CN108120802B - Quantitative prediction method for flue-cured tobacco maturity field investigation for determining appropriate harvesting period of tobacco leaves - Google Patents
Quantitative prediction method for flue-cured tobacco maturity field investigation for determining appropriate harvesting period of tobacco leaves Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural production, in particular to a flue-cured tobacco maturity field investigation quantitative prediction method for determining a suitable harvesting period of tobacco leaves, which comprises the steps of dividing tobacco fields into at least one category; dividing at least one representative monitoring field piece in each tobacco field category; selecting at least one representative sampling point from each representative monitoring field; selecting 8-12 tobacco plants from each representative sampling point as investigation tobacco plants, and performing tobacco leaf maturity investigation, wherein the maturity investigation comprises counting the mature leaf number of each investigation tobacco plant and counting the amount of tobacco leaves suitable for harvesting of all tobacco plants in each tobacco field category in each baking round before the tobacco leaves in the first round are turned green and are not matured; then the amount of the tobacco leaves suitable for picking is compared with the amount of the tobacco suitable for single kang; the method can accurately master the quantity of the field mature tobacco leaves, ensures that each batch of tobacco leaves can be properly maturely harvested in time, practically solves the problem that the mature harvesting of the flue-cured tobacco is difficult to implement in place, and enables the flue-cured tobacco production to be more specialized and lean.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural production, in particular to a flue-cured tobacco maturity field investigation quantitative prediction method for determining a suitable harvesting period of tobacco leaves.
Background
In the tobacco industry, the maturity of tobacco has important significance on the production, quality and the like of tobacco leaves. The current tobacco production field rarely has a practical method for accurately and quantitatively measuring and calculating the recoverable tobacco leaves, and tobacco growers often make decisions by feeling and extensive experience when determining the recovery period of the tobacco leaves in the field, which often causes the tobacco leaves to be excessively mature, insufficiently mature or insufficiently mature, thus seriously affecting the fresh tobacco quality potential on one hand and the tobacco leaf baking characteristic and the quality of the tobacco leaves after baking on the other hand. Nowadays, extensive tobacco leaf harvesting management technology is no longer suitable for the requirement of specialized curing of current cured tobacco and the development requirement of lean curing.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a flue-cured tobacco maturity field investigation quantitative prediction method for determining a suitable harvesting period of tobacco leaves.
The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme.
The invention provides a quantitative prediction method for flue-cured tobacco maturity field investigation for determining a suitable harvesting period of tobacco leaves, which comprises the steps of dividing tobacco fields into at least one category; dividing at least one representative monitoring field in each category of tobacco fields; selecting at least one representative sampling point from each representative monitoring field; selecting 8-12 tobacco plants from each representative sampling point as investigation tobacco plants, and performing tobacco leaf maturity investigation, wherein the maturity investigation comprises counting the mature leaf number of each investigation tobacco plant and counting the amount of harvested tobacco leaves of all tobacco plants in each category of tobacco field in each baking round before the tobacco leaves in the first round turn green and are not matured; then the proper tobacco leaf collecting quantity is compared with the proper tobacco loading quantity of a single kang.
The flue-cured tobacco maturity field investigation quantitative prediction method for determining the appropriate harvesting period of the tobacco leaves, disclosed by the embodiment of the invention, has the beneficial effects that: the method is scientific and simple, is easy to master, can accurately determine the proper picking period of the tobacco leaves with a small amount of time and labor, and has good effect. The method can accurately determine the proper harvesting period of the tobacco leaves in each round, greatly improves the proportion of the proper cured tobacco leaves after harvesting while achieving proper harvesting in a real-time manner, and practically meets the tobacco harvesting quality requirement of fine curing.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
The flue-cured tobacco maturity field investigation quantitative prediction method for determining the suitable harvesting period of the tobacco leaves in the embodiment of the invention is specifically explained below.
The basic method of the quantitative prediction method for field investigation of the maturity of the flue-cured tobacco for determining the suitable harvesting period of the tobacco leaves comprises the following steps: and (3) performing field investigation every 3-4 days before the tobacco leaves in each round start to fade green and are not mature (such as 6-7d before the tobacco leaves are mature), and mastering the quantity of the mature tobacco leaves in the field and the tobacco leaf maturation speed, thereby determining the period suitable for harvesting the tobacco leaves in each round in advance, particularly determining the initial period suitable for harvesting the tobacco leaves. It should be noted that the time interval for performing field investigation can be determined according to the weather conditions, when the weather is continuously clear, field investigation on the maturity of the tobacco leaves can be performed at intervals of 3 days, and when the weather is rainy, field investigation on the maturity of the tobacco leaves can be performed at intervals of 4 days.
In detail, the tobacco fields can be classified firstly, and can be classified by taking different planters as units, and then field investigation is carried out on various tobacco fields.
The tobacco field is classified after more than 80% of tobacco plants in the tobacco field are rounded; the tobacco field can be classified into at least one tobacco field category, and the classification standard of the tobacco field can be classified according to the growth condition of the tobacco field, and can be classified into at least two of strong tobacco, middle strong tobacco, weak tobacco and over strong tobacco, or at least two of good, middle and poor tobacco. After the tobacco fields are divided into several types, the areas, the plant yields per unit area, the distribution, and the like of the tobacco fields of each type can be filled in a registration table prepared in advance, for example, table 1.
