CN107849675A - 热喷涂粉末、热喷涂方法、以及经热喷涂的涂覆物 - Google Patents

热喷涂粉末、热喷涂方法、以及经热喷涂的涂覆物 Download PDF

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CN107849675A
CN107849675A CN201680038280.2A CN201680038280A CN107849675A CN 107849675 A CN107849675 A CN 107849675A CN 201680038280 A CN201680038280 A CN 201680038280A CN 107849675 A CN107849675 A CN 107849675A
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powder
ceramic powders
thermal spraying
hot spray
powders
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CN107849675B (zh
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J.基塔穆拉
K.富吉莫里
T.瓦达
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Oerlikon Metco Japan Ltd
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Abstract

为了提供热喷涂粉末、热喷涂方法、以及经热喷涂的涂覆物,它们可以有效地运作,通过使用具有热喷涂设备的粉末供应设备来供应干燥状态的粉末,并且它们防止粉末的供应量发生变化和脉动或降低并实现所需的膜成形速度,并且可以在待经热喷涂的基底的表面上获得更致密的涂覆物。[解决方案]热喷涂粉末1是通过将颗粒直径为D1的陶瓷粉末A与颗粒直径为D2的陶瓷粉末B混合所获得的粉末混合物,其中,D1作为中位数直径为0.5μm到12μm,D2作为从BET比表面积转化而来的平均颗粒直径为0.003μm到0.100μm,并且当在所述粉末混合物中,待使用的所规定的颗粒直径为D1的所述陶瓷粉末A的总重量为W1,且待添加到所述陶瓷粉末A的陶瓷粉末B的总重量为W2时,由以下公式限定所述陶瓷粉末B的添加比Y:Y=W2/(W1+W2)满足:Y≥0.2066×D1 ‑0.751以及Y≤0.505×D1 ‑0.163

Description

热喷涂粉末、热喷涂方法、以及经热喷涂的涂覆物
技术领域
本发明涉及用作热喷涂材料的原材料的热喷涂粉末、使用热喷涂粉末的热喷涂方法、以及经热喷涂的涂覆物,所述热喷涂诸如等离子喷涂和高速火焰喷涂。
背景技术
常规地,已通过利用等离子喷涂或高速火焰喷涂通过将例如陶瓷粉末用作热喷涂材料的原材料将热喷涂应用到基底的表面上来实施形成薄膜,以改进待经热喷涂的基底(诸如作为喷涂对象的金属)的表面的耐磨性、耐热性等。
当前,作为陶瓷粉末,通常使用平均颗粒直径为约20 μm到60 μm的热喷涂粉末,但在待经热喷涂的基底的表面上需要更致密涂覆物的情况下,有时需要平均颗粒直径为20 μm或更小的粉末,优选地为10 μm或更小的粉末。
为了在热喷涂机中向喷涂枪供应热喷涂粉末以便利用热喷涂干粉末执行等离子喷涂、高速火焰喷涂等,使用粉末供应设备(诸如盘式粉末供应机或流化床式粉末供应机)。
然而,已知上面的常规粉末供应设备具有以下缺陷:当热喷涂粉末的颗粒直径为10 μm或更小时,粉末的流动性降低,这导致在粉末供应设备的供应管中出现脉动和堵塞。
因此,实施所谓的悬浮液喷涂(料浆喷涂),在悬浮液喷涂(料浆喷涂)中,在热喷涂设备中提供在水或乙醇中处于悬浮状态的热喷涂粉末。就此方法而言,即使使用具有尺寸为10 μm或更小的粉末,仍不会在供应管中发生堵塞,且实现了稳定供应。然而,悬浮液浓度以重量计至多为约40%到50%,但在实践中以重量计上限为20%到40%。其余的溶剂只是有助于粉末的输送,且并不有助于膜自身成形。因此,考虑到使时间和成本消耗最小化,当与单独供应干粉末的情况相比时,增加粉末供应量在理论上是不利的。
专利文献1公开了单晶原材料的或热喷涂材料的原材料的无机粉末混合物,无机粉末混合物是以下两者的混合物:无机粉末A,诸如具有平均颗粒直径D1的氧化铝;以及粉末B,诸如具有平均颗粒直径D2的氧化铝,其中,D1不低于0.1 μm且不高于300 μm,D1/D2的比为50或更大,粉末B的主体部分相对于无机粉末A的主体部分在0.01到2的范围中,且该粉末混合物的休止角不大于40°。
[引文列表]
[专利文献]
[专利文献1]专利号JP3814832B2。
发明内容
[待由本发明解决的问题]
然而,由本发明人所作的研究和实验的结果揭示,由专利文献1中阐述的性质限定的无机粉末混合物不能稳定地供应,特别是作为热喷涂材料的原材料的粉末混合物不能通过热喷涂设备的粉末供应机来稳定地供应。结果还揭示,有必要进一步指定无机粉末A和粉末B的颗粒直径,并且更确切地限定粉末B相对于无机粉末A的添加比(即,添加量),以便通过热喷涂设备的粉末供应设备来维持粉末的稳定供应量、防止降低膜成形速度、以及有效地实现至待经热喷涂的基底的表面上的更致密的涂覆物。
