CN108123105B - 一种离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料及制备和应用 - Google Patents
一种离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料及制备和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108123105B CN108123105B CN201611057483.4A CN201611057483A CN108123105B CN 108123105 B CN108123105 B CN 108123105B CN 201611057483 A CN201611057483 A CN 201611057483A CN 108123105 B CN108123105 B CN 108123105B
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- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 22
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910010682 Li5AlO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910008090 Li-Mn-O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910006369 Li—Mn—O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910000473 manganese(VI) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 150000002696 manganese Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 13
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
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- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004697 Polyetherimide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium isopropoxide Chemical compound [Al+3].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-] SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013256 coordination polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001795 coordination polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 F127 Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
- JCCYXJAEFHYHPP-OLXYHTOASA-L dilithium;(2r,3r)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O JCCYXJAEFHYHPP-OLXYHTOASA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940071264 lithium citrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium citrate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;formate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C=O XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910002099 LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 7
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- 229910014279 LixNi1−xO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth(iii) oxide Chemical compound O=[Bi]O[Bi]=O WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
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- 230000005536 Jahn Teller effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910013191 LiMO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910016765 Ni0.5Mn1.5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- FFBHFFJDDLITSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl N-[2-hydroxy-4-(3-oxomorpholin-4-yl)phenyl]carbamate Chemical compound OC1=C(NC(=O)OCC2=CC=CC=C2)C=CC(=C1)N1CCOCC1=O FFBHFFJDDLITSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000152 cobalt phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin-22,24-diide Chemical compound [Cu+2].C1=CC(C(=C2C=CC([N-]2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(N=2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=C3[N-]2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC1=C3C1=CC=CC=C1 RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;dioxido(dioxo)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Mn]([O-])(=O)=O QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007323 disproportionation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- BLYYANNQIHKJMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[O--].[Mn++].[Ni++] BLYYANNQIHKJMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
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- H01G11/46—Metal oxides
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- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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Abstract
本发明为一种离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料及制备和应用,所述正极材料为具有一层离子导体材料包覆在体相材料表面的复合氧化物,表达式为(1‑w1‑w2)Li‑Mn‑O·w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4,其中体相材料Li‑Mn‑O可为具有尖晶石结构的Li1+xNiyMzMn2‑y‑zO4‑Δ材料,或为具有层状结构的aLi2MnO3·(1‑a)LiM’sR1‑ sO2材料,或为两类材料组成的复合材料,离子导体层为w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4组成。本发明的正极材料具有高能量密度、优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于储能领域,具体涉及一种离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料及制备和应用。
背景技术
自1990年商业化以来,锂离子电池被广泛应用于笔记本电脑、移动电话、数码相机等便携式电子设备领域。近年来,随着能源和环境等问题的日益加剧以及电子产品轻量化的要求,锂离子电池作为具有最高能量密度和功率密度的二次电池,逐步应用于电动汽车以及航天航空、人造卫星等领域。然而,目前商业化的锂离子电池仍无法满足电动汽车对电池高能量密度的要求。研发比能量更高、寿命更长的锂离子电池是电动汽车产业发展的关键。目前,正极材料是制约锂离子电池性能提高的关键因素,开发高电压型或高比容量型正极材料是提高锂离子电池能量密度的根本途径。
钴酸锂是目前商品锂离子电池使用最多的正极材料,但钴资源稀少、价格昂贵、存在污染及安全性差等问题限制了钴酸锂电池在大容量电池应用领域的实际使用。
具有尖晶石结构的锰酸锂及其改性材料因价格低廉、安全性高、无毒等优点受到了人们的广泛关注和研究。特别是LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料具有4.7V的工作电压,理论质量比容量可达147mAh g-1;并且该化合物具有三维的Li+扩散通道,使得材料具有良好的倍率性能,成为高比能、高比功率车用锂离子电池的理想正极材料之一。但是,具有尖晶石结构的锰基氧化物正极材料一般都存在循环稳定性差、容量衰减严重等问题,导致材料的实际性能尚不理想。造成这一问题的主要原因是电解液在较高的电极电势下的分解产物可腐蚀活性物质,导致材料性能下降。同时,因受电解液分解产物侵蚀以及Mn3+歧化反应(2Mn3+→Mn2++Mn4+)的影响,Mn2+在材料与电解液的界面发生溶解,造成材料容量损失。同时,由于Jahn–Teller效应材料晶体结构由立方相转变成四方相,这种不可逆的相转变,也是造成材料容量衰减的重要原因。
