩机18,压缩机18以相对周围环境提高的压力将空气输送至内燃机的燃烧室42中。此外,在进气道中布置有节气门44,通过节气门44可以控制输送至燃烧室42的空气量。废气通道20连接着内燃机10的燃烧室42的排气口22,在废气通道20中,沿内燃机10的废气的流动方向布置有涡轮增压器46的涡轮机32、第二三效催化器28以及第一三效催化器24。通过图5所示的进气门14和排气门16能封闭内燃机10的燃烧室42,这些进气门14和排气门16可以被打开用于燃烧室42中的燃烧混合气的换气过程。在废气通道20中,沿废气流动方向在第二三效催化器28的下游且第一三效催化器24的上游布置有喷射阀26,用于将燃料计量加入废气通道20中。在此,第一三效催化器优选布置在机动车的底部位置中,而第二三效催化器28布置在发动机近旁的位置中。在第一三效催化器24的下游设置λ传感器30,用于调节通过喷射阀26输入的燃料量。在第二三效催化器28的上游和下游分别设置另外的λ传感器36、38,通过λ传感器36、38能调节内燃机10的燃烧空气比λE
在内燃机10运行中,空气通过进气道40被吸入并且被压缩机18压缩,从而在进气道40中在进气门14上游产生进气压力或者说增压压力p2。进气压力p2大于在废气通道20中在排气门16下游的压力p3(废气背压)。在内燃机10的扫气运行中,通过图5中象征性示出的气门控制装置12如此改变进气门14和排气门16的打开时间,使得出现进气门14和排气门16的打开时间的重叠(气门叠开)。在此,在排气门16关闭前进气门14就已经打开。由于进气道40和废气通道20之间的压力梯度p2>p3出现利用新鲜空气吹扫燃烧室42,因为新鲜空气可以通过进气门14流入燃烧室42中并且从燃烧室42开始直接通过排气门16流入废气通道20中。这实现了改善的残余废气扫气、即更好地将燃烧后的气体从燃烧室42中排出,也实现了燃烧室42的提高的新鲜空气充气效率以及提高了涡轮增压器46的涡轮机32的转速。所述气门叠开在图4中示出。进气门14和排气门16的打开时间的调节例如可以借助凸轮轴调节器通过用于气门控制的进气凸轮轴和/或排气凸轮轴的旋转实现。通过所述方法可以提高内燃机10的转矩。
由于在测量技术上不能探测内燃机10的燃烧室42中的精确的新鲜空气量,因此通过节气门44的位置和喷射到内燃机10的燃烧室42中的燃料的喷射量控制燃烧室42中的燃烧空气比λE。为了避免燃烧室42中的混合气过浓,在扫气运行中调节废气空气比λA1>1,即内燃机10的排气口22下游的废气通道20中的氧气过量。在此稀的废气空气比下,不再能通过三效催化器24、28减少氮氧化物。为了设置第一三效催化器24的进口处的化学计量的废气空气比λA2=1,在第一三效催化器24的上游和第二三效催化器28的下游将燃料(HC)喷射至废气通道20中。能够通过第一三效催化器24下游的λ传感器30调节喷射的燃料量。由于化学计量的废气空气比,可以通过第一三效催化器24有效转化废气的所有气态有害物质。
在图2中示出按照本发明的具有用于废气后处理的装置的内燃机10的备选实施例。在尽量相同的结构中,第二三效催化器28设计为具有发挥三效催化作用的涂层的颗粒过滤器34。由此除了有效的废气净化外,可以额外地拦截碳烟颗粒。在此能够以稀混合气运行内燃机10以便还原颗粒过滤器34,并且燃料在颗粒过滤器34的下游被计量加入到废气通道20中,以便在第一三效催化器24上实现化学计量的废气,这样的废气可以通过第一三效催化器24被净化。
备选地也可以如图3中所示将第一三效催化器24设计为具有发挥三效催化作用的涂层的颗粒过滤器34。在此,在与扫气运行不同的运行点中利用喷射阀26和计量加入燃料,以便预热废气通道20并且由此能够还原颗粒过滤器34。
附图标记列表
10 内燃机
12 气门控制装置
14 进气门
16 排气门
18 压缩机
20 废气通道
22 排气口
24 第一三效催化器
26 喷射阀
28 第二三效催化器
30 λ传感器
32 涡轮机