已基于本发明人的上面的新发现实现了本发明。
本发明的目标是提供以下各者:热喷涂粉末,所述热喷涂粉末使得能够使用热喷涂设备的粉末供应设备来有效地供应干粉末、防止粉末的供应量发生变化和脉动或降低、实现所需的膜成形速度,以由此在待经热喷涂的基底的表面上形成更致密的涂覆物;以及提供使用所述热喷涂粉末的热喷涂方法和经热喷涂的涂覆物。
[用于解决问题的手段]
通过根据本发明的热喷涂粉末、热喷涂方法、以及经热喷涂的涂覆物来实现上面的目标。概括地说,根据本发明的第一方面,提供一种热喷涂粉末,所述热喷涂粉末是通过将颗粒直径为D1的陶瓷粉末A与颗粒直径为D2的陶瓷粉末B混合而获得的粉末混合物,
其中,D1作为中位数直径为0.5 μm到12 μm,
D2作为从BET比表面积转化而来的平均颗粒直径为0.003 μm到0.100 μm,
并且当在所述粉末混合物中,待使用的所规定的颗粒直径为D1的所述陶瓷粉末A的总重量为W1,且待添加到所述陶瓷粉末A的陶瓷粉末B的总重量为W2时,由以下公式限定所述陶瓷粉末B的添加比Y:
Y = W2 / (W1 + W2)满足:
Y ≥ 0.2066 × (1 µm-1 × D1)-0.751以及
Y ≤ 0.505 × (1 µm-1 × D1)-0.163
根据本发明的一个实施例,所述陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径D1作为中位数直径优选地为1 μm到10 μm,更优选地为2 μm到8 μm。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,所述陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径D2作为从所述BET比表面积转化而来的平均颗粒直径优选地为0.005 μm到0.050 μm,更优选地为0.007 μm到0.030μm。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,粉末混合物是其中所述陶瓷粉末B粘附到所述陶瓷粉末A的表面的粉末混合物。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,陶瓷粉末A和陶瓷粉末B是包括由以下各者形成的组的材料的粉末:氧化物陶瓷、氟化物陶瓷、氮化物陶瓷、碳化物陶瓷、硼化物陶瓷,
所述氧化物陶瓷可例如包含以下各者中的至少一者:锆(Zr)、铝(Al)、钇(Y)、铈(Ce)、铬(Cr)、镁(Mg)、镧(La)、锰(Mn)、锶(Sr)、硅(Si)、钕(Nd)、钐(Sm)、钆(Gd)、镝(Dy)、铒(Er)、镱(Yb)、和/或钛,
所述氟化物陶瓷可例如包含钇(Y)、钙(Ca)和/或锶(Sr)中的至少一者,
所述氮化物陶瓷可例如包含硼(B)、硅(Si)、铝(Al)、钇(Y)、铬(Cr)、和/或钛(Ti),
所述碳化物陶瓷可例如包含硼(B)、硅(Si)、钛(Ti)、钒(V)、锆(Zr)、铌(Nb)、钼(Mo)、钽(Ta)、铪(Hf)和/或钨(W),
所述硼化物陶瓷可例如包含钛(Ti)、锆(Zr)、钼(Mo)、钽(Ta)、铪(Hf)和/或钨(W)。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,所述陶瓷粉末A和所述陶瓷粉末B是同一物质。
根据本发明的第二方面,提供一种热喷涂方法,利用载气向热喷涂机供应热喷涂粉末,所述热喷涂粉末是处于干燥状态的陶瓷粉末;利用所述热喷涂机将所述粉末热喷涂到待经热喷涂的基底的表面上,以由此在待经热喷涂的基底的表面上形成经热喷涂的涂覆物,其特征在于:热喷涂粉末是本发明的上面所描述的第一方面的构型中的任一者的热喷涂粉末。
在本发明的第二方面中,根据其一个实施例,所述热喷涂机是实施等离子喷涂、高速火焰喷涂、或火焰喷涂的热喷涂机。
根据本发明的第三方面,提供一种经热喷涂的涂覆物,其特征在于:其是通过如下过程形成在待经热喷涂的基底的表面上的涂覆物,所述过程包括:利用载气向热喷涂机供应处于干燥状态的具有以上构型中的任一者的热喷涂粉末;以及利用所述热喷涂机在待经热喷涂的基底的表面上实施等离子喷涂、高速火焰喷涂、或火焰喷涂。
根据本发明的热喷涂粉末,可以通过使用粉末供应设备来有效地供应粉末,防止粉末的供应量发生变化和脉动或降低,并且实现规定的膜成形速度,以由此在待经热喷涂的基底的表面上形成更致密的涂覆物。而且,根据本发明的热喷涂方法和经热喷涂的涂覆物,可以获得具有致密或柱状体结构或进一步在致密涂覆物中具有带纵向裂纹的结构的热涂覆物。因此,通过利用各种性质的待使用的粉末材料进行热喷涂,可以获得所期望的耐久性、耐腐蚀性、耐磨性、耐冲蚀性、耐热性和抗热震性,并且可以增强另外的电性质。
附图说明
[图1]示出了本发明的热喷涂粉末的大致构造的图;
[图2]示出了用于本发明的热喷涂粉末的粉末供应机的一个示例的大致构造的截面图;
[图3]示出了用于本发明的热喷涂粉末的粉末供应机的另一个示例的大致构造的截面图;