TABLE 1 area proportion registration Table (model) for various tobacco fields in XZhang year XBao district
The division standard of the "strong cigarette" may be: the height of the tobacco plant is 115 +/-5 cm, the stem circumference is 9.5 +/-0.5 cm, and the number of effective leaves of each plant is 20 +/-1; the top 3 leaves are 60-70cm long and 20-24cm wide; the length of the leaves of the 3 th waist leaves is 75-85cm, and the width is 26-30 cm; the lower two sheds have the leaf length of 65-75cm and the width of 28-32cm and are 4-5; the plant type is waist drum-shaped, nearly cylindrical, dark green in leaf color, and normally yellow. The division standard of "middle strong tobacco" may be: the height of the tobacco plant is 105 plus or minus 5cm, the stem circumference is 9.0 plus or minus 1.0cm, and the effective leaf number of each plant is 18 plus or minus 1; the top 3 leaves are 50-60cm long and 16-20cm wide; the length of the leaf of the waist leaf 3 is 65-75cm, and the width is 22-26 cm; the lower shed is 4-5 leaves with the length of 55-65cm and the width of 24-28 cm; the plant type is waist drum-shaped, nearly cylindrical, dark green in leaf color, and normally yellow. The division criteria of "strong smoke" may be: the stem thickness of the tobacco plant and the length of the tobacco leaf are usually larger than those of the strong tobacco, and the color of the tobacco leaf is dark green and the yellow color is slowly fallen. The division criteria for "weak smoke" may be: the height, stem thickness and tobacco leaf length of the tobacco plant are obviously smaller than those of the middle strong tobacco, and the color of the tobacco is light green, and the tobacco leaves are yellow too fast. It should be further noted that the term "cured leaf" as used herein refers to a mature tobacco leaf that can be used for flue-cured tobacco. The effective leaves refer to leaves which can be picked for preparing flue-cured tobacco by each tobacco plant.
The dome means that the tobacco plants grow after a certain period of time (10-15 days) after topping, the upper leaves are completely unfolded and are close to the middle leaves in size, and the growth phase of the tobacco plants is in a basically fixed state.
At least one representative monitoring field is divided among the fields of each category, and typically 1-2 representative monitoring fields may be divided, and a card or stick-in marker is inserted in each representative monitoring field. It should be noted that the marking or recording of representative monitoring fields of different tobacco field categories may be identified and distinguished according to specific geographical locations in combination with the tobacco field categories.
At least one representative sampling point is divided in each selected representative monitoring field block, and the number of the representative sampling points of each representative monitoring field block is 1-2. It should be noted that the representative sample points are preferably selected far from the field and deep into the field. In detail, 8-12 tobacco plants for investigation may be included as investigation tobacco plants at each representative sampling point, and the 8-12 investigation tobacco plants may be tobacco plants continuously growing in the field, that is, the 8-12 investigation tobacco plants may be tobacco plants planted in the same planting row; the selection of the survey tobacco plant may be performed according to the performance of the overall tobacco field, so that the survey tobacco plant can represent the overall growth of the tobacco leaves in the sampling point. Further, after selection of the investigational tobacco plant, the investigational tobacco plant can be labeled, for example: the top of the tobacco plant serving as the investigation tobacco plant can be marked on the first strain and the top of the tobacco plant serving as the investigation tobacco plant on the last strain, so that the follow-up investigation on all the investigation tobacco plants in the representative sampling point can be conveniently carried out. The above-mentioned marks are, for example: the top of the tobacco plant can be tied with a rope with bright color and the like.
And starting to carry out field investigation on the maturity of the tobacco leaves from the time when the tobacco leaves in the first round are not mature. In detail, the maturity of the tobacco leaves is matured from bottom to top, and further, when the number of mature leaves of each tobacco plant is counted, the number of mature leaves of each tobacco plant may be counted from the lower part of the tobacco plant, and the number of mature leaves may be counted according to the maturity standard of the leaf position where the tobacco leaves are located (which may include the number of leaves, the weight of the leaf, and the like), and field survey of the maturity of each type of tobacco leaves of each field type may be recorded in a record table, for example, table 2.
TABLE 2 field investigation and record table for maturity status of various tobacco leaves in XX baking area
Note: (ii) A is a (at X) type tobacco leaf, B is a (at X) type tobacco leaf, C is a (at X) type tobacco leaf, and D is a (at X) type tobacco leaf. (for example, A is "strong cigarette"; B is "middle strong cigarette"; C is "strong cigarette"; D is "weak cigarette")
Secondly, the 'collecting condition remarks' mainly records the average collected leaf number or the residual leaf number of each current point.
Record the leaf number and only reserve one bit after the decimal point.
When the number of mature leaves of each tobacco plant is counted, only the number of mature leaves may be counted, or the number of mature leaves and the total weight of mature leaves may be counted at the same time; if the number of the leaves of the mature leaves and the total weight of the mature leaves are counted at the same time, before field investigation is carried out, namely before the current tobacco leaves are close to mature, the field investigation is carried out near a representative sample point of a representative field block, tobacco plants near the representative sample point are used as simulation objects, the mature tobacco leaves of the simulation objects are picked off and weighed; if only the number of the mature leaves is calculated, the weight of each mature leaf can be estimated according to planting experience, then the total weight of the mature leaves can be calculated according to the estimated single leaf weight of the mature leaves, or part of the mature leaves can be picked randomly and weighed, and the total weight of all the mature leaves can be estimated. It should be further explained that the calculation of the single leaf weight of the cured tobacco leaves of the cured tobacco plants in different baking rounds is especially carried out before the first kang baking of the tobacco leaves in each round, 100 tobacco leaves are selected, and the average weight is calculated.
It should be further explained that the total amount and the total weight of the effective tobacco leaves and/or the mature tobacco leaves of each tobacco field are respectively calculated according to the number, the total weight and the average mature leaf amount of all the investigation tobacco plants counted in the above manner, the specific plant number of the investigation tobacco plants, the number of the representative sampling points, the number of the representative monitoring fields, the number, the area and the planting amount of the tobacco plants in the unit area of the fields (all types of tobacco fields) to be considered, so that the homogeneous kang allocation can be timely carried out on the similar tobacco fields, and the appropriate amount of mature tobacco leaves can be timely harvested.
