CN108074917B - 一种多芯片并联的半桥型igbt模块 - Google Patents

一种多芯片并联的半桥型igbt模块 Download PDF

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CN108074917B
CN108074917B CN201611005234.0A CN201611005234A CN108074917B CN 108074917 B CN108074917 B CN 108074917B CN 201611005234 A CN201611005234 A CN 201611005234A CN 108074917 B CN108074917 B CN 108074917B
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庄伟东
李宇柱
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NANJING YINMAO MICROELECTRONIC MANUFACTURING CO LTD
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种多芯片并联的半桥型IGBT模块,所述模块包括导热底板及陶瓷覆铜基板,陶瓷覆铜基板上设置芯片和用于连接的键合导线,芯片组成上桥臂和下桥臂,每个桥臂包含至少两颗IGBT芯片,每颗IGBT芯片附带续流二极管形成一个IGBT芯片单元,组成每个桥臂的IGBT芯片单元在陶瓷覆铜基板上纵向并列排列,每个桥臂的全部IGBT芯片的栅极指向相同方向,每个IGBT芯片的栅极都是通过独立的键合导线连接至覆铜基板上的栅极键合点上并最终通过覆铜或者键合导线连接到相应的上桥臂和下桥臂的栅极铜条上。

Description

一种多芯片并联的半桥型IGBT模块
技术领域
本发明属于功率半导体器件技术领域,具体来说涉及一种绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)模块内部多芯片并联的电流均衡设计和实现方法。
背景技术
IGBT不但可以耐受高压和提供大电流,而且控制方便,是电机控制、电源逆变的重要功率器件。IGBT单芯片,由于受到芯片尺寸的限制,单颗芯片的输出电流通常不会超过200A。为了控制更大的功率,可以通过在功率模块内部,进行多个IGBT芯片的并联,来得到数百甚至数千安培的输出电流。因此,IGBT模块,尺寸灵活多变,可以集成多颗IGBT芯片,来获得大电流输出能力,在工业领域得到了广泛的应用。但是,由于芯片本身的几何尺寸,以及功率模块内部连线和互联区域的限制,会带来功率模块内部较大的分布电感。这就会导致多颗并联的IGBT芯片,在开通和关断时,每一颗IGBT芯片各自所承担的电流产生不均衡。严重时,当个别芯片承担的电流将远超过其它芯片,设备运行时,IGBT的连续开通过,关断,将导致其结温将远高于其它承担电流较低的芯片。在这种情况下,IGBT芯片在开关时承担高电流的芯片,将由于其结温的高企而大大降低可靠性,容易造成模块的早期损坏。因此,如何在IGBT模块的设计过程中,平衡并联芯片的承担电流,就变得十分重要。
发明内容
本发明的目的是在多芯片并联的功率模块内部,平衡每颗芯片的栅极控制回路和功率回路的分布电感,从而达到在模块开通时,每颗芯片承担的电流基本平衡,而模块在关断时,每颗芯片承担的电压也基本平衡。
本发明采用以下手段实现以上所述的目的:
一种多芯片并联的半桥型IGBT模块,其特征在于,所述模块自下而上包括导热底板及陶瓷覆铜基板,陶瓷覆铜基板上设置芯片和用于连接的键合导线以及模块的输出端和正负极,陶瓷覆铜基板上的芯片包括IGBT芯片和附带的续流二极管,每颗IGBT芯片连同附带的续流二极管形成一个IGBT芯片单元,至少两个IGBT芯片单元组成一个桥臂,每个所述半桥型IGBT模块包含两个桥臂,分别称为上桥臂和下桥臂,组成每个桥臂的IGBT芯片单元在陶瓷覆铜基板上沿纵向并列排列,每个桥臂的全部IGBT芯片的栅极与键合导线的键合点指向相同方向,下桥臂的IGBT芯片的发射极和续流二极管的阳极通过键合导线连接至覆铜基板上的下桥臂发射极铜条上并最终连接到模块的负极,上桥臂的IGBT芯片的发射极和续流二极管的阳极通过键合导线连接至覆铜基板上的上桥臂发射极铜条上并最终连接到下桥臂IGBT芯片的集电极以及模块的输出端,每个IGBT芯片的栅极通过键合导线连接到覆铜基板上的栅极铜条上并最终连接到模块的信号端子,其中每个IGBT芯片的栅极都是通过独立的键合导线连接至覆铜基板上的栅极键合点上并最终通过覆铜或者键合导线连接到相应的上桥臂和下桥臂的栅极铜条上。
在以上模块中,优选地,上桥臂的IGBT芯片并联结构与下桥臂的IGBT芯片并联结构关于模块中心点成对称结构。
在另一个优选实施方案中,上下桥臂的发射极铜条的长度不超过每个桥臂的最外侧的IGBT芯片的外侧边缘位置,并且连接最外侧IGBT芯片的发射极和续流二极管的阳极与发射极铜条的键合导线中有至少50%是采用了叠层键合的设置。更进一步,发射极铜条最外端的位置比最外侧IGBT芯片外缘缩进了IGBT芯片宽度的30-60%。
优选地,每个桥臂的靠最内侧的至少一个IGBT芯片单元的IGBT芯片与续流二极管的排列位置与其它IGBT芯片单元的IGBT芯片与续流二极管的排列位置相反。
另外,所用续流二极管为快速恢复二极管。
并且,本发明所述的结构可以适用于基于硅、碳化硅和氮化镓的芯片。
本发明的结构降低了并联芯片之间的电流差异,平衡回路上各部件之间的电感,使得在模块开通时,每颗芯片承担的电流基本平衡,而模块在关断时,每颗芯片承担的电压也基本平衡。
附图说明
图1是包含两个IGBT功率单元的最简单半桥功率模块的结构示意图,每个桥臂可以由多个IGBT芯片并联;
图2是每个桥臂包含三个IGBT单元的半桥型IGBT模块的电感产生示意图;
图3是一种半桥型IGBT模块的结构示意图;
图4是图3所示模块的电流分布图;
图5是本发明所涉及半桥型IGBT模块的结构示意图;
图6是图5所示模块开通时的电流分布图;
图7是图5所示模块关断时的电流分布图。