[图4]示出了本发明的热喷涂粉末的流动性测试结果的图表;
[图5]图5(a)到图5(c)是示出了通过使用本发明的热喷涂粉末所形成的经热喷涂的涂覆物的截面表面的照片;
[图6]图6(a)到图6(c)是示出了通过使用本发明的热喷涂粉末所形成的经热喷涂的涂覆物的截面表面的照片;
[图7]图7(a)到图7(c)是示出了通过使用本发明的热喷涂粉末所形成的经热喷涂的涂覆物的截面表面的照片;
[图8]图8(a)到图8(c)是示出了通过使用常规热喷涂粉末所形成的经热喷涂的涂覆物的截面表面的照片。
具体实施方式
下文中,将参考附图来更详细地描述本发明的热喷涂粉末、热喷涂方法、以及经热喷涂的涂覆物。
示例1
如图1中所示,本发明的热喷涂粉末1是通过将具有大的颗粒直径D1的陶瓷粉末A与具有小的颗粒直径D2的陶瓷粉末B混合所获得的粉末混合物,在该粉末混合物中,陶瓷粉末B粘附到陶瓷粉末A的表面。
本发明的热喷涂粉末1优选地被用于热喷涂设备10,热喷涂设备10使用对于本领域技术人员而言是众所周知的粉末供应设备20(20A、20B),包括如图2中所示的盘式粉末供应机20A(例如,"Metco Single/Twin-120"(商标名称),其为Oerlikon Metco有限公司的产品)或如图3中所示的流化床式粉末供应机20B(例如,"Metco 9MP"(商标名称),其为Oerlikon Metco有限公司的产品)。
就热喷涂设备10而言,该喷涂设备10将盘式粉末供应机20A用作粉末供应设备20。盘式粉末供应机20A配备有保持热喷涂粉末1的容器21,且容器21由以下各者构成:料斗21a,料斗21a具有用于搅拌填充该容器的热喷涂粉末1的搅拌器25;以及盘状容器21b,盘状容器21b具有旋转驱动式粉末盘22。在粉末盘22中,凹槽22a形成在围界部分中,并且来自料斗21a的粉末1落入粉末盘22的凹槽22a中。容器21(料斗21a和盘状容器21b)被密封,并且向盘状容器21b供应载气(通常使用诸如氩和氮的惰性气体),并且该气体被压缩。盘状容器21b具有排出端口23,排出端口23定位在安装有料斗21a的一侧的相对侧上并且利用载气喷射盘状容器21b中的粉末1。该排出端口23利用粉末供应管51连接到热喷涂设备10的热喷涂机(喷涂枪50)。因此,从料斗21a运输到盘状容器21b的内部的粉末1在干燥状态下利用载气的压力经由粉末供应管51从盘状容器21b的内部运输到喷涂枪50,并且利用喷涂枪50将粉末1热喷涂到待经热喷涂的基底100上,以由此在基底100的表面上形成经热喷涂的涂覆物101。
利用控制器24来调节载气的流速,或通过例如控制粉末盘22的转速来调节热喷涂粉末1的供应量。
图3示出了将流化床式粉末供应机20B用作粉末供应设备20的热喷涂设备10。流化床式粉末供应机20B具有密封的料斗21,即保持热喷涂粉末1的容器。空气振动器33放置在料斗21下方,且拾取轴31放置在料斗21的内部的下部分处,拾取轴21定位在空气振动器33的上部分处并且具有拾取孔32。拾取轴31具有进入端口31a和排出端口31b,进入端口31a连接到载气供应管线34,且排出端口31b连接到粉末供应管51的一端。粉末供应管51的另一端连接到热喷涂设备10的热喷涂机(喷涂枪50)。
载气被运输到上面的载气供应管线34、通过连接到料斗21的上部分的第一气体管线35被提供到料斗21,并且使料斗21的内部加压。通过连接到料斗21的下部分的第二气体管线36,载气被排出到料斗21的下区域以在料斗21的下区域中形成流化床。空气振动器33促进粉末1的供应和容器21内部的粉末1的流化。
当利用上面的构造将载气从载气供应管线34供应到拾取轴31时,放置在流化床区域处的粉末1经由拾取孔32被吸收到拾取轴31中,并利用载气通过粉末供应管51从料斗21的内部供应到喷涂枪50。利用喷涂枪50将热喷涂粉末1热喷涂到待经热喷涂的基底100上,以在基底100的表面上形成经热喷涂的涂覆物101。
通过利用E/P调节器43调节至第一气体管线35和第二气体管线36的气体供应量来调节供应到喷涂枪50的热喷涂粉末1的量,E/P调节器43由调节器40基于以下的数据来调节,所述数据诸如:由流量计41所测量的流动通过载气供应管线34的载气的量以及由安装到料斗21的负载传感器42所测量的料斗21内部的粉末量。
作为粉末供应设备20,可商购到除粉末供应机20A和20B之外的粉末供应设备的各种类型。如自前文可以理解的,任何粉末供应设备20都具有用于保持粉末的利用气体加压的密封容器21,并利用载气通过粉末供应管51将容器21内部的粉末1输送到热喷涂机50。
在本示例中,限定以下各者:
(A)在盘式粉末供应机20A中:
•所供应的粉末的量:5 g/min到60 g/min
•载气的压力:50 mbar到950 mbar
•载气的流速:2 NLPM到15 NLPM
•粉末供应管51的内直径:3 mm到8 mm
(B)在流化床式粉末供应机20B中:
•所供应的粉末的量:5 g/min到60 g/min
•载气的压力:50 mbar到950 mbar
•载气的流速:2 NLPM到15 NLPM
•粉末供应管51的内直径:3 mm到8 mm。
