CN108103868A - A kind of highway emergency lane - Google Patents

A kind of highway emergency lane Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108103868A
CN108103868A CN201810002879.1A CN201810002879A CN108103868A CN 108103868 A CN108103868 A CN 108103868A CN 201810002879 A CN201810002879 A CN 201810002879A CN 108103868 A CN108103868 A CN 108103868A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
substrate
slowing
tooth block
down structure
deceleration area
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201810002879.1A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
王建
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Individual
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Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to CN201810002879.1A priority Critical patent/CN108103868A/en
Publication of CN108103868A publication Critical patent/CN108103868A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01CCONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C1/00Design or layout of roads, e.g. for noise abatement, for gas absorption
    • E01C1/002Design or lay-out of roads, e.g. street systems, cross-sections ; Design for noise abatement, e.g. sunken road
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01CCONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C1/00Design or layout of roads, e.g. for noise abatement, for gas absorption
    • E01C1/007Design or auxiliary structures for compelling drivers to slow down or to proceed with caution, e.g. tortuous carriageway; Arrangements for discouraging high-speed or non-resident traffic
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01CCONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C9/00Special pavings; Pavings for special parts of roads or airfields
    • E01C9/007Vehicle decelerating or arresting surfacings or surface arrangements, e.g. arrester beds ; Escape roads, e.g. for steep descents, for sharp bends
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01FADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/50Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
    • E01F9/529Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users specially adapted for signalling by sound or vibrations, e.g. rumble strips; specially adapted for enforcing reduced speed, e.g. speed bumps

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)

Abstract

By being laid with substrate on highway emergency lane, and ear tooth block is set on substrate, the mutual slide teeth splice grafting of ear tooth block with sliding the same shape set on slowing-down structure touches, and it sets to block the groove for putting tire on slide construction, it realizes modularization installation and realizes that on-highway motor vehicle is reliable, the deceleration hedging of monodirectional locking, it solves to be laid with the drawbacks of pebble layer is as deceleration layer, that is, long-time service on traditional emergency lane, rainwater pours leaching, winter freezes, under hedging vehicle compaction, often lump, so that hedging efficiency declines or even can not slow down the problem of hedging.