In detail, the average mature leaf number of each survey tobacco plant of the representative sampling point is multiplied by the total tobacco plant number of the representative monitoring field where the representative sampling point is located to obtain the mature leaf amount of the representative monitoring field, and then the mature leaf amount of the representative monitoring field is multiplied by the area ratio of the tobacco field of the category where the representative monitoring field is located to the representative monitoring field, so that the appropriate tobacco leaf amount of each tobacco field category can be obtained; or directly calculating the total mature leaf number of the tobacco fields of the types of the investigation tobacco plants by using the average mature leaf number of each investigation tobacco plant, namely multiplying the average mature leaf number of each investigation tobacco plant by the total tobacco plant number of the tobacco fields of the types of the investigation tobacco plants; further, the mature leaf per mu yield of the tobacco field of the category of the tobacco plant to be investigated can be obtained by multiplying the average mature leaf number of each tobacco plant to be investigated by the planting amount of the tobacco plant per mu of the tobacco field of the category of the tobacco plant to be investigated by the representative sample point, and then the total area of the tobacco field of the category of the tobacco plant to be investigated is multiplied by the mature leaf per mu yield.
Further, following the above and the maturation and picking of tobacco leaves starting from the lower part of the tobacco plants, the method of counting the mature leaves of each tobacco plant may comprise: the leaf of each tobacco plant was divided into lower, middle and upper leaves, and the lower, middle and upper mature leaves were counted separately.
It needs to be further explained that whether the tobacco leaves are mature is judged, and firstly, the color of the leaves and the change degree of the color of the veins are comprehensively mastered; secondly, whether the base part of the tobacco leaves shows the mature characteristics or not is clearly seen, and whether the lower leaves, the middle leaves and the upper leaves are mature or not can be judged according to the following characteristics:
the characteristics of the lower mature leaves include: the leaf surface is green and the leaf surface is yellow to yellow-green, the main veins are 1/2-2/3 long and whitened, most of the branches are obviously whitened, for example, not less than 50% of the branches are whitened, the branches at the base part are green and yellow, and the branches at the base part can be the branches on the leaves close to the main stem when the tobacco leaves grow on the main stem.
Characteristics of intermediate mature leaves include: the leaves are yellow green or green yellow, the main veins are 3/4-4/5, the length of the main veins is white, most branches are white and bright, and the branches at the base part are yellow and bright, and the leaf ears are yellow; the angle of the stem leaves is close to 90 degrees.
Characteristics of the upper mature leaves include: the leaf surface turns yellow (more than 90% of the leaf surface appears yellow), the leaf surface is wrinkled and has plaques (more plaques) (the number of the plaques on the leaf surface can be more than that on the middle leaf surface when the middle leaf is mature), the leaf ears turn yellow, and the main veins are basically completely whitened (the proportion can be 95-100%); most of the branch vessels become white (the proportion can be more than 85 percent), and the branch vessels at the base parts of the leaves are yellow, white and bright; the tip of the blade is hooked and has the phenomena of dead tip and burnt edge.
It should be further explained that, when distinguishing and mastering the mature characteristics of tobacco leaves according to parts, attention should be paid to the nutritional status of tobacco plants and the climate in the mature period. Wherein, the tobacco leaves which are mature quickly have poor maturity resistance, and the tobacco leaves are harvested when the basic maturity characteristics are displayed; the tobacco leaves which are ripe slowly are ripe, and can be harvested slowly for 2-3 days in good weather after the characteristics of basic maturity are displayed, so that the harvesting maturity of the tobacco leaves and the proportion of first-class tobacco after being baked are further improved.
And determining the single-kang tobacco leaf picking period according to the requirement of the proper tobacco leaf loading amount and the proper tobacco leaf picking amount (fresh tobacco leaf weight), wherein the determination of the tobacco leaf picking period is respectively carried out according to the tobacco field types which are divided in advance and have different growth conditions. In detail, the tobacco leaves in the first round are green-removed and are about to enter the baking before being matured, the number, the weight and the like of mature leaves in each type of tobacco fields are counted until the total amount of the mature leaves on the same day can finish the tobacco leaf baking of a single kang once or can finish the tobacco leaf baking of a single kang once on the next day, and at the moment, the tobacco leaf harvesting period is the tobacco leaf harvesting period, namely the tobacco leaf harvesting period.
It should be noted that, when the weight (quantity) of the mature leaves is judged to be the proper tobacco loading quantity for single kang baking in which day after the current day is investigated, the total quantity of the mature tobacco leaves in each category of field block investigated and calculated in the current day can be divided by the picking standard for baking the mature leaves to obtain the proper tobacco leaf quantity of the invention, further, when the picking standard (P) for baking the mature leaves is baking, the quantity of the mature tobacco leaves in each kang should account for 80-90% of the total quantity of all the picked tobacco leaves, and if the proper tobacco leaf quantity calculated by the method can meet the proper tobacco loading quantity for single kang, the proper tobacco leaf picking initial period is determined on the second day of investigation; and if the calculated tobacco quantity can not meet the suitable tobacco loading quantity of a single kang, further field investigation on the tobacco maturity is required.
The total amount of the mature leaves can be the total amount of the eligible tobacco leaves of all tobacco plants of each baking turn of each type of tobacco field, and the calculation of the amount of the eligible tobacco leaves is carried out according to the method.
It should be noted that different baking modes have different requirements for suitable smoke loading, such as:
(1) baking the comb-type cigarette clamp: and (5) clamping every time of baking 310-350. The total weight of the fresh tobacco is 3500 kg-4500 kg (11.0-13.5 kg per fresh tobacco).
(2) And (5) rapidly baking the cage type tobacco clamp. About 280 clips for each tobacco baking. Suitable for 3600 kg-4500 kg of fresh tobacco (13.0 kg-16.0 kg of fresh tobacco per clamp).