由本发明人所作的研究和实验的结果揭示,当热喷涂粉末1的颗粒直径为约20 μm到40 μm时,可以使用这些常规粉末供应机20A和20B,但是当热喷涂粉末1的颗粒直径实际上为10 μm或更小时,在粉末供应机20A和20B的供应管51中流动性降低,发生脉动,且发生阻塞。
相比之下,如上文所提到的,所揭示的是:如果热喷涂粉末1是通过将具有大的颗粒直径D1的陶瓷粉末A与具有小的颗粒直径D2的陶瓷粉末B混合所获得的粉末混合物,则即使将具有不大于12 μm的小的直径的颗粒用作陶瓷粉末A,仍然可以通过指定混合条件来获得致密的且具有良好流动性的经热喷涂的涂覆物。
更具体地,在本发明的热喷涂粉末1中,陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径D1作为中位数直径被设定为0.5 μm到12 μm,且陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径D2作为从BET比表面积(BET specificsurface area)转化而来的平均颗粒直径被设定为0.003 μm到0.100 μm。
在这点上,将解释本发明中使用的“中位数直径”(其表示陶瓷粉末的颗粒直径)和“从BET比表面积转化而来的平均颗粒直径”。
在本发明中,陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径或中位数直径D1为0.5 μm到12 μm,并且通常利用激光衍射散射型颗粒尺寸测量装置(例如,"MT3300EXII"(商标名称),其为MicrotracBEL公司的产品)来测量在此范围内的颗粒直径。在激光衍射散射型颗粒尺寸测量装置中,通常将粉末或作为集合实体的颗粒的尺寸表示为大量测量结果的每种尺寸(颗粒直径)的丰度比(abundance ratio)的分布,其被称为颗粒尺寸分布。作为分布中的丰度比的标准,使用体积标准(体积分布)和数量标准(数量分布)等,且在激光衍射散射方法中,通常实际使用体积分布。在这种体积分布中,50%的颗粒直径是“中位数直径”。
本发明中的陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径(其是从BET比表面积转化而来的平均颗粒直径D2)为0.003 μm到0.100 μm,这难以利用激光衍射散射型颗粒尺寸测量装置来测量,且因此通常通过从BET比表面积的转化来获得平均颗粒直径。作为用于测量粉末的比表面积的方法,广泛使用气体吸附方法,如由流动型比表面积自动测量装置("Flowsoap III2305/2310"(商标名称),其为Shimadzu公司的产品)所说明。通过使用构成颗粒的陶瓷的理论密度和所测量的比表面积,并通过假设构成颗粒为球形,可以获得“从BET比表面积转化而来的平均颗粒直径”。
在本发明中,当陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径D1小于0.5 μm时,颗粒的热容量得到降低,并且即使在热喷涂期间被加热,颗粒仍立即冷却,并且不有助于膜的成形。在这种情况下,通过将基底移动成靠近排出端口,迫使颗粒在这些颗粒冷却之前到达基底,但是如果将基底移动得太靠近排出端口,则由热的火焰产生的热量变得强烈,从而导致基底受到损坏。因此,陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径D1为0.5 μm或更大,优选地为1 μm或更大,更优选地为2 μm或更大。同时,如果陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径D1大于12 μm,则变得难以获得致密涂覆物。因此,陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径D1为12 μm或更小,优选地为10 μm或更小,更优选地为8 μm或更小。
如果陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径D2小于0.003 μm,则体密度(体比重)变得太低,并且粉末的供应量减少。当粉末的供应量减少时,膜成形速度变低,且变成低效率的。因此,陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径D2为0.003 μm或更大,优选地为0.005 μm或更大,更优选地为0.007 μm或更大。同时,如果陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径D2大于0.100 μm,则颗粒粘到陶瓷粉末A的表面,从而降低使陶瓷粉末A的颗粒之间的结块拆散的效应。因此,陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径D2为0.100 μm或更小,优选地为0.050 μm或更小,更优选地为0.030 μm或更小。