具有层状结构的aLi2MnO3·(1-a)LiMO2(M=Mn,Co,Ni等)材料比容量可达250~300mAh g-1,且因组成多样化、价格低廉且环境友好等优点受到广泛关注,是高比能锂离子电池的又一理想材料。但在实际应用中,因电子电导率过低和析氧反应导致界面副反应加剧,因此该材料存在倍率性能和循环稳定性差等问题。
表面包覆是目前提高这两类材料界面稳定性和循环性能的有效手段之一。作包覆层的常用物质包括氧化物(如Al2O3、ZnO、Bi2O3、SiO2)、氟化物(AlF3、CaF2、NH4HF)和磷酸盐(AlPO4、Co3(PO4)2、FePO4)等。金属氧化物包覆层能隔绝活性物质与电解液分解产物(HF等)的接触,减少界面副反应导致活性物质结构的破坏或流失,且其半导体特性有利于电子的快速传输。Sun等人指出金属氧化物包覆层易与电解液的分解产物(HF)反应而从活性物质的表面脱落,不利于提高电极材料的长期循环稳定性(The role of AlF3 coatings inimproving electrochemical cycling of Li-enriched nickel-manganese oxideelectrodes for Li-ion batteries:Adv.Mater.,2012,24(9):1192)。氟化物和磷酸盐能够抵制HF的侵蚀,但其极差的电子导电性不利于电极材料倍率性能的提升。因此研究者转向具有较高化学稳定性的锂离子导体包覆层的研究。如Chong等人固相法合成的LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4材料在250次充放电后容量衰减至70%,而改性的LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li4P2O7材料在经历了893次循环后,容量保持率仍可达到74.3%(Surface stabilized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4cathode materials with high-rate capability and long cycle life for lithiumion batteries:Nano Energy 2013,2,283–293),材料倍率性能也有很大的提升,LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li4P2O7材料40C放电比容量可达0.1C时的86.7%,而LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4仅为34.4%。该团队合成的LiPO3/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4相较于LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4材料在循环性能和倍率性能方面也得到了很大提高(High performance LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material with abi-functional coating for lithium ion batteries:RSC Adv.,2016,6,19245)。由此可见,离子导体包覆层是提高材料循环稳定性和倍率性能十分有效的一种优化策略。
本发明旨在公开一种离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料及其制备方法,所制备的材料具有优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能,且合成条件简单、易控,成本低廉,易实现工业化生产。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料及制备和应用,开发出一种具有优良倍率性能和循环性能的锰基氧化物正极材料,及简单、易控,成本低廉的合成方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案是:
一种离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料,所述正极材料为为具有一层离子导体材料包覆在体相材料表面的复合氧化物,表达式为(1-w1-w2)Li-Mn-O·w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4,体相材料Li-Mn-O可为具有尖晶石结构的Li1+xNiyMzMn2-y-zO4-△材料,或为具有层状结构的aLi2MnO3·(1-a)LiM’sR1-sO2材料,或为两类材料组成的复合材料,其中,0.1≤x≤0.2,0≤y≤0.6,0≤z≤1.25,0≤y+z≤1.25,0≤△≤0.05;0<a<1,0.8≤s≤1;M为Co、Cr、Zr、Cu、Fe、Zn中的一种或两种以上;M’为Ni、Mn、Co中的一种或两种以上;R为Cr、Zr、Cu、Fe、Zn中的一种或两种以上;