(3) Hanging a rod and baking. The number of rods per kang is 400-530 (150 pieces per rod), and the total weight of fresh tobacco is 3000 kg-4000 kg (weight of fresh tobacco per rod, 7-8 kg per rod for lower leaves, and 9-10 kg per rod for middle and upper leaves).
Therefore, when comparing the whole amount of the harvested tobacco leaves of all tobacco plants in each round with the appropriate tobacco loading amount of a single kang, the tobacco leaf baking mode should be considered.
It should be further explained that within the above-mentioned range of suitable tobacco loading amount, the tobacco leaves resistant to flue-curing should be properly packaged in more quantity (more harvest), and the tobacco leaves not resistant to flue-curing should be properly packaged in less quantity (less harvest); the tobacco leaves with small moisture content are preferably packaged in a large quantity (collected more), and the tobacco leaves with large moisture content are preferably packaged in a small quantity (collected less). Therefore, the baking resistance and the moisture content of the tobacco leaves are factors to be considered when comparing the whole harvested tobacco leaf amount of all tobacco plants in each round with the proper tobacco loading amount of a single kang.
Preferably, when the tobacco leaf demand of the kang prepared by using tobacco leaves at different positions is compared with the tobacco leaf amount suitable for picking in the field, the amounts of upper mature leaves, middle mature leaves and lower mature leaves to be picked also reach the following ratio (P), and the mature leaf baking picking standard P is achieved:
when the lower tobacco leaves are baked, the quantity of the mature tobacco leaves per kang accounts for 80-85% of the total quantity of the picked tobacco leaves; for example: 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%.
When the middle tobacco leaves are baked, the quantity of the mature tobacco leaves per kang accounts for 85-90% of the total quantity of the picked tobacco leaves; for example: 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%.
When the upper tobacco leaves are baked, the quantity of the mature tobacco leaves per kang accounts for about 90 percent of the total quantity of the picked tobacco leaves; for example: 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%.
It should be further explained that, when the total amount of mature leaves, that is, the amount of the tobacco leaves suitable for harvesting of all the tobacco plants in each baking round is calculated, a single tobacco leaf planting farmer can calculate alone, at this time, the tobacco leaf harvesting and kang allocation can be organized according to the principle of tobacco leaf homogenization with a kang, the tobacco leaf homogenization (the tobacco leaf implantation part is consistent and the maturity is consistent) needs to be filled with one kang, the accumulated area required for harvesting of a certain type of tobacco field can be predicted 1-2 days in advance, and the calculation formula is as follows: predicting the appropriate tobacco loading amount (kg) of the tobacco field (mu) to be picked, the total number (kg/mu) of mature tobacco leaves which can be picked per mu of a certain type of tobacco field and the total ratio of the mature leaves after picking (the picking standard of the cured mature leaves, P), wherein the calculation method of the total number of the mature leaves per mu of the certain type of tobacco field is carried out by referring to the calculation method of the appropriate tobacco leaf picking amount; or a plurality of tobacco planting farmers calculate together, that is, a single tobacco planting farmer (large household) can carry out 'homogenization kang distribution' baking independently or a plurality of farmers 'homogenization kang distribution' baking.
The method for quantitative prediction of flue-cured tobacco maturity by field investigation for determining the suitable harvesting period of tobacco leaves according to the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following examples.
Example 1
Dividing all tobacco fields of a baking sheet area covered by a baking house group into four tobacco field categories of 'strong tobacco', 'middle strong tobacco', 'weak tobacco' and 'over-strong tobacco', counting and filling the area of each tobacco field category, wherein the area of the 4 tobacco fields is 15 mu, and the planting amount per mu is 1100 plants; dividing 2 representative monitoring fields in each tobacco field category, wherein the area of each representative monitoring field is 1 mu, and marking each representative monitoring field; selecting 1 representative sampling point in each representative monitoring field, selecting 10 tobacco plants in each representative sampling point as investigation tobacco plants, wherein the 10 investigation tobacco plants are continuous 10 tobacco plants growing in the same planting row, and marking the tops of the first tobacco plant and the tenth tobacco plant.
Respectively carrying out field investigation on the maturity of the tobacco leaves for each tobacco field category from the beginning of the first round of tobacco leaf curing (4 months from the bottom to 5 months), and respectively counting the lower mature leaves, the middle mature leaves and the upper mature leaves of each investigation tobacco plant according to the characteristics of the lower mature leaves, the characteristics of the middle mature leaves and the characteristics of the upper mature leaves, wherein the counting content comprises the number and the total weight of the leaves. The interval period for the survey was 3 days after the survey began.
After the mature leaf quantity is counted each time, calculating the average mature leaf quantity of the investigation tobacco plants of each tobacco field type according to the classification of each tobacco field type, and multiplying the average mature leaf quantity by the total tobacco plant quantity of the representative monitoring field block where the representative sampling point is located to obtain the mature leaf quantity of the representative monitoring field block; and multiplying the mature leaf quantity of the representative monitoring field by the area ratio of the tobacco field type of the representative monitoring field to obtain the suitable tobacco leaf quantity of each type of tobacco field.
The tobacco leaf baking in the embodiment selects the middle tobacco leaf (P is 85-90%, the median value is 87.5%), the comb-type tobacco leaf is baked, and the weight of the tobacco leaf placed enough by one-time comb-type tobacco leaf baking is 3500 and 4500 kg; the optimum tobacco loading of the middle tobacco leaves is 4000 +/-250 kg.