因此,在本发明的热喷涂粉末1中,陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径(中位数直径)D1为0.5 μm到12 μm,优选地为1 μm到10 μm,更优选地为2 μm到8 μm。同时,陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径(从BET比表面积转化而来的平均颗粒直径)D2为 0.003 μm到0.100 μm,优选地为0.005 μm到0.050 μm,更优选地为0.007 μm到0.030 μm。
本发明人已通过使用具有上面的颗粒直径的陶瓷粉末A和B实施了许多研究和实验,并且已发现:为了稳定地维持粉末的流动性,有必要将具有规定的颗粒直径的相对于陶瓷粉末A的陶瓷粉末B的添加量限制到一定范围。
更具体地,当待使用的具有规定的颗粒直径D1的陶瓷粉末A的总重量为W1且待添加到此陶瓷粉末A的陶瓷粉末B的总重量为W2时,由以下公式表示陶瓷粉末B的添加比Y:
Y = W2 /(W1 + W2)
因此,粉末混合物中的陶瓷粉末B的添加量W2为:
W2 = W1 (Y / (1-Y))。
在这种情况下,如关于如图4中所示的稍后的实验示例将详细解释的,陶瓷粉末B的添加比Y需要:
公式(1):Y = 0.2066 × (1 µm-1 × D1)-0.751或更大,以及
公式(2):Y = 0.505 × (1 µm-1 × D1)-0.163或更小。
当陶瓷粉末B的添加比Y太小时(即,其不满足上面的下限公式(1)),通过将具有规定的颗粒直径的陶瓷粉末A与B混合而获得的热喷涂粉末的流动性降低,发生脉动,且在供应管中发生阻塞,从而阻碍粉末的稳定供应。
当陶瓷粉末B的添加比Y太大时(即,其不满足上面的上限公式(2)),在这种情况下,粉末的流动性也降低,发生脉动,且在供应管中发生阻塞,从而阻碍粉末的稳定供应。另外,由于陶瓷粉末B(细粉末)的体密度(体比重)上是低的,所以添加比Y或添加量W2越大,至喷涂枪的粉末的供应量越小。当供应量小时,膜成形速度变低且是效率低的。
所使用的陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径D2可采取任何一定的尺寸或任何不同的尺寸,只要其满足上面的添加比Y或添加量W2即可。在具有不同颗粒直径D2的两种种类的颗粒的情况下,即使颗粒是粗的或细颗粒在0.003 μm到0.100 μm的范围之外,仍可以通过将细颗粒与粗颗粒混合来制备范围在0.003 μm到0.100 μm内的粉末,以由此实现所述效应。然而,当颗粒直径超过0.2 μm时,具有颗粒直径D1的颗粒至陶瓷粉末A的粘着量变低,这降低了所述效应。同时,当颗粒直径为0.001 μm或更小时,粉末在体积上是低的,这减小了供应量且因此是效率低的。
如上面所提到的,本发明的热喷涂粉末1是粉末混合物,在该粉末混合物中,陶瓷粉末B粘附到陶瓷粉末A的表面,并且陶瓷粉末A和陶瓷粉末B是包括由以下各者形成的组的材料的粉末:氧化物陶瓷、氟化物陶瓷、氮化物陶瓷、碳化物陶瓷、硼化物陶瓷;
氧化物陶瓷可例如包含以下各者中的至少一者:锆(Zr)、铝(Al)、钇(Y)、铈(Ce)、铬(Cr)、镁(Mg)、镧(La)、锰(Mn)、锶(Sr)、硅(Si)、钕(Nd)、钐(Sm)、钆(Gd)、镝(Dy)、铒(Er)、镱(Yb)和/或钛;
氟化物陶瓷可例如包含钇(Y)、钙(Ca)和/或锶(Sr);
氮化物陶瓷可例如包含硼(B)、硅(Si)、铝(Al)、钇(Y)、铬(Cr)和/或钛(Ti);
碳化物陶瓷可例如包含硼(B)、硅(Si)、钛(Ti)、钒(V)、锆(Zr)、铌(Nb)、钼(Mo)、钽(Ta)、铪(Hf)和/或钨(W);
硼化物陶瓷可例如包含钛(Ti)、锆(Zr)、钼(Mo)、钽(Ta)、铪(Hf)和/或钨(W);
更具体地,例如,陶瓷粉末A和B的示例包括氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YsZ: Y以重量计占据7%到14%)、纯氧化铝、纯氧化钇、氧化钇-铝石榴石(YAG)、二氧化铈、纯氧化铬、以及镧锶锰氧化物氟化钇、碳化硼、碳化钨、氮化硼和硼化钛。
陶瓷粉末A和陶瓷粉末B优选地为同一种物质,但可彼此不同。而且,作为陶瓷粉末B,可使用在材料方面不同的多种种类的氧化物陶瓷。
不必限制用于将陶瓷粉末A与陶瓷粉末B混合的混合设备,而是可使用湿式方法或干式方法,并且可使用常用的磨机、压碎机或混合机。其示例包括球磨机、振动式磨机、喷磨机和V型混合机。
由氧化物、氟化物、氮化物、碳化物和/或硼化物的陶瓷构成的具有上面的构造的本发明的热喷涂粉末1可以通过使用粉末供应设备20来执行稳定的粉末供应,粉末供应设备20诸如盘式粉末供应机20A和流化床式粉末供应机20B,其通过参考图2和图3来解释。
