CN107952431B - 多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2微球催化剂及其制备和应用 - Google Patents
多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2微球催化剂及其制备和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107952431B CN107952431B CN201711357721.8A CN201711357721A CN107952431B CN 107952431 B CN107952431 B CN 107952431B CN 201711357721 A CN201711357721 A CN 201711357721A CN 107952431 B CN107952431 B CN 107952431B
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/44—Palladium
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- B01J35/393—Metal or metal oxide crystallite size
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- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种多孔碳@Pd‑Al2O3@介孔TiO2复合微球催化剂制备及其应用。本发明催化剂结构是以多孔碳微球为核心,中间为含纳米钯的Al2O3层,外层为介孔TiO2。本发明主要先制备多孔碳微球,然后制备含纳米钯的铝溶胶;中空碳微球、含纳米钯铝溶胶、水混合后水热处理得到多孔碳@Pd‑Al2O3微球,再将多孔碳@Pd‑Al2O3微球和钛酸四丁酯,乙醇和水混合经水解缩聚得到多孔碳@Pd‑Al2O3@ TiO2,最后经NaOH溶液蚀刻得到多孔碳@Pd‑Al2O3@介孔TiO2复合微球催化剂。本发明催化剂为夹心微球结构,纳米钯分布均匀,用于水溶液苯甲醇催化氧化反应,在无需任何碱性助剂,以常压氧气为氧化剂条件下,反应物和产物扩散性好,活性高,易于和产物分离,循环使用性好。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于化学领域,具体涉及一种用水为溶剂,大气压力下氧气为氧化剂的苯甲醇氧化清洁生产苯甲醛的多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2微球催化剂的制备和应用。
背景技术
苯甲醛是一种重要的中间体和工业原料,广泛用于医药中间体,香料、调料、染料等精细化学品的生产。工业生产苯甲醛是通过甲苯侧链氯化然后水解的氯化水解法和甲苯氧化法。氯化水解法会使苯甲醛产品中含有氯使其在医药、食品等行业的应用受到限制,同时生产过程会产生大量有害气体造成环境污染。而甲苯直接氧化法存在反应压力高,苯甲醛收率低,需要大量有机溶剂的问题,发展无氯苯甲醛的清洁生产工艺具有重要的工业意义,其中,以水为溶剂的苯甲醇气相氧化就是一种重要的苯甲醛清洁生产工艺。负载纳米钯催化剂是这一反应的活性催化剂。
影响纳米钯催化剂的活性和可回收性的主要因素是钯纳米粒子在使用过程中会逐渐长大,从而逐渐失活,同时钯纳米粒子也会在长时间的液相反应环境中逐渐从载体流失进入到反应液中而逐渐失活。解决这一问题的途径是进一步改进催化剂制备工艺。当纳米钯负载于粉状介孔载体材料时,部分纳米钯活性中心会被载体包埋,载体的传质阻力大,反应物难以扩散到活性中心表面和其接触,负载的纳米钯活性中心没有充分发挥催化作用。而以钯纳米粒子为活性核,封装在多孔载体材料的壳层中的核-壳微球结构,在保护钯纳米粒子不会相互结合团聚成活性低的大颗粒上更具有优势。微球催化剂具有均匀组成,多孔载体形成介孔薄层壳对纳米钯有隔离作用,且分散在反应溶液中扩散阻力较小,反应物容易通过载体壳层扩散与活性中心接触。文献1报道了封装纳米钯的氧化铈核-壳微球的制备方法,是以水热制成的碳微球为模板,将水溶液中制备的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)保护的纳米钯胶体吸附在碳微球表面,然后再通过水热方法在其表面附着一层氧化铈层,最后通过高温煅烧的方法除去碳微球模板形成中空微球催化剂。这一方法的主要问题在于高温除去模板处理过程中难以避免纳米钯的部分烧结,钯纳米粒子形状和尺寸会发生改变,这种改变会显著影响纳米钯催化剂的活性。