CN108086459A - A kind of construction method of sponge urban green space water storage system - Google Patents
A kind of construction method of sponge urban green space water storage system Download PDFInfo
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- CN108086459A CN108086459A CN201711345100.8A CN201711345100A CN108086459A CN 108086459 A CN108086459 A CN 108086459A CN 201711345100 A CN201711345100 A CN 201711345100A CN 108086459 A CN108086459 A CN 108086459A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
- E03F5/00—Sewerage structures
- E03F5/10—Collecting-tanks; Equalising-tanks for regulating the run-off; Laying-up basins
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
- C04B40/0039—Premixtures of ingredients
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C11/00—Details of pavings
- E01C11/22—Gutters; Kerbs ; Surface drainage of streets, roads or like traffic areas
- E01C11/221—Kerbs or like edging members, e.g. flush kerbs, shoulder retaining means ; Joint members, connecting or load-transfer means specially for kerbs
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C11/00—Details of pavings
- E01C11/22—Gutters; Kerbs ; Surface drainage of streets, roads or like traffic areas
- E01C11/224—Surface drainage of streets
- E01C11/225—Paving specially adapted for through-the-surfacing drainage, e.g. perforated, porous; Preformed paving elements comprising, or adapted to form, passageways for carrying off drainage
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C23/00—Auxiliary devices or arrangements for constructing, repairing, reconditioning, or taking-up road or like surfaces
- E01C23/03—Arrangements for curing paving; Devices for applying curing means; Devices for laying prefabricated underlay, e.g. sheets, membranes; Protecting paving under construction or while curing, e.g. use of tents
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
- E03F1/00—Methods, systems, or installations for draining-off sewage or storm water
- E03F1/002—Methods, systems, or installations for draining-off sewage or storm water with disposal into the ground, e.g. via dry wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
- E03F5/00—Sewerage structures
- E03F5/14—Devices for separating liquid or solid substances from sewage, e.g. sand or sludge traps, rakes or grates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B2103/54—Pigments; Dyes
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of construction method of sponge urban green space water storage system, including:(a)Excavation pit;(b)Cistern is constructed;(c)Ooze pool construction;(d)Permeable surface construction;(e)Maintenance.Construction is simple of the present invention, difficulty is low, and construction is orderly, and construction quality is easily controllable, the construction equipment being related to is few, construction cost is low, and osmotic effect is good, using water-permeable brick and pervious concrete making, make to ooze under rainwater is rapid, super part of oozing enters greenery patches region, and the plant in greenery patches plays rainwater interception function, increases residence time of the rainwater in the region of greenery patches.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of greenery patches construction methods, and in particular to a kind of construction party of sponge urban green space water storage system
Method.
Background technology
With the propulsion of Urbanization Construction, increasing for hardened ground changes original water regime, causes rainfall runoff
Increase, the frequent ponding in road surface, the frequent large area ponding in urban, while rain flood peak value becomes larger, soil moisture content is reduced, underground
Water level decreasing phenomenon aggravation etc..In addition, China's Urban Water Shortage Problem of Cities getting worse, northern area resource-type water shortage, southern area
Water quality type water shortage.In such a case, government puts forward to build the target in " sponge city ", is given in each side such as policy, finances
To support.
Sponge city, as its name suggests, city is such as sponge, in duration of raining, can quickly absorb, accumulate, permeating,
Purifying rainwater reduces rainwater and forms runoff, recharge of groundwater;Simultaneously when not raining, by a series for the treatment of measures and mating
The water of accumulation is used pipe network facilities, so as to which rainwater resource be allowed preferably to be dissolved into the supply and drain water system in city.It makes
Rational sponge urban water system, can both be effectively protected the original ecosystem in city, and can also slowly recover original
The destroyed ecosystem, simultaneously for the Development control area of entire urbanization influence drop to it is lower.
Traditional sponge urban construction pattern, is hard surface everywhere.Whenever heavy rain, " the ash such as pipe duct, pumping plant is relied primarily on
Color " facility carrys out draining, and with " quick to exclude " and " end concentration " control for main planning and design concept, rainwater mainly passes through draining
Facility is drained, and can not penetrate into underground, is often resulted in and is met rain flooded, drought and waterlogging racing does not meet the requirement of sponge urban construction.