The first investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco strain of "strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 1.7 pieces, and the weight of a single piece of leaf was 80 g; the average number of mature leaves of each investigated tobacco strain of "middle strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 1.8 pieces, and the weight of a single piece of leaf was 80 g; the average number of mature leaves per investigational tobacco plant of "weak tobacco" (per investigated tobacco plant) was 2.0 pieces, and the weight of a single leaf was 75 g; the average number of mature leaves per investigated tobacco strain of "tobacco over flourishing" (per investigated tobacco strain) was 0.6 pieces, and the weight of a single piece of leaf was 85 g.
The second investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco strain of "weak tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 2.9 pieces, and the weight of each piece of leaf was 75 g; at the moment, the total weight of mature leaves of the weak tobacco is 3588.8kg, when the P is the median value, the amount of field-recoverable tobacco leaves can be 4101.5kg actually, the weight can be subjected to primary comb-type tobacco clamp baking, and the day and the next day of the second investigation are the current harvesting period of the tobacco leaves of the weak tobacco.
The third investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco strain of "middle strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 2.8 pieces, and the weight of each piece of leaf was 80 g; at the moment, the weight of the total mature leaves of the 'middle strong tobacco' is 3696kg, when the P is the median value, the amount of field-recoverable tobacco leaves can be 4224.0kg actually, the weight can be baked by a comb-type tobacco clamp, and the day of the third investigation and the day after the third investigation are the current harvesting period of the 'middle strong tobacco leaves'.
The fourth investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigated tobacco strain of "strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 2.7 pieces, and the weight of each piece of leaf was 80 g; at the moment, the weight of the total mature leaves of the strong tobacco is 3564.0kg, when the P is the median value, the amount of the tobacco leaves which can be picked in the field can be 4073.1kg actually, the weight can be baked by a comb-type tobacco clamp, and the current picking period of the tobacco leaves of the strong tobacco is the day of the fourth investigation and the next day.
The fifth investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigated tobacco plant of "tobacco over flourishing" (each investigated tobacco plant) was 2.5 pieces, and the weight of each piece of leaf was 85 g; at the moment, the total weight of mature leaves of the 'over-vigorous tobacco' is 3506.3kg, when the P is the median value, the actual field tobacco leaf collecting amount can be 4007.1kg, the weight can be subjected to one-time comb type tobacco clamp baking, and the day of the fifth survey and the day after the fifth survey are the current tobacco leaf collecting period of the 'over-vigorous tobacco'.
Example 2
Dividing the tobacco fields into three tobacco field categories of 'strong tobacco', 'middle strong tobacco' and 'over strong tobacco', counting and filling the area of each tobacco field category, wherein the area of the 3 tobacco field categories is 20 mu, and the planting amount of each unit area is 1000 plants; dividing 1 representative monitoring field block in each category of tobacco field, wherein the area of each representative monitoring field block is 1 mu, and marking the representative monitoring field block; 2 representative sampling points are selected in each representative monitoring field, 8 tobacco plants are selected from each representative sampling point to serve as investigation tobacco plants, the 8 investigation tobacco plants are continuous 8 tobacco plants growing on the same planting row, and the tops of the first tobacco plant and the eighth tobacco plant are marked.
Starting before the first round of tobacco leaf curing (5 months), respectively carrying out field investigation on the tobacco leaf maturity of each category of tobacco fields, and respectively counting the lower mature leaves, the middle mature leaves and the upper mature leaves of each investigation tobacco plant according to the characteristics of the lower mature leaves, the characteristics of the middle mature leaves and the characteristics of the upper mature leaves, wherein the counting content comprises the number and the total weight of the leaves. The interval period for the survey was 4 days after the survey began.
After the amount of mature leaves is counted each time, calculating the average mature leaf amount of the investigation tobacco plants of each type of tobacco field according to the classification of each type of tobacco field, and multiplying the average mature leaf amount by the total tobacco plant amount of a representative monitoring field block in which a representative sampling point is located to obtain the mature leaf amount of the representative monitoring field block; and multiplying the mature leaf quantity of the representative monitoring field by the area ratio of the tobacco field of the category in which the representative monitoring field is located to the representative monitoring field to obtain the suitable tobacco leaf quantity of the tobacco fields of various categories.
The tobacco leaf baking in the embodiment selects upper tobacco leaves (the P value is 90%), the fast cage type tobacco clips are used for baking, and the weight of the tobacco leaves in one-time fast cage type tobacco clip baking is 3600 kg-4500 kg. The optimum tobacco loading of the upper tobacco leaves is (4250 +/-250) kg.
The first investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco strain of "strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 1.7 pieces, and the weight of each piece of leaf was 83 g; the average number of mature leaves of each investigated tobacco strain of "middle strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 1.9 pieces, and the weight of a single piece of leaf was 81 g; the average number of mature leaves per investigational tobacco plant of "tobacco over flourishing" (per investigated tobacco plant) was 1.1 pieces, and the weight of a single leaf was 88 g.
The second investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco plant of "middle strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco plant) was 2.4 pieces, and the weight of a single piece of leaf was 81 g; at the moment, the weight of the total mature leaves of the 'middle strong tobacco' is 3888.0kg, when P is 90%, the amount of tobacco leaves which can be picked in the field can be 4320.0kg actually, the weight can be used for carrying out quick cage type tobacco clamp baking, and the day of the second investigation and the next day are the current harvesting period of the 'middle strong tobacco'.
The third investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco strain of "strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 2.4 pieces, and the weight of each piece of leaf was 83 g; at the moment, the weight of the total mature leaves of the strong tobacco is 3984.0kg, when P is 90%, the actual field tobacco leaf collecting amount can be 4426.7kg, the weight can be used for fast cage type tobacco clamp baking, and the current harvesting period of the strong tobacco is the day of the third investigation and the next day.