所述正极材料的离子导体层,化学组成为w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4,厚度为1~20nm,w1和w2分别为Li4SiO4和Li5AlO4在该正极材料中所占的质量分数,0≦w1≦0.10,0<w2≦0.10,且优选0.03≦w1+w2≦0.12。
(1-w1-w2)Li-Mn-O·w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4,体相材料Li-Mn-O可为具有尖晶石结构的Li1+xNiyMzMn2-y-zO4-Δ材料,或为具有层状结构的aLi2MnO3·(1-a)LiM’sR1-sO2材料,或为两类材料组成的复合材料;所开发正极材料的外层修饰部分为离子导体,化学组成为w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4,厚度为1~20nm。表面离子导体包覆层w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4能够保护体相材料Li1+xNiyMzMn2-y-zO4-Δ和aLi2MnO3·(1-a)LiM’sR1-sO2免受电解液分解产物的侵蚀,并且促进电极/电解液界面的离子迅速传输,因此材料具有优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能。该正极材料可应用于锂离子电池或非对称型超级电容器等电化学储能装置中。
一种离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料(1-w1-w2)Li-Mn-O·w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4的制备方法:
(1)将体相材料Li-Mn-O或者体相材料的前驱体材料分散于水或有机溶剂或两者的混合溶剂中,配制成悬浮液A,浓度为0.1~20g/L,分散方式可为超声、搅拌、表面活性剂中的一种或者两种以上;
(2)将摩尔比为100:0~10:0.01~9的锂源、硅源和铝源可直接加入悬浮液A,也可将锂源、硅源和铝源中的一种或者两种以上按上述比例溶解或分散于水或有机溶剂或两者的混合溶剂中,制得溶液或悬浮液B,逐滴滴加到悬浮液A中,溶液或悬浮液B的浓度为0.005~2.5mol/L,滴加速度为0.02~20mL/min;
(3)利用盐酸或氨水调节反应体系的pH值为4.0~11.0,并剧烈搅拌,搅速为600~6000rpm,搅拌时间为3~48h,反应温度为50~90℃;
(4)将步骤(3)中的产物离心、洗涤后过夜干燥或搅拌蒸干,与适量锂源混合后于400~900℃焙烧0.5~30h,制得离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料。
开发的正极材料的体相材料Li-Mn-O可为具有尖晶石结构的Li1+xNiyMzMn2-y-zO4-Δ材料,或为具有层状结构的aLi2MnO3·(1-a)LiM’sR1-sO2材料,或为两类材料组成的复合材料,其中,0.1≤x≤0.2,0≤y≤0.6,0≤z≤1.25,0≤y+z≤1.25,0≤Δ≤0.05;0<a<1,0.8≤s≤1;M为Co、Cr、Zr、Cu、Fe、Zn中的一种或两种以上;M’为Ni、Mn、Co中的一种或两种以上;R为Cr、Zr、Cu、Fe、Zn中的一种或两种以上;
所开发正极材料的离子导体层,化学组成为w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4,w1和w2分别为Li4SiO4和Li5AlO4相对于体相材料的质量分数,0≦w1≦0.10,0<w2≦0.10,且优选0.03≦w1+w2≦0.12。
制备过程中所用的体相材料Li1+xNiyMzMn2-y-zO4-Δ或aLi2MnO3·(1-a)LiM’sR1-sO2或两者的复合材料的制备方法可为固相法、液相法、气相沉积法中的一种或两种以上。
分散所用有机溶剂可为甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、异丙醇、聚乙二醇等中的一种或两种以上。
分散所用表面活性剂可为聚甲基丙烯酰胺、聚醚酰亚胺、F127、P123、聚丙烯酰胺、柠檬酸、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺等中的一种或者两种以上。
锂源可以是氢氧化锂、甲酸锂、乙酸锂、柠檬酸锂、酒石酸锂中的一种或两种以上;
硅源可以是硅溶胶、硅酸钠、硅酸四乙酯等中的一种或两种以上;
铝源可以是硫酸铝、硝酸铝、异丙醇铝等中的一种或两种以上。
反应体系的pH值优选7.0~10.0,搅拌时间优选6~24h,反应温度优选65~80℃,焙烧时间优选3~12h。
一种离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料的应用,所述正极材料应用于电化学储能装置中;所述电化学储能装置可为锂离子电池或非对称型超级电容器。
本发明具有以下的优点:
1、本发明所合成的离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料(1-w1-w2)Li-Mn-O·w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4具有高能量密度、优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能,解决了限制这一类材料实际应用的技术瓶颈。