34 颗粒过滤器
36 λ传感器
38 λ传感器
40 进气道
42 燃烧室
44 节气门
46 涡轮增压器
λE 燃烧空气比
λA1 计量加入HC前的废气空气比
λA2 计量加入HC后的废气空气比
HC 碳氢化合物
p2 进气门上游的进气道中的压力/进气压力
p3 排气门下游的废气通道中的压力/废气背压

Claims (10)

1.一种用于内燃机(10)的废气后处理的方法,其中,借助压缩机(18)向所述内燃机(10)供给新鲜空气,并且所述内燃机(10)具有用于进气门(14)和/或排气门(16)的可调节的气门控制装置(12),并且其中,所述内燃机(10)与废气通道(20)连接,并且在所述废气通道(20)中布置有第一三效催化器(24),并且沿废气的流动方向在所述内燃机(10)的排气口(22)的下游且第一三效催化器(24)的上游布置有用于将燃料引入所述废气通道(20)的喷射阀(26),所述方法包括以下步骤:
-以扫气运行模式运行所述内燃机(10),
-将高于化学计量的废气导入所述废气通道(20)中,
-在废气通道(20)中将燃料计量加入第一三效催化器(24)上游,从而在第一三效催化器(24)的进口处设定化学计量的废气,并且
-通过第一三效催化器(24)对化学计量的废气进行后处理。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在第一三效催化器(24)的上游设置第二三效催化器(28),其中,在第二三效催化器(28)和第一三效催化器(24)之间向所述废气通道(20)中计量加入燃料。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述废气通道(20)中在第一三效催化器(24)的下游布置有λ传感器(30),其中,通过λ传感器(30)调节通过所述喷射阀(26)的燃料量的剂量。
4.按照权利要求1至3之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述压缩机(18)由所述废气通道(20)中的涡轮机(32)驱动。
5.按照权利要求4所述的方法,其中,燃料向废气通道(20)中的计量加入在所述涡轮机(32)的下游且第一三效催化器(24)的上游完成。
6.一种内燃机(10),其具有用于废气后处理的装置,所述内燃机(10)包括:可变气门控制装置(12),利用所述可变气门控制装置(12)能够改变所述内燃机(10)的进气门(14)和/或排气门(16)的打开时间,所述内燃机(10)还具有用于向内燃机(10)供给新鲜空气的压缩机(18)以及废气通道(20),其中,在所述废气通道(20)中,沿废气的流动方向在所述内燃机(10)的排气口(22)的下游布置有第一三效催化器(24),其特征在于,在所述排气口(22)的下游且是第一三效催化器(24)的上游布置有用于将燃料引入所述废气通道(20)中的喷射阀(26),其中,所述内燃机(10)设计用于实施按照权利要求1至5之一所述的方法。
7.按照权利要求6所述的内燃机(10),其特征在于,在所述废气通道(20)中在所述排气口(22)的下游且第一三效催化器(24)的上游布置有第二三效催化器(28)。
8.按照权利要求7所述的内燃机(10),其特征在于,所述三效催化器(24、28)中的至少一个设计为颗粒过滤器(34)上的发挥三效催化作用的涂层。
9.按照权利要求7或8所述的内燃机(10),其特征在于,第二三效催化器(28)布置在发动机近旁,并且第一三效催化器(24)布置在发动机的远处、尤其机动车的底部位置中。
10.按照权利要求7至9之一所述的内燃机(100),其特征在于,在第二三效催化器(28)的上游、第二三效催化器(28)和第一三效催化器(24)之间以及第一三效催化器(24)的下游分别布置一个λ传感器(30、36、38)。
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