The fourth investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigated tobacco strain of "tobacco over flourishing" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 2.0 pieces, and the weight of each piece of leaf was 88 g; at the moment, the total weight of mature leaves of the 'over-vigorous tobacco' is 3520.0kg, when P is 90%, the amount of tobacco leaves which can be picked in the field can be 3911.1kg actually, the weight can be used for carrying out quick cage type tobacco clamp baking, and the current picking period of the tobacco leaves of the 'over-vigorous tobacco' can be obtained on the day, the second day and even the third day of the fourth investigation.
Example 3
Dividing tobacco fields into two tobacco field categories of 'strong tobacco' and 'middle strong tobacco', counting and filling the area of each tobacco field category, wherein the area of each 2 tobacco field categories is 13 mu, and the planting amount of each mu is 1200 plants; dividing 2 representative monitoring fields in each tobacco field category, marking each representative monitoring field, and determining and filling the area of each representative monitoring field (the area of each representative monitoring field is 1 mu); 2 representative sampling points are selected in each representative monitoring field, 12 tobacco plants are selected from each representative sampling point to serve as investigation tobacco plants, the 12 investigation tobacco plants are 12 continuous tobacco plants growing on the same planting row, and the tops of the first tobacco plant and the twelfth tobacco plant are marked.
Starting from the first round of tobacco leaf curing (5 months and 5 days), field investigation of tobacco leaf maturity is carried out on each category of tobacco fields, and the lower mature leaf, the middle mature leaf and the upper mature leaf of each investigation tobacco plant are counted according to the characteristics of the lower mature leaf, the characteristics of the middle mature leaf and the characteristics of the upper mature leaf, wherein the counting content comprises the number and the total weight of the leaf blades. The interval period for the survey was 3 days after the survey began.
After the amount of the mature leaves is counted each time, calculating the average mature leaf amount of the investigation tobacco plants of each category according to the classification of each tobacco field category, and multiplying the average mature leaf amount of each investigation tobacco plant by the total tobacco plant amount of the tobacco field representing the category of the sampling point to obtain the amount of the tobacco leaves suitable for sampling of each tobacco field.
In the embodiment, the lower tobacco leaves (P is 80-85%, generally the median is 82.5%) are selected for tobacco leaf curing, and the weight of the tobacco leaves is 3000 kg-4000 kg after one-time rod-hanging curing. The optimum tobacco loading of the lower tobacco leaves is 3500 +/-250 kg.
The first investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco strain of "strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 1.6 pieces, and the weight of a single piece of leaf was 76 g; the average number of mature leaves per investigational tobacco plant (per investigated tobacco plant) of "middle strong tobacco" was 1.7 pieces, and the weight of a single piece of leaf was 73 g.
The second investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco strain of "middle strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 2.7 pieces, and the weight of the single piece of leaf was 72.9 g; at the moment, the weight of the total mature leaves of the 'middle strong tobacco' is 3070.5kg, when the P is 82.5 percent of the median value, the amount of the tobacco leaves which can be picked in the field can be 3721.8kg actually, the weight can be baked on a rod, and the day of the second investigation and the next day are the harvesting period of the 'middle strong tobacco'.
The third investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco strain of "strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 2.6 pieces, and the weight of a single piece of leaf was 76 g; at the moment, the weight of the total mature leaves of the strong tobacco is 3082.6kg, when the P is 82.5 percent of the median value, the amount of the tobacco leaves which can be picked in the field can be 3736.4kg actually, the weight can be baked on a hanging rod, and the day of the third investigation and the next day are the harvesting period of the strong tobacco.
Example 4
Dividing tobacco fields into two tobacco field categories of 'strong tobacco' and 'middle strong tobacco', counting and filling the area of each tobacco field category, wherein the area of each 2 tobacco field categories is 13 mu, and the planting amount of each mu is 1200 plants; dividing 2 representative monitoring fields in each tobacco field category, marking each representative monitoring field, and determining and filling the area of each representative monitoring field (the area of each representative monitoring field is 1 mu); 2 representative sampling points are selected in each representative monitoring field, 12 tobacco plants are selected from each representative sampling point to serve as investigation tobacco plants, the 12 investigation tobacco plants are 12 continuous tobacco plants growing on the same planting row, and the tops of the first tobacco plant and the twelfth tobacco plant are marked.
Starting from the first round of tobacco leaf curing (5 months and 5 days), field investigation of tobacco leaf maturity is carried out on each category of tobacco fields, and the lower mature leaf, the middle mature leaf and the upper mature leaf of each investigation tobacco plant are counted according to the characteristics of the lower mature leaf, the characteristics of the middle mature leaf and the characteristics of the upper mature leaf, wherein the counting content comprises the number and the total weight of the leaf blades. The interval period for the survey was 3 days after the survey began.
After the amount of the mature leaves is counted each time, calculating the average mature leaf amount of each type of the investigation tobacco plants according to the classification of each tobacco field type, multiplying the average mature leaf amount of each investigation tobacco plant by the mu tobacco plant planting amount of each type of the tobacco field in which the investigation tobacco leaves are located, and then multiplying by the total area of each type of the tobacco field in which the investigation tobacco plants are located, so as to obtain the amount of the tobacco leaves suitable for harvesting in each type of the tobacco field.
The tobacco leaf baking in the embodiment selects the lower tobacco leaf, the tobacco leaf is baked by hanging rods, and the weight of the tobacco leaf put in the tobacco leaf baking by hanging rods at one time is 3000 kg-4000 kg.
The first investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco strain of "strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 1.6 pieces, and the weight of a single piece of leaf was 76 g; the average number of mature leaves per investigational tobacco plant (per investigated tobacco plant) of "middle strong tobacco" was 1.7 pieces, and the weight of a single piece of leaf was 73 g.
The second investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco strain of "middle strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 2.7 pieces, and the weight of the single piece of leaf was 72.9 g; the weight of the mature leaves of the "Zhongzhuang tobacco" was 3070.5kg, and the day of the second investigation was the harvest time of the "Zhongzhuang tobacco", which was a rod-hanging roasting.