具体实施方式
本发明的目的是在多芯片并联的功率模块内部,平衡每颗芯片的栅极控制回路和功率回路的分布电感,从而达到在模块开通时,每颗芯片承担的电流基本平衡,而模块在关断时,每颗芯片承担的电压也基本平衡。
对于本发明的方案,作出了如下调整:一种多芯片并联的IGBT模块结构,具有导热底板和陶瓷覆铜陶瓷基板,以及基板上的芯片和互联的键合导线。所述模块从背面开始依次包括:金属底板12,陶瓷覆铜底板(DBC)6、7,IGBT芯片9a、9b、9c、12a、12b、12c;和FRD芯片10a、10b、10c、13a、13b、13c,以及连接芯片、DBC和端子的键合线。其中IGBT 9c、IGBT 12a具有独立的栅极连接回路,如图5所示。
如上所述的多芯片并联的IGBT模块结构,进一步其IGBT 9a和IGBT 12c的发射极键合点的铜条长度,设计降低了30%~60%,而IGBT 9a和IGBT 12c的发射极键合线,至少有50%采取了叠层键合的方法。
另外如上所述的多芯片并联的IGBT模块结构,其上、下桥臂的IGBT芯片并联为对称结构。
并且如上所述的多芯片并联的模块结构中,其所采用的芯片可以基于硅、碳化硅和氮化镓。
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步详细说明。
本发明以最常见的半桥功率模块进行说明。如图1所示,半桥功率模块包含了两个IGBT功率单元,上桥臂IGBT1,下桥臂IGBT2。实际工作时,上下桥臂的IGBT,交替开通和关断,对输出电流进行控制。上桥臂的栅极回路为G1-E1,而下桥臂的栅极回路为G2-E2。相应的上桥臂功率回路为正极P,下桥臂功率回路为负极N。中间为输出端AC。在实际功率模块中,由于必须采用多芯片并联的方式,带来的分布电感存在于回路的各个节点。以三芯片并联为例,如图2所示,上桥臂为T1、T2、T3三颗IGBT并联,下桥臂为T4、T5、T6三颗IGBT并联。在每颗芯片的栅极控制回路,存在着回路电感,如针对T1,就有Lg1和Lge1;针对T2,就有Lg2和Lge2。同时,在每颗IGBT芯片的E极回路,存在着由于芯片连接,例如键合线等,造成的IGBT回路电感。以T1为例,不仅有IGBT的回路电感Le1和续流二极管FRD的回路电感Ld1,还有与他们串联的在陶瓷覆铜基板(DBC)上的走线(铜层)所存在的电感LAC1。另外,陶瓷覆铜基板(DBC)上的铜层与模块底板之间的分布电容,在计算分布电感对各芯片均流的影响时,也必须考虑。
图3是本发明所涉及的半桥型IGBT模块。左侧10为模块的输出端(AC),右侧20为模块的正极,30为模块的负极。以模块的下桥臂为例,每个桥臂有三颗IGBT芯片并联9a、9b、9c,同时,每颗IGBT附带了反并联的快速二极管8a、8b、8c。与此对应,模块的上桥臂,包括了IGBT芯片12a、12b、12c,以及反并联的快速二极管13a、13b、13c。所有的芯片都焊接在陶瓷覆铜基板6和7上,并通过焊料层焊接到模块的底板12上。键合铝线10a、10b、10c连接IGBT的发射极和续流二极管的阳极,并通过DBC上的铜条,最终连接到模块的负极30。计算结果表明,IGBT发射极的分布电感Le9a最高,Le9c最低,两者相差达15nH。IGBT 9a的栅极,通过独立的栅极键合线11b连接到DBC铜条,而IGBT 9b、9c则共享了同一条键合铝线11a,通过它连接到DBC铜条2,并通过键合铝线3连接到模块的信号端子。计算结果表明,IGBT 9c的栅极互感值最低。将IGBT 9a、9b、9c的所有回路电感,以及DBC电流路径的电感,以矩阵形式代入IGBT模型,计算IGBT开通时,电流在各芯片的分布,得到结果如图4所示。虚线为IGBT C-E间的电压,实线为每个IGBT上的电流分布。根据分布电感的计算结果,可以预见IGBT 9c会是开通最快的。实际计算结果也证实了这个推论(图4)。最左侧的IGBT 9a则开通最慢。由图4可知,IGBT开通时,IGBT 9c和IGBT 9a的峰值电流差异达到了33%。
为了进一步降低并联芯片之间的电流差异,本发明提出了一种新的DBC布线和IGBT芯片的排列方式,如图5所示。
参看图5,对本发明的技术方案进行说明。在图5中,IGBT 9c不再与IGBT 9b共享栅极键合线。为了增加IGBT 9c的栅极互感,将IGBT 9c进行了180度旋转,并引入独立的栅极键合线13a。在陶瓷覆铜基板6上,增加IGBT 9c的栅极键合区14和15,使IGBT 9c的栅极键合线能够独立连接到栅极铜条2上。同时,为了降低IGBT 9a的发射极回路电感,在陶瓷覆铜基板上,对应IGBT 9a发射极键合点的铜条长度,设计降低了30%~60%,而IGBT 9a发射极键合线10a,至少有50%采取了叠层键合的方法,如图5所示。同样,IGBT模块的上桥臂,采用了相同的设计方法。
新的设计的分布电感矩阵,代入相同的IGBT模型,计算IGBT开通时,电流在各芯片的分布,得到结果如图6所示。结果表明,IGBT 9b是开通最快的,而IGBT 9c在新的设计下,开通已经变成了最慢的。开通峰值电流,最高和最低的差异,已经降到了10%。同样的设计,关断时的IGBT电流分布,如图7所示,各IGBT的电流降低速率,dI/dt非常一致,接近理想关断。
本发明所针对的IGBT芯片并联均流方法,同样可用于其它功率芯片,包括MOSFET,碳化硅(SiC)和氮化镓(GaN),均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
另外应了解,虽然图中每个桥臂示出了三个IGBT功率单元,但是应了解,本发明的图仅出于示例的目的,具体每个桥臂所含的功率单元的数量可以根据需要而进行调整,只要利用本发明所公开的原理,就落入本发明权利要求书所主张的保护范围。
上面结合附图对本发明的实施方式作了详细的说明,但是本发明不限于上述实施方式,在所属技术领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内,还可以在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下做出各种变化。