The content of the invention
Goal of the invention:The present invention proposes a kind of applying for sponge urban green space water storage system for deficiency of the prior art
Work method.
Technical solution:A kind of construction method of sponge urban green space water storage system of the present invention, includes the following steps:
(a)Excavation pit:According to design drawing, in a manner that excavator coordinates artificial grooving, excavation pit to designed elevation,
The verticality of control foundation pit crater wall is respectively less than 1%, removes the sundries and fragment of bottom of foundation ditch, the bullet line of ink marker is levelling, and pit elevation is inclined
Difference is less than 5mm, and grey wire tag, division cistern construction area and infiltration pond construction area under making in foundation pit;
(b)Cistern is constructed:Excavation pit in 5~8m of collecting gutter is being closed on, is clearing up foundation pit, then concreting in lifts pad
Layer, total height are 100~120mm, and every layer of uniform compaction, then carry out building cistern by laying bricks or stones before constructing in cistern side, is first buried
Water service pipe, one end are arranged in setting pot, and the other end is located in cistern, in the construction process, staggeredly builds seepage brick by laying bricks or stones, and in side
Drinking-water pipe is reserved on face, drinking-water pipe is higher by 20~30cm of ground level, after completing the construction of cistern side, casting concrete top plate,
Top plate reserves water inlet, and drainpipe is connected on water inlet, then sets waterproofing geomembrane on concrete roof upper berth, is returned with original soil
It fills out and buries cistern, backfill height is 450~500mm, and excision drainpipe is higher by the part of earthing;
(c)Ooze pool construction:Infiltration face is laid on earthing face, is first laid with the gravel layer conduct that a layer thickness is 100~120mm
Filter layer, then on filter layer laying depth be the concrete of 150~200mm, block stone binder course as aquifer, then
One layer of permeable geotextiles are laid on aquifer as separation layer, is fixed after evening up pressure together, then is backfilled thickness on separation layer and be
The original soil of 500~600mm is finally laid with the ore filter layer of 150~200mm as hypothallus on hypothallus, and tamps, so
Turf Culture afterwards, turf absolute altitude are more recessed 50~80mm than surrounding road;
(d)Permeable surface construction:The permeable bed course of 80~100mm thickness is laid on the argillic horizon, the permeable bed course
0 .5mm of sand grains footpath >, are laterally laid with the infiltration well on the permeable bed course, with the sand backfill infiltration well and the mistake
The gap left between filter plate after the permeable formation has been laid with, is laid with first drainpipe, is arranged by every 30cm on it
Cloth completes first drainpipe and the connection for collecting water pipe, is then 10~20mm with grain size, porosity of=30%
Rubble backfill, first drainpipe is buried, backfill height is tamped with plate vibration for 200~250mm, this layer is made
For the permeable formation, the screed-coat of 100~200mm thickness is then laid on the permeable formation, the screed-coat is looked for sand
Concora crush is real, and intermediate to both sides slope 1%, the deviation of surface smoothness is less than 5mm, finally on the both sides laying road of remaining area
Kerb, is laid with the permeable pavement layer between the kerbstone, and the apical side height of the permeable pavement layer is less than the curb
20~25cm of gap height on stone, after the permeable pavement layer is laid with, compacting is smooth;
(e)Maintenance:After construction, the permeable pavement layer is covered with stack of rice straw, and timely water seasoning, curing time are more than
24 it is small when, ensure the stack of rice straw moistening of covering during maintenance, and idler forbidden to trample or continue to construct upper.
Further, step(d)Described in permeable pavement layer construction method for the water-permeable brick body is mutually spliced
Combination backfills the gap left between the kerbstone and the water-permeable brick body with pervious concrete, then in the curb
The stone concrete coloring agent that width is 10cm together with the brush of the junction of the water-permeable brick body.
Further, the concrete coloring agent includes the raw material of following mass fraction:20-40 parts of natural resin, solvent
10-15 parts, 3-10 parts of natural resin, 10-20 parts of inorganic pigment, 5-10 parts of drier, 0.1-0.5 parts of antifoaming agent, coupling agent
0.3-0.5 parts, 0.5-1 parts of bleeding agent.