Description

A kind of highway emergency lane
Technical field
The invention belongs to highway traffic safety technical fields, are related to a kind of highway emergency lane.
Background technology
In continuous long downslope when driving, driver needs to control vehicle using brake apparatus for a long time vehicle Road speed, brake apparatus, which works long hours, is easy to that brake hub is caused to overheat and brake apparatus is made to fail, to lose control of one's vehicle, so as to Cause traffic accident.Therefore need to install emergency lane in highway lateral occlusion right position, emergency lane usually relies on road surface The gradient of rising promotes the errant vehicle travelled on it to slow down, and is laid on the braking layer cobblestone on gradient road surface Increase rolling resistance, reduce speed, but in the prior art because pebble layer long-time service, rainwater pours leaching, winter freezes, hedging It under vehicle compaction, often lumps so that hedging efficiency declines the hedging that can not even slow down, thus it is high with maintenance cost to construct It is high, and pebble layer ways of deceleration also deposits vehicle slip-down situation after deceleration, therefore second accident when can cause rescue.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome above-mentioned deficiency of the prior art, a kind of highway emergency lane is provided, is designed Rationally, simple in structure, hedging is reliable, and hedging rear vehicle does not glide;Cost is low, and construction and maintenance is convenient, is conducive in reality It is promoted the use of in engineering.
To achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:A kind of emergency lane for being arranged on highway side, base Plate is laid on emergency lane, and substrate is laid with along direction of traffic with upstroke slope, between upper surface of base plate and horizontal plane Angle is 15 °~40 °, and the angle between upper surface of base plate and horizontal plane is preferably 18 °.
Three decelerating areas of emergency lane are correspondingly provided with along substrate, are primary deceleration area respectively from the bottom up, middle rank Deceleration area, advanced deceleration area;Along substrate, multiple substrate ear tooth blocks are evenly arranged, wherein the substrate ear in each region Shape tooth block size size and shape are the same, but primary deceleration area, intermediate deceleration area, and the substrate ear tooth block on advanced deceleration area is big Small size is sequentially increased and shape invariance(I.e. curvature is constant), to improve deceleration intensity paragraph by paragraph;Preferably primary deceleration area, in Grade deceleration area, the substrate ear tooth block size size multiple ratio of advanced deceleration area are 1:2:4 and shape invariance(I.e. curvature is constant), So by the substrate ear tooth block size size increase amplitude of primary deceleration area to intermediate deceleration area be less than from intermediate deceleration area to The substrate ear tooth block size size increase amplitude of advanced deceleration area so that automobile is excessive from primary deceleration area to intermediate deceleration area When vibrations be less than vibrations from intermediate deceleration area to advanced deceleration area when excessive(Speed at this time be faster than it is previous excessive when Speed).
Substrate can be with selected as steel plate, can also the making of selected as high strength reinforced concrete material;Substrate ear tooth block It can be made of steel material, weld or be shaped on steel baseplate or inlay and be fixed on high strength reinforced concrete material Made of material on substrate.
It slides slowing-down structure to be disposed on the substrate, slides slowing-down structure and substrate is mutual by the ear tooth block being each provided with Slide teeth splice grafting touches, and ear tooth block includes being arranged on the slip slowing-down structure ear tooth block slided below slowing-down structure, arranged on substrate The substrate ear tooth block of top;It is bent by the circular arc segment section and outer human relations exterior feature that outer human relations exterior feature curvature is K1 to slide slowing-down structure ear tooth block The circular arc segment section that rate is K2 is formed, and mean curvature K1 is less than K2;Substrate ear tooth block is the arc section of K3 by outer human relations exterior feature curvature Part and the circular arc segment section that outer human relations exterior feature curvature is K4 are formed, and mean curvature K4 is less than K3;Slide slowing-down structure ear tooth block and Substrate ear tooth is block-shaped identical, i.e. K1=K4, K2=K3;Slide the outer human relations exterior feature deep camber end part, that is, portion of slowing-down structure ear tooth block Divide downward, outer human relations wide small curvature end part i.e. part is upward;On the other hand, the outer human relations exterior feature deep camber end of substrate ear tooth block Point i.e. part upward, outer human relations wide small curvature end part be part downward, it is two neighboring to slide the ratcheting ratcheting pass of ear tooth block It is to be:Slide the small curvature end part upward of slowing-down structure ear tooth block and the small curvature end directed downwardly of substrate ear tooth block Point sliding contact cooperation, slide the deep camber end directed downwardly part of slowing-down structure ear tooth block and substrate ear tooth block upward The sliding contact cooperation of deep camber end part;Slide slowing-down structure ear tooth block and substrate ear tooth block it is above-mentioned be slidably matched so that It slides slowing-down structure and can from the bottom up be slided on substrate and slowed down, wherein the resistance up slided is less than the resistance slided down Power, as a result, when the automobile of high-speed motion rushes to emergency lane, and front-wheel falls into the groove on slip slowing-down structure, because automobile Gravity emergency lane road surface normal direction component, realize slide slowing-down structure unidirectionally slided on substrate, especially in vapour During vehicle high deceleration, unidirectional slide effect is more notable.
Further, in the primary deceleration area of emergency lane, intermediate deceleration area is respectively placed a slip on advanced deceleration area and is subtracted Fast structure, the groove slided on slowing-down structure are made of the different two parts arc segment of curvature, wherein part on composition groove For small curvature arc segment, curvature K5, composition groove lower part is deep camber arc segment, and curvature K6, K5 are less than K6, So that the vehicle front after slowing down is not easy down to deviate from from groove, and when automobile speed is too fast, one is slided the knot that slows down During structure deceleration failure, vehicle front easily breaks through the small curvature arc segment in groove top, into next lower slider slowing-down structure, really Protect the reliable hedging of emergency lane.
Further, can also a slip slowing-down structure only be placed in the primary deceleration area of emergency lane, other two-stages subtract Slip slowing-down structure is not placed in fast area, and the entire groove person of being set to long axis is parallel to base plan or the bottom of slip slowing-down structure at this time The half elliptic groove in face, it is ensured that vehicle front is not easy to deviate from groove from up or down, it is ensured that the reliable hedging of automobile.
Further, slide slowing-down structure upper surface and be symmetrically arranged with a handle, for passing through lifting machine by upper sliding hedging It slides slowing-down structure and recovers starting operating position.
The present invention has the following advantages compared with prior art:
(1)Emergency lane design is reasonable, simple in structure, by mutually ratcheting and can play the slowing-down structure structure of monodirectional locking function Into deceleration unit, the deceleration hedging of errant vehicle can be greatly improved;
(2)The setting of ratcheting slowing-down structure, can solve traditional pebble layer reduces deceleration hedging efficiency even due to caking Can not slow down hedging the problem of,
(3)The emergency lane cost is low, and construction and maintenance is convenient, and modularization, factorial praluction are conducive in Practical Project In promote the use of.
Below by drawings and examples, the present invention is described in further detail.
Description of the drawings
The emergency lane that Fig. 1 is the present invention arranges schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 is emergency lane structure diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the partial enlarged view of emergency lane structure part A of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
A kind of emergency lane 9 for being arranged on 4 side of highway as shown in Figure 1, substrate 6 are laid on emergency lane 9, Substrate 6 is laid with along direction of traffic with upstroke slope, and the angle between 6 upper surface of substrate and horizontal plane is 15 °~40 °, base Angle between 6 upper surface of plate and horizontal plane is preferably 18 °.
As shown in Figure 2,3, along substrate 6, three decelerating areas of emergency lane 9 is correspondingly provided with, are respectively from the bottom up Primary deceleration area 1, intermediate deceleration area 2, advanced deceleration area 3;Along substrate 6, multiple substrate ear tooth blocks 72 have been evenly arranged, In 72 size dimension of substrate ear tooth block in each region as shape, but primary deceleration area 1, intermediate deceleration area 2 are advanced 72 size dimension of substrate ear tooth block on deceleration area 3 is sequentially increased and shape invariance(I.e. curvature is constant), to improve paragraph by paragraph Deceleration intensity;Preferably primary deceleration area 1, intermediate deceleration area 2, substrate ear tooth block 72 size dimension times of advanced deceleration area 3 Number is than being 1:2:4 and shape invariance(I.e. curvature is constant), so by primary deceleration area 1 to the substrate ear tooth of intermediate deceleration area 2 72 size dimension of substrate ear tooth block that 72 size dimension of block increase amplitude is less than from intermediate deceleration area 2 to advanced deceleration area 3 increases Significantly so that vibrations of the automobile from primary deceleration area 1 to intermediate deceleration area 2 when excessive are less than from intermediate deceleration area 2 to advanced Vibrations when deceleration area 3 is excessive(Speed at this time be faster than it is previous excessive when speed).
Substrate 6 can be with selected as steel plate, can also the making of selected as high strength reinforced concrete material;Substrate ear tooth block 72 can make of steel material, weld or are shaped on steel baseplate 6 or inlay and are fixed on high strength reinforced concrete Made of material on substrate 6.
It slides slowing-down structure 5 to be arranged on substrate 6, slides slowing-down structure 5 and substrate 6 and pass through the ear tooth block that is each provided with Mutual slide teeth splice grafting touches, and ear tooth block includes being arranged on the slip slowing-down structure ear tooth block 71 for sliding 5 lower section of slowing-down structure, if Substrate ear tooth block 72 above substrate 6;Slide arc section portion of the slowing-down structure ear tooth block 71 by outer human relations exterior feature curvature for K1 Points 711 and circular arc segment section 712 that outer human relations exterior feature curvature is K2 form, mean curvature K1 is less than K2;Substrate ear tooth block 72 is by outer The circular arc segment section 722 that the circular arc segment section 721 and outer human relations exterior feature curvature that human relations exterior feature curvature is K3 are K4 is formed, and mean curvature K4 is less than K3;It is identical with substrate ear tooth 72 shapes of block to slide slowing-down structure ear tooth block 71, i.e. K1=K4, K2=K3;Slide slowing-down structure Downward, outer human relations wide small curvature end i.e. 711 parts in part are upward for 71 outer i.e. 712 parts in human relations exterior feature deep camber end part of ear tooth block; On the other hand, 72 outer i.e. 721 parts in human relations exterior feature deep camber end part of substrate ear tooth block upward, outer human relations wide small curvature end part That is downward, the ratcheting ratcheting relation of ear tooth block of two neighboring slip is for 722 parts:Slide the court of slowing-down structure ear tooth block 71 On 722 sliding contact of small curvature end part directed downwardly of small curvature end part 711 and substrate ear tooth block 72 coordinate, slip subtracts The deep camber end directed downwardly part 712 of fast structure ear tooth block 71 and the deep camber end part upward of substrate ear tooth block 72 721 sliding contacts coordinate;It slides slowing-down structure ear tooth block 71 and the above-mentioned of substrate ear tooth block 72 is slidably matched so that sliding Slowing-down structure 5 can from the bottom up slide on substrate 6 to slow down, wherein the resistance up slided is less than the resistance slided down, As a result, when the automobile of high-speed motion rushes to emergency lane, and front-wheel falls into the groove 8 on slip slowing-down structure 5, because automobile weight Power emergency lane road surface normal direction component, realize slide slowing-down structure 5 unidirectionally slided on substrate 6, especially in vapour During vehicle high deceleration, unidirectional slide effect is more notable.
Further, in the primary deceleration area 1 of emergency lane, intermediate deceleration area 2 respectively places a cunning on advanced deceleration area 3 Dynamic slowing-down structure 5, the groove 8 slided on slowing-down structure 5 are made of the different two parts arc segment of curvature, wherein composition groove 8 Upper part is small curvature arc segment 81, curvature K5, and composition 8 lower part of groove is deep camber arc segment 82, curvature For K6, K5 is less than K6 so that and the vehicle front after deceleration is not easy down to deviate from from groove 8, and when automobile speed is too fast, During one slip deceleration failure of slowing-down structure 5, vehicle front easily breaks through the small curvature arc segment 81 in 8 top of groove, and entrance is next In lower slider slowing-down structure 5, it is ensured that the reliable hedging of emergency lane.
Further, can also a slip slowing-down structure 5, other two-stages only be placed in the primary deceleration area 1 of emergency lane Deceleration area does not place slip slowing-down structure, and entire 8 person's of being set to long axis of groove parallel to 6 plane of substrate or slides slowing-down structure at this time The half elliptic groove of 5 bottom surface, it is ensured that vehicle front is not easy to deviate from groove 8 from up or down, it is ensured that the reliable hedging of automobile.
Further, slide 5 upper surface of slowing-down structure and be symmetrically arranged with 4 handles 10, keep away upper cunning for passing through lifting machine The slip slowing-down structure 5 of danger recovers starting operating position.
The above is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, not the present invention is imposed any restrictions, every according to this hair Any simple modification, change and the equivalent structure transformation that bright technical spirit makees above example, still fall within the present invention In the protection domain of technical solution.