The third investigation result showed that the average number of mature leaves of each investigation tobacco strain of "strong tobacco" (each investigated tobacco strain) was 2.6 pieces, and the weight of a single piece of leaf was 76 g; the weight of the mature leaves of the "strong tobacco" was 3082.6kg, and the weight was subjected to rod-hanging roasting, and the day of the third investigation was the harvest time of the "strong tobacco".
Example 5
Planting 25 mu of flue-cured tobacco by a planting house, wherein the row spacing is 120cm multiplied by 50cm, and the average number of the flue-cured tobacco plants per mu is 1100. The area of the "strong tobacco" (strong tobacco in the middle and large) of the family reaches 85 percent of the total area of the tobacco field, 2 representative monitoring fields are divided from the area, 1 representative sampling point is divided in each representative monitoring field, and 10 continuous tobacco plants in each representative sampling point are used as survey tobacco plants. The recent mature weather of the tobacco leaves is fine. Currently, the tobacco leaves which are just roasted to the middle part (P is 85 percent) are roasted by a tobacco clamp, 25 mu of the flue-cured tobacco of the family is put into a kang together and is roasted separately. The most suitable tobacco loading of the current curing barn is 3750 kg-4250 kg. According to the statistics of the inspected tobacco plants, the current single leaf weight of the fresh tobacco is measured to be 70g, and the average amount of strong tobacco is 1.8 pieces per mature tobacco leaf.
The number of mature leaves per mu is 1.8 (leaf/plant) × 1100 (plant/mu) 1980 leaves/mu;
the weight of mature leaves per mu is 70 (g/leaf) × 1980 (leaf/mu) ÷ 1000 is 138.6 kg/mu;
the weight of 25 mu of mature leaves is 138.6 (kg/mu) multiplied by 25 mu is 3465 kg;
the leaf weight of 25 mu can be 3465(kg) ÷ P ═ 3465(kg) ÷ 85% ═ 4076 kg.
According to the quantitative calculation result, the current tobacco leaves of the family are most properly harvested on the next day of the observation day, namely the next day is the suitable harvesting initial period of the tobacco leaves, and the tobacco leaves can be harvested on the next day.
Comparative example 1
The existing tobacco leaf picking method is taken as comparative example 1. Comparative example 1 tobacco picking and curing was performed directly according to conventional practice starting from the first round of tobacco curing of the tobacco plant.
The second, third and fifth rounds of cured tobacco leaves after the tobacco leaf maturity investigation according to the methods of examples 1-4 were sampled and compared with the second, third and fifth rounds of cured tobacco leaves according to the method of comparative example 1, the ratio of cured tobacco leaves in the tobacco leaves after the tobacco leaf maturity investigation of examples 1-3 was only 57.21% on average, and the ratio of cured tobacco leaves after the tobacco leaf maturity investigation of examples 1-3 was 83.01%, 82.7% and 85.6% on average, which shows that the method of the present invention can effectively increase the ratio of cured tobacco leaves.
In order to examine the implementation effect of the new method, the collected tobacco leaves finished according to the example 5 and the comparative example 1 are subjected to parallel sampling investigation statistics of 4 kang times per round before the second round, the third round and the fifth round of tobacco leaf collection and baking respectively. The results show that:
in the second round of curing, the proportion of mature tobacco leaves in the harvested tobacco leaves of example 5 is 84.51%, the proportion of mature tobacco leaves in the harvested tobacco leaves of comparative example 1 is 67.29%, the proportion of mature tobacco leaves in the harvested tobacco leaves of example 5 is improved by 17.22 percentage points compared with comparative example 1, and the proportion of mature tobacco leaves in the harvested tobacco leaves of the former is relatively improved by 25.59% compared with that of the latter.
In the third round of curing, the proportion of mature tobacco leaves in the tobacco leaves after the harvest in example 5 is 84.73%, the proportion of mature tobacco leaves in the tobacco leaves after the harvest in comparative example 1 is 51.71%, and the proportion of mature tobacco leaves in the tobacco leaves after the harvest in example 5 is improved by 33.02% compared with that in comparative example 1 and is improved by 63.86%.
In the fifth round of curing, the proportion of mature tobacco leaves in the tobacco leaves after the harvest in example 5 is 79.80%, the proportion of mature tobacco leaves in the tobacco leaves after the harvest in comparative example 1 is 52.63%, and the proportion of mature tobacco leaves in the tobacco leaves after the harvest in example 5 is improved by 27.17% compared with comparative example 1. The relative improvement is 51.62%.
The tobacco leaf harvesting period is predicted by a new method, the tobacco leaf harvesting period is 3 rounds, the ratio of the mature tobacco leaves after the kang times of the comparative example 1 is only 57.21 percent on average, the ratio of the mature tobacco leaves after the kang times of the example 5 is 83.01 percent on average, the ratio of the mature tobacco leaves after the kang times of the example 14 is 25.80 percent higher than that of the mature tobacco leaves after the kang times of the comparative example 1 on average, and the ratio of the mature tobacco leaves after the kang times of the example 5 is 45.10 percent higher than that of the mature tobacco leaves after the kang times of. The method can effectively improve the proportion of mature tobacco leaves in the tobacco leaves after the tobacco leaves are picked, and has great significance for the mature picking of the flue-cured tobacco.