2、同时,本发明还提供了制备(1-w1-w2)Li-Mn-O·w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4正极材料的方法。该方法工艺简单,成本低廉,易于实现大规模生产。
本发明的正极材料的体相材料Li-Mn-O为具有4.0V(vs.Li/Li+)及以上的嵌、脱锂电极电势的Li1+xNiyMzMn2-y-zO4-Δ或具有250mAh g-1以上的比容量的aLi2MnO3·(1-a)LiM’sR1-sO2,可获得高能量密度;在该材料表面合成离子导体层w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4,能够保护体相材料Li-Mn-O免受电解液分解产物的侵蚀,且提高界面离子电导率,促进锂离子的快速传输,因此材料具有优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能。
本发明的优异之处在于:
(1)本发明合成出组成为Li4SiO4和Li5AlO4的表面层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料(1-w1-w2)Li-Mn-O·w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4,该材料除具备体相材料Li1+xNiyMzMn2-y-zO4-Δ或aLi2MnO3·(1-a)LiM’sR1-sO2赋予的高能量密度外,表面包覆层(Li4SiO4和Li5AlO4)能显著抑制电解液分解产物的侵蚀,减少了体相材料结构的破坏和质量的损失,因而获得了优异的循环稳定性。
(2)本发明提供了Li4SiO4和Li5AlO4为组成的表面包覆层设计思路,原料储量丰富、价格低廉、生产工艺简单易行等优点,有利于大规模的工业化生产。
(3)本发明提供了Li4SiO4和Li5AlO4为组成的离子导体层设计思路,具有高电化学稳定性,如Li4SiO4·Li5AlO4电化学窗口可高达5.4V,能够适用于体相材料Li1+xNiyMzMn2-y- zO4-Δ的3.5~5.0V的充放电工作条件;此外该离子导体层离子电导率可达10-8~10-7S/cm,相比未修饰的Li-Mn-O材料表面形成的SEI膜更利于锂离子的传输,从而提高Li-Mn-O材料的循环稳定和倍率性能。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中0.95LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4·0.05Li4SiO4材料的扫描和透射图;
图2为实施例1中的材料1C倍率下的充放电曲线;
图3为实施例中材料的倍率性能曲线;
图4为实施例1材料20C倍率放电的循环性能曲线;
图5为实施例2与对比例中的材料的X射线衍射图(XRD);
图6为实施例2中材料的扫描电镜图;
图7为实施例2的材料1C倍率下的充放电曲线;
图8为实施例2和对比例中材料20C放电倍率下的循环性能曲线;
图9为实施例3中材料在1C、20C放电时的电压-容量曲线。
具体实施方式
下述实施例中所使用的材料、试剂均可从一般商业途径得到;所使用的实施方法均是常规方法。实施例是对本发明的进一步说明,但不限制本发明的范围。
本发明的正极材料具有4.0V(vs.Li/Li+)及以上的嵌、脱锂电极电势或250mAh g-1;通过提高锂源的用量和调控煅烧程序和冷却条件等实现了以LiOH、Li2CO3为组分的原位表面包覆,表面惰性包覆层LiOH、Li2CO3能够保护体相材料(Li1+xNiyMzMn2-y-zO4)免受HF侵蚀,材料因此具有优异的循环稳定性和高温稳定性。本专利提供的电极材料有望应用于高比能量和高比功率型锂离子电池,如电动车用动力电池等;所提供的合成工艺具有操作简便、成本低廉,易于实现工业化生产。
实施例1
(1)将1g LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4(固相法合成)材料分散于80mL乙醇中,超声分散0.5h,配成悬浮液A,置于60℃水浴中;
(2)取100mL 6.2*10-3mol/L乙醇分散的SiO2溶胶加入悬浮液A中,后以0.02mL/min逐滴滴加10mL 0.137mol/L柠檬酸水溶液和10mL 0.1mol/L氢氧化锂水溶液并剧烈搅拌,搅速800rpm,滴加过程中用2.5wt.%的氨水溶液调节反应体系pH~8.5,搅拌4h;
(3)于80℃搅拌蒸干,500℃焙烧5h,得到LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4@3wt.%Li4SiO4
(4)物相分析:将制备得到的材料做X射线衍射谱分析,所示得到的材料具有尖晶石结构,属于Fd-3m晶型,且具有很高的结晶度。
(5)形貌表征:对材料微观形貌进行考察,附图1显示材料粒径为2.0~4.0μm,在材料表面约有1.5nm厚的无定形层。
(6)电化学性能测试:
将LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4@3wt.%Li4SiO4作为锂离子电池正极材料,与乙炔黑、PVDF按照质量比80:15:10的比例混合得到浆料。将浆料均匀涂布在铝箔上得到工作电极,以锂片为对电极,Celgard 2400膜为隔膜,1M LiPF6/EC+DMC+EMC(EC:DMC:EMC=1:1:1)为电解液,在充满氩气的手套箱中组装成CR2016纽扣电池。将上述电池在LAND电池测试仪上进行充放电测试。充放电电压范围3.5~5.0V。如附图2所示,以1C恒流充放电,可逆充放电比容量为127.4mAh g-1,中值电压高达4.67V。附图3为材料在1C、5C、10C、15C、20C、40C、1C倍率下各充放电循环10次的测试曲线,40C放电比容量可达112mAh g-1以上,经历高倍率放电后材料仍能回复到初始1C放电时的比容量,可见LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4@3wt.%Li4SiO4材料具有优异的倍率性能。附图4所示,该材料在20C放电时比容量可达到125.7mAh g-1,400次循环后容量保持率高达88.3%。可见LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4@3wt.%Li4SiO4材料循环稳定性非常优异。
实施例2
(1)将1g Ni0.5Mn1.5Ox(固相法制备)材料分散于100mL醇水混合溶液中(乙醇与水体积比为7:1),超声分散为悬浮液A;
(2)85℃下将20mL 2.5mol/L的硅酸钠溶液以10mL/min逐滴滴加到A中,2.5wt.%氨水溶液调节反应体系的pH~10,搅拌3h;
(3)对产物进行离心、洗涤,过夜干燥,再与过量10%的乙酸锂进行混合、煅烧,煅烧程序为500℃5h+900℃12h+700℃12h。
(4)物相分析和形貌表征:附图5的X射线衍射谱表明得到的材料具有尖晶石结构,属于Fd-3m晶型,含有少量杂相LixNi1-xO(x~0.2)。对材料微观形貌进行考察(附图6),材料粒径为2~3μm且材料表面较粗糙,说明可能有表面层形成。
(6)电化学性能的测试:
以与实施例1相同的操作条件对LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4@5wt.%Li4SiO4材料进行测试。如附图7所示,该材料以1C充放电时比容量为125.8mAh g-1。附图8的循环性能曲线显示20C放电时,该材料比容量可达124.9mAh g-1,500次循环后容量仍可保持在83.0%。
实施例3
(1)将液相共沉淀法合成的0.5g LiNi0.4Cr0.2Mn1.4O4材料超声分散于40mL去离子水中,加入20mL含有0.05g聚醚酰亚胺的水溶液搅拌2h,称为悬浮液A;
(2)加入适量乙酸锂固体颗粒搅拌溶解,于80℃下向A中以20mL/min逐滴滴加0.03mol/L的硅酸四乙酯和硝酸铝溶液,利用盐酸和氨水溶液控制反应体系的pH~4.0保持2h,搅拌速度为2000rpm;
(3)将反应溶液搅拌蒸干后,进行热处理:500℃3h,制得0.88LiNi0.4Cr0.2Mn1.4O4·0.07Li4SiO4·0.05Li5AlO4材料。
(4)物相分析和形貌表征:X射线衍射谱表明得到的材料具有尖晶石结构,属于Fd-3m晶型,材料的结晶度稍差,可能是由于离子导体形成过程中队体相材料的结构造成了破坏。对材料微观形貌进行考察,材料粒径2~4um,在材料表面可观察到~20nm厚的无定形层。
(5)电化学性能的测试:以与实施例1相同的操作、条件对0.88LiNi0.4Cr0.2Mn1.4O4·0.07Li4SiO4·0.05Li5AlO4材料进行测试。如附图9所示,该材料1C、20C放电时比容量分别为118.0mAh g-1和112.7mAh g-1,可见该材料具有不错的倍率性能。
实施例4
(1)将3g PTA-Ni,Mn(PTA-Ni,Mn为PTA与Ni、Mn形成的配位聚合物)材料分散于75mL异丙醇溶液中,加入适量的F123进行分散,为悬浮液A;
(2)50℃下将5mL 0.01mol/L的硅酸四乙酯溶液和10mL 0.2mol/L的异丙醇铝溶液以0.1mL/min逐滴滴加到A中,10wt.%盐酸溶液调节反应体系的pH~7,搅拌48h;
(3)对产物进行离心、洗涤,过夜干燥,再与适量的碳酸锂进行混合、煅烧,煅烧程序为500℃5h+900℃10h。
(4)物相分析和形貌表征:X射线衍射谱表明得到的材料具有尖晶石结构,属于Fd-3m晶型,含有少量杂相LixNi1-xO(x~0.2)。对材料微观形貌进行考察,材料粒径为1~3μm且材料表面粗糙,说明有表面层形成,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱等技术,得到的样品为0.885LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4·0.003Li4SiO4·0.11Li5AlO4材料。
(6)电化学性能的测试:
以与实施例1相同的操作条件对0.885LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4·0.003Li4SiO4·0.11Li5AlO4材料进行测试。该材料以1C充放电时比容量为115.8mAh g-1,20C放电时,该材料比容量可达104.6mAh/g,500次循环后容量仍可保持在85.0%。
对比例
与实施例2制备方法相同,不同之处在于pH值~9,最终制得LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4@5wt.%Li4SiO4材料。将X射线衍射谱(附图5)表明制得的材料具有尖晶石结构但含有较明显的杂相LixNi1-xO(0≦x≦0.5)。在透射电镜下几乎观测不到表面层的形成。以与实施例1相同的条件进行测试,20C循环性能如附图8所示,以20C倍率进行500次放电后,比容量仅为80.9mAhg-1,容量保持率为72.9%,循环稳定性比实施例2中的同组成的材料(500次容量保持率为83.0%)差很多,可见离子包覆层的成功合成有利于提高体相材料的循环稳定性。