(N. Zhang, Y.J. Xu. Aggregation- andleaching- resistant, reusable, and multifunctional Pd@CeO2 as a robustnanocatalyst by a hollow core-shell strategy. Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 1979-1988)文献2报道了一种中空聚合物微球负载纳米钯催化剂的制备方法,采用模板聚合的方法,首先用单体苯乙烯,甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚制成牺牲模板微球PS-co-PMMA,然后使单体丙烯酰胺(AM),2-乙酰丙酮基-甲基丙烯酸乙酯(AEMA)在交联剂二乙烯苯(DVB)作用下在模板上聚合形成核-壳微球PS-co-PMMA-PAEMA-co-PAM,再用N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)除去模板,形成中空核-壳聚合物微球PS-co -PAEMA-co-PAM,再利用这种中空微球表面基团的螯合作用在溶液中吸附纳米钯形成催化剂。这一方法需要长时间的聚合反应,模板去除的方法是有机溶剂萃取方法,耗时长,消耗的溶剂量大。聚合物中空微球的化学稳定性和热稳定性不高,结构易破坏。(Y. Nan, L. Yang, M. Zhang,等。Microreactor of Pdnanoparticles immobilized hollow microspheres for catalytichydrodechlorination of chlorophenols in water. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2010,2, 127-155)。在本专利中,我们制备出一种的多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2复合催化剂,微球由多孔碳(核)、含纳米钯氧化铝(中间层)和介孔TiO2(壳)组成,微球大小为200~500nm,微球壳层为介孔TiO2,有利于反应物分子和产物分子的扩散。这种结构的纳米钯催化剂,使发生于催化剂和反应液相界面的多相反应分散于微球内进行,类似于准均相反应,具有文献2所述的纳米钯微反应器的优点,同时由于氧化铝层对分散其中的纳米粒子有很好的稳定作用(参见文献:J. Wang, A. Lu, M. Li,等。Thin porous alumina sheets as supportsfor stabilizing gold nanoparticles. ACS. Nano. 2013, 7, 4902-4910),能很好地避免纳米钯的形状和尺寸改变,纳米钯催化剂的效率得到明显提高。这一催化剂以氧化物微球负载纳米钯,具有比聚合物微球更高的热稳定性和化学稳定性,可长期重复使用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种的多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2复合催化剂。
本发明采用的技术方案:一种用于水溶液苯甲醇氧化的复合多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2微球催化剂,其特征在于:以多孔碳微球为核,封装纳米钯的Al2O3层为中间层,介孔TiO2为壳层的复合微球结构,结构式为C@Pd-Al2O3@m-TiO2。
所述的纳米钯为活性成分,其他成分为载体;纳米钯的含量为载体质量的0. 8~1.5%,纳米钯粒径为3-6nm。
所述的载体中,多孔碳的质量分数为30~40%,Al2O3的质量分数为20~30%,介孔TiO2的质量分数为30~40%。
所述的微球催化剂结构式中,介孔TiO2层的介孔为3-7nm。
一种用于水溶液苯甲醇氧化的多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2复合微球催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)葡萄糖溶于水形成10%质量比的溶液,加入聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中,180℃水热8-20h,经离心并用乙醇反复洗涤至离心上清液为无色,分离溶液后干燥得到碳微球;碳微球在15-30mL/min氮气流量下于管式炉中加热至750-800℃处理2h,得多孔碳微球;