Advantageous effect:Construction is simple of the present invention, difficulty is low, and construction is orderly, and construction quality is easily controllable, and the construction being related to is set
Standby few, construction cost is low, and osmotic effect is good, using water-permeable brick and pervious concrete making, makes to ooze under rainwater is rapid, super to ooze part
Into greenery patches region, the plant in greenery patches plays rainwater interception function, increases residence time of the rainwater in the region of greenery patches,
Root system of plant can play catharsis to suspended matter, impurity in rainfall runoff etc., and rainwater infiltrates on the spot, directly penetrates into anti-filter
Layer, after rainwater enters loaded filter, rainwater migrates in loaded filter, and rainwater can only downwards be permeated by hole, and flow velocity is slow, stops
Stay the time long, metalling, gravel layer and sandy soil layer have adsorption capacity, and the organic granular in rainwater is adsorbed, by raw in hole
Long anaerobe degradation, purified rainwater are stored in thin solum, can be increased the water content of thin solum, be adjusted gas
It waits, containment urban heat land effect, while can also reduce the pollution of runoff and flood threatens, the rainwater for reaching seepage ditch is then suitable
The hole for tree pond cover board enters in osmos tube, then is conveyed rainwater downwards by osmos tube, is sent into filter well, oozes through collector pipe
Well by rainwater storage in underground, prevents take up ground space, water filter well plate plays retardance rainwater as the container for collecting rainwater
Effect, rainwater can only downwards continue to permeate by permeable hole, and remaining fixed particle is stopped in water filter well plate surface in rainwater,
It can not fall, separate impurity.When amount of rainfall is more than that filter well collects the upper limit, extra rainwater is defeated downwards by drainpipe
It send, the extra rainwater being finally collected into fully enters unified storage, the rain that will be collected by suction pump in cistern in cistern
Water is pumped into water tank and stores, and the rainwater of storage can replace Tap Water from Some Cities and underground water, be filled applied to greening
Irrigate, road cleaning, supplement water landscape, toilet flushing etc., can also be used as the make-up water source of park landscape water body, greatly improve
The resource utilization efficiency of rainwater, turns waste into wealth, and space-time discontinuous, unstable rainwater resource is converted into and is supplied with lasting
The problem of systems stabilisation of outlet capacity becomes the water resource for urban green space comprehensive utilization, alleviates water resources shortage, it is right
Building the ecological agriculture, ecocity, environmental protection all has very great meaning.
Specific embodiment
With reference to specific embodiment, the invention will be further described:
Embodiment 1
A kind of construction method of sponge urban green space water storage system, includes the following steps:
(a)Excavation pit:According to design drawing, in a manner that excavator coordinates artificial grooving, excavation pit to designed elevation,
The verticality of control foundation pit crater wall is respectively less than 1%, removes the sundries and fragment of bottom of foundation ditch, the bullet line of ink marker is levelling, and pit elevation is inclined
Difference is less than 5mm, and grey wire tag, division cistern construction area and infiltration pond construction area under making in foundation pit;
(b)Cistern is constructed:Excavation pit in 5~8m of collecting gutter is being closed on, is clearing up foundation pit, then concreting in lifts pad
Layer, total height are 100~120mm, and every layer of uniform compaction, then carry out building cistern by laying bricks or stones before constructing in cistern side, is first buried
Water service pipe, one end are arranged in setting pot, and the other end is located in cistern, in the construction process, staggeredly builds seepage brick by laying bricks or stones, and in side
Drinking-water pipe is reserved on face, drinking-water pipe is higher by 20~30cm of ground level, after completing the construction of cistern side, casting concrete top plate,
Top plate reserves water inlet, and drainpipe is connected on water inlet, then sets waterproofing geomembrane on concrete roof upper berth, is returned with original soil
It fills out and buries cistern, backfill height is 450~500mm, and excision drainpipe is higher by the part of earthing;
(c)Ooze pool construction:Infiltration face is laid on earthing face, is first laid with the gravel layer conduct that a layer thickness is 100~120mm
Filter layer, then on filter layer laying depth be the concrete of 150~200mm, block stone binder course as aquifer, then
One layer of permeable geotextiles are laid on aquifer as separation layer, is fixed after evening up pressure together, then is backfilled thickness on separation layer and be
The original soil of 500~600mm is finally laid with the ore filter layer of 150~200mm as hypothallus on hypothallus, and tamps, so