In summary, the flue-cured tobacco maturity field investigation quantitative prediction method for determining the suitable harvesting period of the tobacco leaves has the advantages that:
(1) the method is scientific, accurate and reliable. The technology is based on the actual field tobacco leaf and tobacco leaf baking engineering requirements, and the quantity and the tobacco leaf maturing speed of mature tobacco leaves in various tobacco fields can be accurately mastered through tobacco field classification and periodic investigation; the method is characterized in that the method is measured and calculated on the basis of investigation, so that the number of the mature tobacco leaves in the tobacco field of 1 mu, the area of the tobacco field to be collected by a large tobacco user 'homogenization' matching kang, the proper amount of collected tobacco curing in the proper time of the day when multiple tobacco growers 'homogenization' matching kang can be collected and cured, and the proper amount of collected tobacco curing in the proper time of the current tobacco leaf in the proper time of the day when the tobacco leaves are cured by each user can be accurately mastered. Moreover, the technology can also accurately master the average quantity of the tobacco leaves to be harvested when each flue-cured tobacco is harvested, so as to further guide and monitor the implementation of accurate harvesting of the tobacco leaves in the field.
The technology enables the flue-cured tobacco harvesting procedure in the tobacco area to be changed into a scientific procedure from an experience procedure, is changed into a controllable state from an out-of-control state, and is promoted into a refined state from a rough state, so that the technology is a key technology for refined or lean baking of the flue-cured tobacco.
(2) Easy to learn and implement. The technology only contacts with field tobacco leaves and tobacco leaf harvesting and baking actually, is grounded, has no difficult actions, does not need complex calculation, and is simpler in technology.
The embodiments described above are some, but not all embodiments of the invention. The detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A quantitative prediction method of flue-cured tobacco maturity by field investigation for determining the suitable harvesting period of tobacco leaves is characterized by comprising the steps of classifying tobacco fields into at least one category; dividing at least one representative monitoring field in each category of tobacco fields; selecting at least one representative sampling point in each representative monitoring field; selecting 8-12 tobacco plants from each representative sampling point as survey tobacco plants, and carrying out tobacco leaf maturity survey, wherein the tobacco leaf maturity survey comprises counting the mature leaf number of each survey tobacco plant and counting the amount of harvested tobacco leaves of all tobacco plants in each category of the tobacco field in each baking round before the tobacco leaves in the first round turn green and are not mature; then comparing the amount of the tobacco leaves suitable for picking with the amount of the tobacco suitable for single kang;
the tobacco maturity survey is carried out once every 3-4 d;
the comparison between the amount of the tobacco leaves suitable for picking and the amount of the tobacco leaves suitable for single kang further comprises the following steps: dividing the total amount of the mature leaves in the tobacco field of each category obtained by investigation by the picking standard of the cured mature leaves to obtain the amount of the tobacco leaves suitable for picking; wherein the picking standard of the cured mature tobacco leaves is that when the cured mature tobacco leaves are baked, the quantity of the cured tobacco leaves per kang accounts for 80-90% of the total quantity of all the picked tobacco leaves; and when the amount of the tobacco leaves suitable for picking meets the suitable tobacco loading amount of the single kang, determining that the next day of investigation is the suitable picking period of the tobacco leaves.
2. The method for field survey quantitative prediction of flue-cured tobacco maturity for determining the appropriate harvest time of tobacco leaves according to claim 1, wherein the method for counting the number of mature leaves per said tobacco plant comprises: dividing the leaf of each tobacco plant into a lower leaf, a middle leaf and an upper leaf, and counting the number of lower mature leaves, the number of middle mature leaves and the number of upper mature leaves for the lower leaf, the middle leaf and the upper leaf, respectively.
3. The method for quantitative prediction of flue-cured tobacco maturity field survey for determining the appropriate harvest time for tobacco leaves according to claim 2 wherein the maturity characteristics of the lower leaves include: the leaf surface is green and the leaf surface is yellow to yellow green, the main veins are 1/2-2/3, the length of the main veins is white, more than or equal to 50 percent of the branch veins are white, and the branch veins at the base part are green and yellow.
4. The method for quantitative prediction of flue-cured tobacco maturity field survey for determining the appropriate harvest time for tobacco leaves according to claim 2, wherein the maturity characteristics of the middle leaf comprise: the leaves are yellow-green or green-yellow, the main veins are 3/4-4/5, the length of the main veins is whitened, the branch veins are whitened and brightened, the leaves and ears are yellowish, and the angles of the stems and leaves are 85-90 degrees.
5. The method for quantitative prediction of flue-cured tobacco maturity field survey for determining the appropriate harvest time for tobacco leaves according to claim 2 wherein the maturity characteristics of the upper leaves include: the leaf surface turns yellow and wrinkles and has mature spots, the leaf ears turn yellow, the main veins and the branch veins turn white, the branch veins at the base part turn yellow and white and bright, and the leaf apex is hooked and has dry tip and scorched edge.
6. The method of claim 2, further comprising recording the area of the tobacco field and the amount of tobacco plants planted per unit area for each category.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising recording the area of each of the representative monitoring fields.
8. The method for field investigation and quantitative prediction of maturity of flue-cured tobacco used for determining the appropriate harvest time of tobacco leaves according to claim 7, wherein the method for calculating the appropriate harvest tobacco quantity comprises: multiplying the average mature leaf number of each investigation tobacco plant of the representative sampling points by the total tobacco plant number of the representative monitoring field where the representative sampling points are located to obtain a mature leaf amount of the representative monitoring field, and multiplying the mature leaf amount of the representative monitoring field by the area ratio of the tobacco field in the category where the representative monitoring field is located to the representative monitoring field; or, multiplying the average mature leaf number of each tobacco plant in the investigation by the total tobacco plant number in the tobacco field of the category of the representative sampling point; or, multiplying the average mature leaf number of each tobacco plant to be investigated by the planting amount of the tobacco plant per mu of the tobacco field of the category of the tobacco plant to be investigated by the representative sampling point to obtain the mature leaf per mu yield of the tobacco field, and multiplying the mature leaf per mu yield by the total area of the tobacco field of the category of the tobacco plant to be investigated by the mature leaf per mu yield.
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