2)将多孔碳微球、异丙醇铝和乙醇按0.014~0.019:0.037~0.063:1质量比混合形成碳微球乙醇分散液,按分散液体积比13.75~30%加入20mmol/L浓度的氯化钯乙醇溶液,室温下搅拌0.5h,加热至120℃回流搅拌10h,再浓缩此溶液至至原体积的二分之一,加浓缩液50%体积的去离子水搅拌均匀后转移至聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中, 180℃水热12h;水热后冷却至室温后,离心分离出固体并干燥,得多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球,多孔碳微球为核,纳米钯分散于氧化铝层为壳;
3)将多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球、乙醇、钛酸四丁酯和水按0.76~1.25 :1.0~3.1:10:24质量比充分搅拌混合,搅拌30min后转移至水热釜中,140℃下水热12h;冷却后收集固体,80℃下干燥10h;将干燥后的固体用15mol/L的NaOH水溶液浸泡刻蚀15min,得复合的微球催化剂多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2。
所述的复合多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2微球催化剂在水溶液苯甲醇氧化方面的应用。复合本发明和现有技术相比的有益效果:
(1)催化剂为复合微球结构,纳米钯均匀分散于中间的Al2O3层中,在Al2O3稳定下具有均匀的尺寸分布,纳米钯平均粒径为3-6nm。
(2)介孔TiO2壳层有均匀介孔分布,介孔平均孔径为3-7nm,有利于反应物扩散和纳米钯活性成分接触。有利于提高反应物和纳米钯活性中心作用效率。
(3)本发明催化剂用于催化苯甲醇氧化反应时,以水为溶剂且无需添加任何碱性助剂,为完全绿色工艺,催化剂具有很好的热稳定性和循环使用性能,催化剂用量小,对苯甲醛产物的选择性高。
附图说明
图1为微球形貌图;
图2为纳米钯粒子形貌。
具体实施方式
具体实施方式:
实施例1. 30%C@0.8%Pd-29.2%Al2O3@40%m-TiO2的制备(Pd负载量为0.8%,多孔碳含量30%,Al2O3含量为29.2%,介孔TiO2含量为40%)
(1)葡萄糖4g溶于25mL去离子水,加入30mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中,180℃水热8h,经离心并用乙醇反复洗涤至离心上清液为无色,分离溶液后干燥得到碳微球。碳微球在15mL/min氮气流量下于管式炉中加热至750℃处理2h,得多孔碳微球。
(2)将0.45g 多孔碳微球分散于40mL乙醇中,加入20mmol/L浓度的氯化钯乙醇溶液5.7mL和1.8g异丙醇铝,室温下搅拌0.5h,加热至120℃回流搅拌10h,再浓缩此溶液至25mL,加10mL去离子水搅拌均匀后转移至50mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中, 180℃水热12h。水热后冷却至室温后,离心分离出固体并干燥,得多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球。
3)将0.76g多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球分散于30mL乙醇中,加入2.16mL钛酸四丁酯,10mL去离子水,搅拌30min后转移至50mL水热釜中,140℃下水热12h。冷却后收集固体,80℃下干燥10h。将干燥后的固体用15mol/L的NaOH水溶液浸泡刻蚀15min,得复合的微球催化剂30%C@0.8%Pd-29.2%Al2O3@40%m-TiO2。
实施例2. 35%C@1.0%Pd-28%Al2O3@36%m-TiO2的制备(Pd负载量为1.0%,多孔碳含量35%,Al2O3含量为28%,介孔TiO2含量为36%)
(1)葡萄糖4g溶于25mL去离子水,加入30mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中,180℃水热12h,经离心并用乙醇反复洗涤至离心上清液为无色,分离溶液后干燥得到碳微球。碳微球在20mL/min氮气流量下于管式炉中加热至780℃处理2h,得多孔碳微球。
(2)将0.50g 多孔碳微球分散于40mL乙醇中,加入20mmol/L浓度的氯化钯乙醇溶液6.7mL和1.6g异丙醇铝,室温下搅拌0.5h,加热至120℃回流搅拌10h,再浓缩此溶液至25mL,加10mL去离子水搅拌均匀后转移至50mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中, 180℃水热12h。水热后冷却至室温后,离心分离出固体并干燥,得多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球。