Turf Culture afterwards, turf absolute altitude are more recessed 50~80mm than surrounding road;
(d)Permeable surface construction:The permeable bed course of 80~100mm thickness is laid on the argillic horizon, the permeable bed course
0 .5mm of sand grains footpath >, are laterally laid with the infiltration well on the permeable bed course, with the sand backfill infiltration well and the mistake
The gap left between filter plate after the permeable formation has been laid with, is laid with first drainpipe, is arranged by every 30cm on it
Cloth completes first drainpipe and the connection for collecting water pipe, is then 10~20mm with grain size, porosity of=30%
Rubble backfill, first drainpipe is buried, backfill height is tamped with plate vibration for 200~250mm, this layer is made
For the permeable formation, the screed-coat of 100~200mm thickness is then laid on the permeable formation, the screed-coat is looked for sand
Concora crush is real, and intermediate to both sides slope 1%, the deviation of surface smoothness is less than 5mm, finally on the both sides laying road of remaining area
Kerb, is laid with the permeable pavement layer between the kerbstone, and the apical side height of the permeable pavement layer is less than the curb
20~25cm of gap height on stone, after the permeable pavement layer is laid with, compacting is smooth;
(e)Maintenance:After construction, the permeable pavement layer is covered with stack of rice straw, and timely water seasoning, curing time are more than
24 it is small when, ensure the stack of rice straw moistening of covering during maintenance, and idler forbidden to trample or continue to construct upper.
Further, step(d)Described in permeable pavement layer construction method for the water-permeable brick body is mutually spliced
Combination backfills the gap left between the kerbstone and the water-permeable brick body with pervious concrete, then in the curb
The stone concrete coloring agent that width is 10cm together with the brush of the junction of the water-permeable brick body.
Further, the concrete coloring agent includes the raw material of following mass fraction:20-40 parts of natural resin, solvent
10-15 parts, 3-10 parts of natural resin, 10-20 parts of inorganic pigment, 5-10 parts of drier, 0.1-0.5 parts of antifoaming agent, coupling agent
0.3-0.5 parts, 0.5-1 parts of bleeding agent.
The above described is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, not make limitation in any form to the present invention, though
So the present invention is disclosed above with preferred embodiment, however is not limited to the present invention, any to be familiar with this professional technology people
Member, without departing from the scope of the present invention, when the technology contents using the disclosure above make a little change or modification
For the equivalent embodiment of equivalent variations, as long as being the content without departing from technical solution of the present invention, technical spirit according to the invention
To any simple modification, equivalent change and modification that above example is made, in the range of still falling within technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. a kind of construction method of sponge urban green space water storage system, it is characterised in that:Include the following steps:
(a)Excavation pit:According to design drawing, in a manner that excavator coordinates artificial grooving, excavation pit to designed elevation,
The verticality of control foundation pit crater wall is respectively less than 1%, removes the sundries and fragment of bottom of foundation ditch, the bullet line of ink marker is levelling, and pit elevation is inclined
Difference is less than 5mm, and grey wire tag, division cistern construction area and infiltration pond construction area under making in foundation pit;
(b)Cistern is constructed:Excavation pit in 5~8m of collecting gutter is being closed on, is clearing up foundation pit, then concreting in lifts pad
Layer, total height are 100~120mm, and every layer of uniform compaction, then carry out building cistern by laying bricks or stones before constructing in cistern side, is first buried
Water service pipe, one end are arranged in setting pot, and the other end is located in cistern, in the construction process, staggeredly builds seepage brick by laying bricks or stones, and in side
Drinking-water pipe is reserved on face, drinking-water pipe is higher by 20~30cm of ground level, after completing the construction of cistern side, casting concrete top plate,
Top plate reserves water inlet, and drainpipe is connected on water inlet, then sets waterproofing geomembrane on concrete roof upper berth, is returned with original soil
It fills out and buries cistern, backfill height is 450~500mm, and excision drainpipe is higher by the part of earthing;
(c)Ooze pool construction:Infiltration face is laid on earthing face, is first laid with the gravel layer conduct that a layer thickness is 100~120mm
Filter layer, then on filter layer laying depth be the concrete of 150~200mm, block stone binder course as aquifer, then
One layer of permeable geotextiles are laid on aquifer as separation layer, is fixed after evening up pressure together, then is backfilled thickness on separation layer and be