Claims (7)
1.一种离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料,其特征在于:
所述正极材料为具有一层离子导体包覆在体相材料表面的复合氧化物,表达式为(1-w1-w2)Li-Mn-O·w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4,
所述体相材料Li-Mn-O可为具有尖晶石结构的Li1NiyMzMn2-y-zO4-△材料,或为具有层状结构的aLi2MnO3·(1-a)LiM’sR1-sO2材料,或为两类材料组成的复合材料,其中,0≤y≤0.6,0≤z≤1.25,0≤y+z≤1.25,0≤△≤0.05;0<a<1,0.8≤s≤1;M为Co、Cr、Zr、Cu、Fe、Zn中的一种或两种以上;M’为Ni、Mn、Co中的一种或两种以上;R为Cr、Zr、Cu、Fe、Zn中的一种或两种以上;
所述正极材料的离子导体层,化学组成为w1Li4SiO4·w2Li5AlO4,厚度为1~20nm,w1和w2分别为Li4SiO4和Li5AlO4在该正极材料中所占的质量分数,0<w1≦0.10,0<w2≦0.10,且优选0.03≦w1+w2≦0.12;
所述离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料的制备方法如下:
(1)将体相材料分散于水中,配制成悬浮液A,浓度为0.1~20g/L,分散方式可为超声、搅拌、表面活性剂中的一种或者两种以上;体相材料的前驱体材料可为氧化物、碳酸盐、氢氧化物、金属-有机配位聚合物中的一种或者两种以上;
(2)将摩尔比为100:0~10:0.01~9的锂源、硅源和铝源可直接加入悬浮液A,也可将锂源、硅源和铝源中的一种或者两种以上按上述比例溶解或分散于水或有机溶剂或两者的混合溶剂中,制得溶液或悬浮液B,逐滴滴加到悬浮液A中,溶液或悬浮液B的浓度为0.005~2.5mol/L,滴加速度为0.02~20mL/min;
(3)利用盐酸或氨水调节反应体系的pH值为7.0≤pH≤10.0且pH≠9,并剧烈搅拌,搅速为600~6000rpm,搅拌时间为6~24h,反应温度为65~80℃;
(4)将步骤(3)中的产物离心、洗涤后过夜干燥或搅拌蒸干,与适量锂源混合后于400~900℃焙烧3~12h,制得离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料,其特征在于:体相材料Li1+xNiyMzMn2-y-zO4-△或aLi2MnO3·(1-a)LiM’sR1-sO2或两者的复合材料的制备方法可为固相法、液相法、气相沉积法中的一种或两种以上。
3.一种权利要求1所述离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:
(1)将体相材料Li-Mn-O分散于水中,配制成悬浮液A,浓度为0.1~20g/L,分散方式可为超声、搅拌、表面活性剂中的一种或者两种以上;体相材料的前驱体材料可为氧化物、碳酸盐、氢氧化物、金属-有机配位聚合物中的一种或者两种以上;
(2)将摩尔比为100:0~10:0.01~9的锂源、硅源和铝源可直接加入悬浮液A,也可将锂源、硅源和铝源中的一种或者两种以上按上述比例溶解或分散于水或有机溶剂或两者的混合溶剂中,制得溶液或悬浮液B,逐滴滴加到悬浮液A中,溶液或悬浮液B的浓度为0.005~2.5mol/L,滴加速度为0.02~20mL/min;
(3)利用盐酸或氨水调节反应体系的pH值为7.0≤pH≤10.0且pH≠9,并剧烈搅拌,搅速为600~6000rpm,搅拌时间为6~24h,反应温度为65~80℃;
(4)将步骤(3)中的产物离心、洗涤后过夜干燥或搅拌蒸干,与适量锂源混合后于400~900℃焙烧3~12h,制得离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料。
4.按照权利要求1或3所述的离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:有机溶剂可为甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、异丙醇、聚乙二醇等中的一种或两种以上。
5.按照权利要求1或3所述的离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:分散所用表面活性剂为聚甲基丙烯酰胺、聚醚酰亚胺、F127、P123、聚丙烯酰胺、柠檬酸、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺等中的一种或者两种以上。
6.按照权利要求1或3所述的离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:锂源是氢氧化锂、甲酸锂、乙酸锂、柠檬酸锂或酒石酸锂中的一种或两种以上;
硅源是硅溶胶、硅酸钠或硅酸四乙酯中的一种或两种以上;
铝源是硫酸铝、硝酸铝、异丙醇铝中的一种或两种以上。
7.一种权利要求1所述的离子导体层修饰的锰基氧化物正极材料的应用,其特征在于:所述正极材料应用于电化学储能装置中,所述电化学储能装置可为锂离子电池或非对称型超级电容器。
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