3)将0.81g多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球分散于30mL乙醇中,加入1.94mL钛酸四丁酯,10mL去离子水,搅拌30min后转移至50mL水热釜中,140℃下水热12h。冷却后收集固体,80℃下干燥10h。将干燥后的固体用15mol/L的NaOH水溶液浸泡刻蚀15min,得复合微球催化剂35%C@1.0%Pd-28%Al2O3@36%m-TiO2。
实施例3. 40%C@1.2%Pd-20%Al2O3@38.8%m-TiO2的制备(Pd负载量为1.2%,多孔碳含量40%,Al2O3含量为20%,介孔TiO2含量为38.8%)
(1)葡萄糖4g溶于25mL去离子水,加入30mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中,180℃水热16h,经离心并用乙醇反复洗涤至离心上清液为无色,分离溶液后干燥得到碳微球。碳微球在25mL/min氮气流量下于管式炉中加热至800℃处理2h,得多孔碳微球。
(2)将0.55g 多孔碳微球分散于40mL乙醇中,加入20mmol/L浓度的氯化钯乙醇溶液7.8mL和1.1g异丙醇铝,室温下搅拌0.5h,加热至120℃回流搅拌10h,再浓缩此溶液至25mL,加10mL去离子水搅拌均匀后转移至50mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中, 180℃水热12h。水热后冷却至室温后,离心分离出固体并干燥,得多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球。
3)将1.02g多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球分散于30mL乙醇中,加入2.75mL钛酸四丁酯,10mL去离子水,搅拌30min后转移至50mL水热釜中,140℃下水热12h。冷却后收集固体,80℃下干燥10h。将干燥后的固体用15mol/L的NaOH水溶液浸泡刻蚀15min,得复合微球催化剂40%C@1.2%Pd-20%Al2O3@38.8%m-TiO2。
实施例4. 36%C@1.4%Pd-30%Al2O3@32.4%m-TiO2的制备(Pd负载量为1.4%,多孔碳含量36%,Al2O3含量为30%,介孔TiO2含量为32.4%)
(1)葡萄糖4g溶于25mL去离子水,加入30mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中,180℃水热18h,经离心并用乙醇反复洗涤至离心上清液为无色,分离溶液后干燥得到碳微球。碳微球在20mL/min氮气流量下于管式炉中加热至800℃处理2h,得多孔碳微球。
(2)将0.60g 多孔碳微球分散于40mL乙醇中,加入20mmol/L浓度的氯化钯乙醇溶液11mL和2.0g异丙醇铝,室温下搅拌0.5h,加热至120℃回流搅拌10h,再浓缩此溶液至25mL,加10mL去离子水搅拌均匀后转移至50mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中, 180℃水热12h。水热后冷却至室温后,离心分离出固体并干燥,得多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球。
3)将1.10g多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球分散于30mL乙醇中,加入2.24mL钛酸四丁酯,10mL去离子水,搅拌30min后转移至50mL水热釜中,140℃下水热12h。冷却后收集固体,80℃下干燥10h。将干燥后的固体用15mol/L的NaOH水溶液浸泡刻蚀15min,得复合微球催化剂36%C@1.4%Pd-30%Al2O3@32.4%m-TiO2。
实施例5. 35%C@1.5%Pd-23.8%Al2O3@40%m-TiO2的制备(Pd负载量为1.2%,多孔碳含量35%,Al2O3含量为23.8%,介孔TiO2含量为40%)
(1)葡萄糖4g溶于25mL去离子水,加入30mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中,180℃水热20h,经离心并用乙醇反复洗涤至离心上清液为无色,分离溶液后干燥得到碳微球。碳微球在20mL/min氮气流量下于管式炉中加热至770℃处理2h,得多孔碳微球。