Claims (6)

1.一种多芯片并联的半桥型IGBT模块,其特征在于,所述模块自下而上包括导热底板及陶瓷覆铜基板,陶瓷覆铜基板上设置芯片和用于连接的键合导线以及模块的输出端和正负极,陶瓷覆铜基板上的芯片包括IGBT芯片和附带的续流二极管,每颗IGBT芯片连同附带的续流二极管形成一个IGBT芯片单元,至少两个IGBT芯片单元组成一个桥臂,每个所述半桥型IGBT模块包含两个桥臂,分别称为上桥臂和下桥臂,组成每个桥臂的IGBT芯片单元在陶瓷覆铜基板上沿纵向并列排列,每个桥臂的全部IGBT芯片的栅极与键合导线的键合点指向相同方向,下桥臂的IGBT芯片的发射极和续流二极管的阳极通过键合导线连接至覆铜基板上的下桥臂发射极铜条上并最终连接到模块的负极,上桥臂的IGBT芯片的发射极和续流二极管的阳极通过键合导线连接至覆铜基板上的上桥臂发射极铜条上并最终连接到下桥臂IGBT芯片的集电极以及模块的输出端,每个IGBT芯片的栅极通过键合导线连接到覆铜基板上的栅极铜条上并最终连接到模块的信号端子,其中每个IGBT芯片的栅极都是通过独立的键合导线连接至覆铜基板上的栅极键合点上并最终通过覆铜或者键合导线连接到相应的上桥臂和下桥臂的栅极铜条上,上下桥臂的发射极铜条的长度不超过每个桥臂的最外侧的IGBT芯片的外侧边缘位置,并且连接最外侧IGBT芯片的发射极和续流二极管的阳极与发射极铜条的键合导线中有至少50%是采用了叠层键合的设置。
2.如权利要求1所述的多芯片并联的半桥型IGBT模块,其特征在于,上桥臂的IGBT芯片并联结构与下桥臂的IGBT芯片并联结构关于模块中心点成对称结构。
3.如权利要求1所述的多芯片并联的半桥型IGBT模块,其特征在于,发射极铜条最外端的位置比最外侧IGBT芯片外缘缩进了IGBT芯片宽度的30-60%。
4.如权利要求1所述的多芯片并联的半桥型IGBT模块,其特征在于,每个桥臂的靠最内侧的至少一个IGBT芯片单元的IGBT芯片与续流二极管的排列位置与其它IGBT芯片单元的IGBT芯片与续流二极管的排列位置相反。
5.如权利要求1所述的多芯片并联的半桥型IGBT模块,其特征在于,所用续流二极管为快速恢复二极管。
6.如权利要求1所述的多芯片并联的半桥型IGBT模块,其特征在于,所述模块中所用的芯片是基于硅、碳化硅和氮化镓的芯片。
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