Claims (6)

1. a kind of highway emergency lane, is arranged on highway side, substrate is laid on emergency lane, substrate has along direction of traffic There is upstroke slope, which is characterized in that the angle between upper surface of base plate and horizontal plane is 15 °~40 °;It is correspondingly provided with along substrate Three decelerating areas of emergency lane, are primary deceleration area respectively from the bottom up, intermediate deceleration area, advanced deceleration area;Along base Plate has been evenly arranged multiple substrate ear tooth blocks, wherein the substrate ear tooth block size size and shape in each region are the same, But primary deceleration area, intermediate deceleration area, the substrate ear tooth block size size on advanced deceleration area are sequentially increased and shape invariance, To improve deceleration intensity paragraph by paragraph;It slides slowing-down structure to be disposed on the substrate, slides slowing-down structure with substrate by being each provided with The mutual slide teeth splice grafting of ear tooth block touch, ear tooth block include be arranged on slide slowing-down structure below slip slowing-down structure ear Tooth block, arranged on the substrate ear tooth block of surface;Slide arc section of the slowing-down structure ear tooth block by outer human relations exterior feature curvature for K1 Part and the circular arc segment section that outer human relations exterior feature curvature is K2 are formed, and mean curvature K1 is less than K2;Substrate ear tooth block is wide bent by outer human relations The circular arc segment section that the circular arc segment section and outer human relations exterior feature curvature that rate is K3 are K4 is formed, and mean curvature K4 is less than K3;It slides and slows down Structure ear tooth block and substrate ear tooth are block-shaped identical, i.e. K1=K4, K2=K3;It is wide big to slide the outer human relations of slowing-down structure ear tooth block Downward, outer human relations wide small curvature end part i.e. part is upward for curvature end part i.e. part;On the other hand, outside substrate ear tooth block Upward, downward, two neighboring slip is ratcheting for outer human relations wide small curvature end part i.e. part for human relations exterior feature deep camber end part i.e. part The ratcheting relation of ear tooth block is:Slide the small curvature end part upward of slowing-down structure ear tooth block and the court of substrate ear tooth block Under small curvature end part sliding contact cooperation, slide the deep camber end directed downwardly part of slowing-down structure ear tooth block and substrate ear The deep camber end part sliding contact cooperation upward of shape tooth block;Slide the upper of slowing-down structure ear tooth block and substrate ear tooth block It states to be slidably matched to slide slowing-down structure and slide from the bottom up on substrate and slow down, wherein the resistance up slided is less than The resistance slided down, as a result, when the automobile of high-speed motion rushes to emergency lane, front-wheel falls into the groove slided on slowing-down structure When, because automobile gravity, in the component of emergency lane road surface normal direction, realization is slided slowing-down structure and is unidirectionally slided on substrate.
2. highway emergency lane as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the primary deceleration area, intermediate deceleration area, advanced The substrate ear tooth block size size multiple ratio of deceleration area is 1:2:4 and shape invariance, so subtracted by primary deceleration area to middle rank The substrate ear tooth block size size increase amplitude in fast area is less than the substrate ear tooth block from intermediate deceleration area to advanced deceleration area Size dimension increases amplitude so that vibrations of the automobile from primary deceleration area to intermediate deceleration area when excessive are less than from intermediate deceleration area To vibrations of advanced deceleration area when excessive.
3. highway emergency lane as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the angle between upper surface of base plate and horizontal plane is excellent Elect 18 ° as.
4. the highway emergency lane as described in any one in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that substrate is steel plate or high-strength Reinforced Concrete Materials is spent to make;Correspondingly, substrate ear tooth block makes for steel material, steel base is welded or is shaped in On plate or inlay and be fixed on made of high strength reinforced concrete material on substrate.
5. the highway emergency lane as described in any one in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that in the primary of emergency lane Deceleration area, intermediate deceleration area respectively place a slip slowing-down structure on advanced deceleration area, slide the groove on slowing-down structure by song The different two parts arc segment composition of rate, wherein part is small curvature arc segment on composition groove, curvature K5 is formed recessed Slot lower part is deep camber arc segment, and curvature K6, K5 are less than K6 so that the vehicle front after deceleration is not easy from groove In deviate from down, and when automobile speed it is too fast, one slide slowing-down structure slow down failure when, vehicle front easily breaks through groove The small curvature arc segment in top, into next lower slider slowing-down structure, it is ensured that the reliable hedging of emergency lane.
6. the highway emergency lane as described in any one in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that only in the first of emergency lane Grade deceleration area places a slip slowing-down structure, and slip slowing-down structure is not placed in other double reduction areas, and entire groove is set at this time Be person's long axis parallel to base plan or slide slowing-down structure bottom surface half elliptic groove, it is ensured that vehicle front be not easy from Up or down deviates from groove, it is ensured that the reliable hedging of automobile.
CN201810002879.1A 2018-01-02 2018-01-02 A kind of highway emergency lane Pending CN108103868A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810002879.1A CN108103868A (en) 2018-01-02 2018-01-02 A kind of highway emergency lane