因此,通过使用本发明的热喷涂粉末1执行热喷涂到待经热喷涂的基底100的表面上,可以形成致密涂覆物101。例如,当将氧化钇用作热喷涂粉末1时,增强了针对等离子气体(包括卤素气体)的耐久性和耐腐蚀性。当使用氧化铝时,增强了耐磨性和电性质(泄漏电流的减小、电压耐受性)。而且,当使用氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YsZ)时,可以形成空气和氧气无法渗透的致密涂覆物,并且可以将该粉末用于固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)中的电解质部分。此外,当使用氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YsZ)时,可以以低成本有效地制备类似于常规通过PVD(物理气相沉积)膜成形方法制成的柱状体(columnar)结构的涂覆物。而且,当使用氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YsZ)时,还可以制备所谓的DVC(致密竖直裂纹)结构,其在致密涂覆物中具有纵向裂纹。可以通过利用等离子喷涂使用具有若干10 μm的大致颗粒直径的粉末来制备DVC结构,但是通过本发明制备的DVC涂覆物更致密,并且增强了耐冲蚀性和耐磨性。
接下来,将参考实验示例来更详细地解释本发明的热喷涂粉末,且将对比作为比较示例的热喷涂粉末来解释本发明的热喷涂粉末的功能和效应。
实验示例
(陶瓷粉末A、陶瓷粉末B)
(A)第一实验(实验示例1到12和比较示例1到8)
在实验示例1到12和比较示例1到8中,如表1和表2中所示,将氧化铝A、B、C和D用作陶瓷粉末A,且将气相氧化铝用作陶瓷粉末B。
而且,在实验示例1到12和比较示例1到8中,陶瓷粉末A和陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径(D1、D2)和重量(W1、W2)以及陶瓷粉末B的添加比(Y)(由重量百分比表示)为如表1和表2中所示的那样。
通过以下步骤获得粉末混合物:如表1和表2中所示,将规定量的陶瓷粉末B添加到规定量的陶瓷粉末A;以及利用V型混合机(商标名称:"VM-2L型 ",其为TsutsuiScientific Instruments有限公司的产品)搅拌该掺合物达5分钟。在搅拌之后,使粉末混合物经受流动性测试。在表1和表2以及图4中,以“评估结果”和“标注”示出了实验结果。
(B)第二实验(实验示例13到21和比较示例9到14)
在实验示例13到21和比较示例9到14中,如表3中所示,将8YsZ-A、B和C用作陶瓷粉末A,且将纳米YsZ用作陶瓷粉末B。
而且,在实验示例13到21和比较示例9到14中,陶瓷粉末A和陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径(D1、D2)和重量(W1、W2)以及陶瓷粉末B的添加比(Y)(由重量百分比表示)为如表3中所示的那样。
通过以下步骤获得粉末混合物:如表3中所示,将规定量的陶瓷粉末B添加到规定量的陶瓷粉末A;以及利用V型混合机(商标名称:"VM-2L型",其为Tsutsui ScientificInstruments有限公司的产品)搅拌该掺合物达5分钟。在搅拌之后,使粉末混合物经受流动性测试。在表3以及图4中,以“评估结果”和“标注”示出了实验结果。
(C)第三实验(实验示例22和23)
在实验示例22和23中,如表4中所示,将氧化钇A和B用作陶瓷粉末A,且将纳米氧化钇A用作陶瓷粉末B。
而且,在实验示例22和23中,陶瓷粉末A和陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径(D1、D2)和重量(W1、W2)以及陶瓷粉末B在陶瓷粉末A与陶瓷粉末B的粉末混合物(热喷涂粉末)中的添加比(Y)(由重量百分比表示)为如表4中所示的那样。
通过以下步骤获得粉末混合物:如表4中所示,将规定量的陶瓷粉末B添加到规定量的陶瓷粉末A;以及利用V型混合机(商标名称:"VM-2L型",其为Tsutsui ScientificInstruments有限公司的产品)搅拌该掺合物达5分钟。在搅拌之后,使粉末混合物经受流动性测试。在表4以及图4中,以“评估结果”和“标注”示出了实验结果。
(D)第四实验(实验示例24到27和比较示例15到17)
在实验示例24和27和比较示例15到17中,如表5中所示,将氧化铝E、F和B、C用作陶瓷粉末A,且将过渡型氧化铝A和B、纳米二氧化铈、细粉末氧化铝、以及纳米氧化钇B用作陶瓷粉末B。
而且,在实验示例24和27和比较示例15到17中,陶瓷粉末A和陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径(D1、D2)和重量(W1、W2)以及陶瓷粉末B的添加比(Y)(由重量百分比表示)为如表5中所示的那样。
通过以下步骤获得粉末混合物:如表5中所示,将规定量的陶瓷粉末B添加到规定量的陶瓷粉末A;以及利用V型混合机(商标名称:"VM-2L型",其为Tsutsui ScientificInstruments有限公司的产品)搅拌该掺合物达5分钟。在搅拌之后,使粉末混合物经受流动性测试。在表5以及图4中,以“评估结果”和“标注”示出了实验结果。注意到,比较示例15和16是专利文献1中所阐述的情况,且对流动性测试结果的评估结果是“×:不流动”。
(E)第五实验(比较示例18到20)
在比较示例18到20中,如表5中所示,将具有粗颗粒直径的粗糙粉末、粗糙氧化钇、以及粗糙YsZ用作陶瓷粉末A,但不混合陶瓷粉末B。