The original soil of 500~600mm is finally laid with the ore filter layer of 150~200mm as hypothallus on hypothallus, and tamps, so
Turf Culture afterwards, turf absolute altitude are more recessed 50~80mm than surrounding road;
(d)Permeable surface construction:The permeable bed course of 80~100mm thickness is laid on the argillic horizon, the permeable bed course
0 .5mm of sand grains footpath >, are laterally laid with the infiltration well on the permeable bed course, with the sand backfill infiltration well and the mistake
The gap left between filter plate after the permeable formation has been laid with, is laid with first drainpipe, is arranged by every 30cm on it
Cloth completes first drainpipe and the connection for collecting water pipe, is then 10~20mm with grain size, porosity of=30%
Rubble backfill, first drainpipe is buried, backfill height is tamped with plate vibration for 200~250mm, this layer is made
For the permeable formation, the screed-coat of 100~200mm thickness is then laid on the permeable formation, the screed-coat is looked for sand
Concora crush is real, and intermediate to both sides slope 1%, the deviation of surface smoothness is less than 5mm, finally on the both sides laying road of remaining area
Kerb, is laid with the permeable pavement layer between the kerbstone, and the apical side height of the permeable pavement layer is less than the curb
20~25cm of gap height on stone, after the permeable pavement layer is laid with, compacting is smooth;
(e)Maintenance:After construction, the permeable pavement layer is covered with stack of rice straw, and timely water seasoning, curing time are more than
24 it is small when, ensure the stack of rice straw moistening of covering during maintenance, and idler forbidden to trample or continue to construct upper.
2. a kind of construction method of sponge urban green space water storage system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Step
(d)Described in permeable pavement layer construction method for the water-permeable brick body is mutually spliced and combined, backfilled with pervious concrete
The gap left between the kerbstone and the water-permeable brick body, then in the friendship of the kerbstone and the water-permeable brick body
It meets place and brushes the concrete coloring agent that one of width is 10cm.
3. a kind of construction method of sponge urban green space water storage system according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:It is described mixed
Solidifying soil coloring agent includes the raw material of following mass fraction:20-40 parts of natural resin, 10-15 parts of solvent, 3-10 parts of natural resin,
10-20 parts of inorganic pigment, 5-10 parts of drier, 0.1-0.5 parts of antifoaming agent, 0.3-0.5 parts of coupling agent, 0.5-1 parts of bleeding agent.
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109736414A (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2019-05-10 | 温州国盛建设有限公司 | Device and reforming technology is transformed in able to resisting flood and drought massif |
CN109914564A (en) * | 2019-01-28 | 2019-06-21 | 华北水利水电大学 | It is a kind of to store and be sustained the underground shallow layer structure recycled for rainwater |
CN110036880A (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-07-23 | 东南大学 | It is a kind of to be afforested based on the hillside fields vertically regulated and controled from irrigation system and construction method |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106088289A (en) * | 2016-07-14 | 2016-11-09 | 浙江水利水电学院 | A kind of water storage system for sponge Front river course road and construction method |
CN106869237A (en) * | 2017-03-16 | 2017-06-20 | 浙江水利水电学院 | A kind of gardens rainwater-collecting water storage system and its construction method |
CN107434951A (en) * | 2017-09-21 | 2017-12-05 | 四川理工学院 | A kind of concrete floor coloring agent and preparation method thereof |
-
2017
- 2017-12-15 CN CN201711345100.8A patent/CN108086459A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106088289A (en) * | 2016-07-14 | 2016-11-09 | 浙江水利水电学院 | A kind of water storage system for sponge Front river course road and construction method |
CN106869237A (en) * | 2017-03-16 | 2017-06-20 | 浙江水利水电学院 | A kind of gardens rainwater-collecting water storage system and its construction method |
CN107434951A (en) * | 2017-09-21 | 2017-12-05 | 四川理工学院 | A kind of concrete floor coloring agent and preparation method thereof |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109736414A (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2019-05-10 | 温州国盛建设有限公司 | Device and reforming technology is transformed in able to resisting flood and drought massif |
CN109914564A (en) * | 2019-01-28 | 2019-06-21 | 华北水利水电大学 | It is a kind of to store and be sustained the underground shallow layer structure recycled for rainwater |
CN110036880A (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-07-23 | 东南大学 | It is a kind of to be afforested based on the hillside fields vertically regulated and controled from irrigation system and construction method |
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Application publication date: 20180529 |