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810002879.1A CN108103868A (en) 2018-01-02 2018-01-02 A kind of highway emergency lane

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CN108103868A true CN108103868A (en) 2018-06-01

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108755313A (en) * 2018-08-23 2018-11-06 新疆工程学院 Novel buffer type emergency lane

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1105331A (en) * 1976-08-18 1981-07-21 Bertil Engwall Method to prevent vehicles from passing a temporarily speed reduced part of a road with high speed, and a device for utilizing the method
CN101550680A (en) * 2009-04-27 2009-10-07 沈昌生 Wheel-trap involuntary stop device for motor vehicle
CN203129045U (en) * 2012-12-28 2013-08-14 长安大学 Spring buffering plate danger-avoiding lane
CN205242194U (en) * 2015-12-01 2016-05-18 北华航天工业学院 Keep away dangerous lane
CN106320209A (en) * 2016-11-14 2017-01-11 仲炳华 Progressive speed bump
CN206448123U (en) * 2017-01-21 2017-08-29 深圳市金灿交通设施有限公司 A kind of anti-collision structure at truck escape ramp crossing

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1105331A (en) * 1976-08-18 1981-07-21 Bertil Engwall Method to prevent vehicles from passing a temporarily speed reduced part of a road with high speed, and a device for utilizing the method
CN101550680A (en) * 2009-04-27 2009-10-07 沈昌生 Wheel-trap involuntary stop device for motor vehicle
CN203129045U (en) * 2012-12-28 2013-08-14 长安大学 Spring buffering plate danger-avoiding lane
CN205242194U (en) * 2015-12-01 2016-05-18 北华航天工业学院 Keep away dangerous lane
CN106320209A (en) * 2016-11-14 2017-01-11 仲炳华 Progressive speed bump
CN206448123U (en) * 2017-01-21 2017-08-29 深圳市金灿交通设施有限公司 A kind of anti-collision structure at truck escape ramp crossing

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108755313A (en) * 2018-08-23 2018-11-06 新疆工程学院 Novel buffer type emergency lane

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Application publication date: 20180601