而且,在比较示例18到20中,陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径(D1)为如表5中所示的那样,且在表5以及图4中,以“评估结果”和“标注”示出了流动性测试的实验结果。
(粉末供应设备)
通过以下步骤来实施实验示例1到27和比较示例1到17中所示的陶瓷粉末A和陶瓷粉末B的粉末混合物(热喷涂粉末)的以及比较示例18到20中所示的单独陶瓷粉末A的流动性测试:将如表1到表5中所示的那样来制备的粉末供应到在实践中目前使用的粉末供应设备;以及视觉地观察粉末在该时刻的流动模式。
作为粉末供应设备10,在本实验中,使用"Metco Twin-120-A"(商标名称),其为Oerlikon Metco有限公司的产品,其具有一对盘式粉末供应机20A(即,容器21(料斗21a和盘状容器21b))、气体供应管线51等,并在图2中进行图示和解释。实验中使用的粉末供应设备20的粉末供应量具有±1%的精确度。
将表1到表5中所示的各种热喷涂粉末1保持在密封容器21中,并且通过调节粉末盘22的转数和载气的流速经由粉末供应管51将规定量的粉末输送到热喷涂机(喷涂枪)50。本实验中使用的粉末供应机20A的粉末供应管51具有4 mm的内直径和5000 mm的长度,并且
•所供应的粉末的量:10 g/min到30 g/min
•载气的压力:相对于大气压力+100到+500 mbar
•载气的流速:4到15 NLPM
在表1到表5中以及图4中,以“评估结果”示出了本实验的实验结果。图4依照上面的实验示例和比较示例和以下评估标准来阐述“△、○、◎、×”。在“评估结果”中,
△:流动。发生脉动一次;
○:流动良好。不发生脉动;
◎:流动良好。不发生脉动;
×:流动但所供应的粉末的量减少。发生强有力的脉动。
从示出实验结果中的“下端”(即“×:流动但所供应的粉末的量减少。发生强有力的脉动”)的实验示例中的陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径D1与陶瓷粉末B的添加比之间的关系,获得了表示陶瓷粉末B的添加比Y的下限值的曲线(下面的公式(1)),并且从示出实验结果中的“上限”(“×:流动但所供应的粉末的量减少。发生强有力的脉冲”)的实验示例中的陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径D1与陶瓷粉末B的添加比之间的关系,获得了示出陶瓷粉末B的添加比Y的上限的曲线(下面的公式(2));
Y = 0.2066 × (1 µm-1 × D1)-0.751 (1)
Y = 0.505 × (1 µm-1 × D1)-0.163 (2)。
从图4,所揭示的是:在如上面的公式(1)和(2)中所示的下限值和上限值的外侧,粉末的流动性和待供应的量降低,且无法实施粉末的稳定供应。
[表1]
[表2]
[表3]
[表4]
[表5]
示例2
通过使用示例1中描述的本发明的热喷涂粉末1来实施热喷涂到待经热喷涂的基底100上。在本示例中,采用等离子喷涂,等离子喷涂是利用通过放电同时导致惰性气体在电极之间流动所产生的高温和高压等离子的热喷涂方法。所使用的粉末供应设备20是“MetcoTwin-120-A”(商标名称),其为Oerlikon Metco有限公司的产品,其是进行流动测试所使用的盘式粉末供应机20A,并且“TriplexPro-210”(商标名称)被用作热喷涂机(喷涂枪)50,其为Oerlikon Metco有限公司的产品,其配备有6.5 mm、9 mm的喷嘴。
作为待经热喷涂的基底100,使用不锈钢(SUS304),并且使此不锈钢经受通过网格冲击波(grid blast)粗糙化基底表面的预处理。通过该预处理,基底表面的表面粗糙度Rz为约40 μm。
随后,通过使用喷涂枪50,将热喷涂粉末1热喷涂在经预处理的基底表面上。实验示例28、29、30、31到33、34、35和36中使用的热喷涂粉末1具有分别在如表6中所示的上面的实验示例3、6、9、15、18、21和22中示出的组合物,且比较示例21到23中使用的热喷涂粉末1具有分别在如表6中所示的上面的比较示例18到20中示出的组合物。而且,表6中示出了载气的流速和压力、粉末的供应量、以及用于在粉末供应设备中用于热喷涂所述热喷涂粉末的喷涂距离。表6中的热喷涂条件A、B和C为如表7中所示的那样。
表6中示出了在实验示例28到36和比较示例21到23中的基底表面上的经热喷涂的涂覆物的厚度以及因此获得的涂覆物结构。图5到图8示出了所获得的涂覆物结构的截面照片。
如从表6和图5(a)、图5(b)、图5(c)、图6(c)和图7(c)可以理解的,在根据本发明的实验示例28到30、33和36中,发现在基底上产生了更致密的涂覆物。参考图6(a),在实验示例31中获得的经热喷涂的涂覆物具有柱状体结构的涂覆物层,并且参考图6(b)、图7(a)和图7(b),在实验示例32、34和35中获得的经热喷涂的涂覆物在致密涂覆物中具有带纵向裂纹的结构。
[表6]
[表7]