(2)将0.60g 多孔碳微球分散于40mL乙醇中,加入20mmol/L浓度的氯化钯乙醇溶液12mL和1.6g异丙醇铝,室温下搅拌0.5h,加热至120℃回流搅拌10h,再浓缩此溶液至25mL,加10mL去离子水搅拌均匀后转移至50mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中, 180℃水热12h。水热后冷却至室温后,离心分离出固体并干燥,得多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球。
3)将1.25g多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球分散于30mL乙醇中,加入3.5mL钛酸四丁酯,10mL去离子水,搅拌30min后转移至50mL水热釜中,140℃下水热12h。冷却后收集固体,80℃下干燥10h。将干燥后的固体用15mol/L的NaOH水溶液浸泡刻蚀15min,得复合微球催化剂35%C@1.5%Pd-23.8%Al2O3@40%m-TiO2。
实施例6、催化剂活性评价
水溶液中苯甲醛气相氧化在100mL磁力搅拌玻璃反应釜内进行,将0.03g催化剂,10mL水和1mL苯甲醇加入反应釜中,室温下由导气管通入氧气,进气流量控制在15mL/min,整个装置和大气相通。然后接上冷凝管,开启磁力搅拌并升温至65℃。3小时后,反应结束,停止搅拌,继续通氧气至冷却至室温。釜内反应液倒出,离心分离出催化剂,剩余反应液用乙醚萃取3次,每次5mL,合并有机层,待乙醚挥发后用气相色谱分析。用甲苯溶解产物并加过量三苯基膦使环己基过氧化氢分解成环己醇和环己酮,岛津2014C气相色谱仪,SE-30毛细管柱,氢火焰检测器,以正丁醇为内标,计算苯甲醛产率。
实施例7、35%C@1.5%Pd-23.8%Al2O3@40%m-TiO2为例,将反应后的催化剂,经离心分离后,用乙酸乙酯洗涤并干燥,将回收的催化剂按实施例6反应条件进行环己烷催化氧化反应,催化剂共计循环5次,反应结果用气相色谱分析。
Claims (3)
1.一种用于水溶液中苯甲醇气相氧化的多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2复合微球催化剂,其特征在于:以多孔碳微球为核,封装纳米钯的Al2O3层为中间层,介孔TiO2为壳层的复合微球结构,结构式为C@Pd-Al2O3@m-TiO2;
所述的纳米钯为活性成分,其他成分为载体;纳米钯的含量为载体质量的1.5%,纳米钯粒径为5-6nm;
所述的载体中,多孔碳的质量分数为30~40%,Al2O3的质量分数为20~30%,介孔TiO2的质量分数为30~40%;
所述的微球催化剂结构中,介孔TiO2层的介孔为3-7nm。
2.一种用于水溶液中苯甲醇气相氧化的多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2复合微球催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)葡萄糖溶于水形成10%质量比的溶液,加入聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中,180℃水热8-20h,经离心并用乙醇反复洗涤至离心上清液为无色,分离溶液后干燥得到碳微球;碳微球在15-30mL/min氮气流量下于管式炉中加热至750-800℃处理2h,得多孔碳微球;
2)将多孔碳微球、异丙醇铝和乙醇按0.014~0.019:0.037~0.063:1质量比混合形成碳微球乙醇分散液,按分散液体积比13.75~30%加入20mmol/L浓度的氯化钯乙醇溶液,室温下搅拌0.5h,加热至120℃回流搅拌10h,再浓缩此溶液至原体积的二分之一,加浓缩液50%体积的去离子水搅拌均匀后转移至聚四氟乙烯内衬的水热釜中,180℃水热12h;水热后冷却至室温后,离心分离出固体并干燥,得多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球,多孔碳微球为核,纳米钯分散于氧化铝层为壳;
3)将多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3核壳结构微球、乙醇、钛酸四丁酯和水按0.76~1.25:1.0~3.1:10:24质量比充分搅拌混合,搅拌30min后转移至水热釜中,140℃下水热12h;冷却后收集固体,80℃下干燥10h;将干燥后的固体用15mol/L的NaOH水溶液浸泡刻蚀15min,得复合微球催化剂多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2。
3.权利要求1所述的一种用于水溶液中苯甲醇气相氧化的多孔碳@Pd-Al2O3@介孔TiO2复合微球催化剂在水溶液苯甲醇氧化方面的应用。
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