上面的实验结果显示,对于设置在发电燃气涡轮机和喷气式飞行器发动机的动叶片或静叶片上的热障涂覆物,使用例如氧化钇稳定氧化锆通过热喷涂本发明的热喷涂粉末所获得的致密涂覆物中的具有纵向裂纹的DVC结构或柱状体结构可以改进耐久性、耐冲蚀性、耐热性、抗热震性、不透气性等。显著地,当将氧化钇用作陶瓷粉末时,增强了针对等离子气体(包括卤素气体)的耐久性、耐磨性、耐冲蚀性、以及耐腐蚀性。当使用氧化铝时,增强了耐磨性,并且改进了电性质(泄漏电流的减小、电压耐受性)。
相比之下,要理解的是,在比较示例21到23中获得的使用不同于本发明的热喷涂粉末的经热喷涂的涂覆物具有多孔涂覆物层,如图8(a)到图8(c)中所见,并且在耐磨性、耐腐蚀性、耐冲蚀性、耐热性、抗热震性、不透气性等方面次于本发明的经热喷涂的涂覆物。
以上描述通过等离子喷涂将本发明的热喷涂粉末热喷涂到待经热喷涂的基底100上来阐明经热喷涂的涂覆物的膜成形的模式。根据由本发明人进行的实验的结果,发现:也可以通过如下方式获得具有类似的卓越性质的经热喷涂的涂覆物:利用高压氧与烃类燃料气体或燃用油(heating oil)的燃烧火焰的热喷涂方法的高速火焰喷涂,或者利用氧与烃类燃料气体的燃烧火焰的火焰喷涂。
[参考符号列表]
1 热喷涂粉末
10 热喷涂设备
20 粉末供应设备
20A 盘式粉末供应机
20B 流化床式粉末供应机
50 喷涂枪(热喷涂机)
51 粉末供应管
100 待经热喷涂的基底
101 经热喷涂的涂覆物。

Claims (11)

1.一种热喷涂粉末,所述热喷涂粉末是通过将颗粒直径为D1的陶瓷粉末A与颗粒直径为D2的陶瓷粉末B混合而获得的粉末混合物,
其中,D1作为中位数直径为0.5 μm到12 μm,
D2作为从BET比表面积转化而来的平均颗粒直径为0.003 μm到0.100 μm,
并且当在所述粉末混合物中,待使用的所规定的颗粒直径为D1的所述陶瓷粉末A的总重量为W1,且待添加到所述陶瓷粉末A的陶瓷粉末B的总重量为W2时,由以下公式限定所述陶瓷粉末B的添加比Y:
Y = W2 / (W1 + W2)满足:
Y ≥ 0.2066 × D1 -0.751以及
Y ≤ 0.505 × D1 -0.163
2.根据权利要求1所述的热喷涂粉末,其中,所述陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径D1作为中位数直径为1 μm到10 μm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的热喷涂粉末,其中,所述陶瓷粉末A的颗粒直径D1作为中位数直径为2 μm到8 μm。
4.根据权利要求1-3中的任一项所述的热喷涂粉末,其中,所述陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径D2作为从所述BET比表面积转化而来的平均颗粒直径为0.005 μm到0.050 μm。
5.根据权利要求1-3中的任一项所述的热喷涂粉末,其中,所述陶瓷粉末B的颗粒直径D2作为从所述BET比表面积转化而来的平均颗粒直径为0.007 μm到0.030 μm。
6.根据权利要求1-5中的任一项所述的热喷涂粉末,其中,所述粉末是其中所述陶瓷粉末B粘附到所述陶瓷粉末A的表面的粉末混合物。
7.根据权利要求1-6中的任一项所述的热喷涂粉末,其中,所述陶瓷粉末A和所述陶瓷粉末B是包括由以下各者形成的组的材料的粉末:氧化物陶瓷、氟化物陶瓷、氮化物陶瓷、碳化物陶瓷、硼化物陶瓷,
- 并且其中,所述氧化物陶瓷优选地包括以下各者中的至少一者:锆(Zr)、铝(Al)、钇(Y)、铈(Ce)、铬(Cr)、镁(Mg)、镧(La)、锰(Mn)、锶(Sr)、硅(Si)、钕(Nd)、钐(Sm)、钆(Gd)、镝(Dy)、铒(Er)、镱(Yb)、和/或钛,
- 并且其中,所述氟化物陶瓷优选地包括钇(Y)、钙(Ca)和/或锶(Sr)中的至少一者,
- 并且其中,所述氮化物陶瓷优选地包括至少硼(B)、硅(Si)、铝(Al)、钇(Y)、铬(Cr)、和/或钛(Ti),
- 并且其中,所述碳化物陶瓷优选地包括至少硼(B)、硅(Si)、钛(Ti)、钒(V)、锆(Zr)、铌(Nb)、钼(Mo)、钽(Ta)、铪(Hf)和/或钨(W),
- 并且其中,所述硼化物陶瓷优选地包括至少钛(Ti)、锆(Zr)、钼(Mo)、钽(Ta)、铪(Hf)和/或钨(W)。
8.根据权利要求1-7中的任一项所述的热喷涂粉末,其中,所述陶瓷粉末A和所述陶瓷粉末B是同一物质。
9.一种热喷涂方法,包括:利用载气向热喷涂机供应热喷涂粉末,所述热喷涂粉末是处于干燥状态的陶瓷粉末;利用所述热喷涂机将所述粉末热喷涂到待经热喷涂的基底的表面上,以由此在待经热喷涂的基底的表面上形成经热喷涂的涂覆物,
其中,所述热喷涂粉末是根据权利要求1-8中的任一项所述的热喷涂粉末。
10.根据权利要求9所述的热喷涂方法,其中,所述热喷涂机是实施等离子喷涂、高速火焰喷涂、或火焰喷涂的热喷涂机。
11.一种经热喷涂的涂覆物,所述经热喷涂的涂覆物是通过如下过程形成在待经热喷涂的基底的表面上的涂覆物,所述过程包括:利用载气向热喷涂机供应处于干燥状态的根据权利要求1-8中的任一项所述的热喷涂粉末;以及利用所述热喷涂机在待经热喷涂的基底的表面上实施等离子喷涂、高速火焰喷涂、或火焰喷涂。
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