CN107823449A - A kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating acute tonsillitis and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating acute tonsillitis and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating acute tonsillitis and preparation method thereof.The Chinese medicine is prepared by Chinese medicine materials such as Japanese Premna Herb, pink reineckea herb, west Indian chickweed herb, Gotu Kola, Red Psychotria Leaf, airpotato yam, the stem of noble dendrobium, the tubers of dwarf lilyturf.Present invention also offers the preparation method of this Chinese medicine composition.Chinese medicine composition provided by the invention is mainly used in treating acute tonsillitis.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the field of Chinese medicines, and in particular to a kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating acute tonsillitis and its preparation side
Method.
Background technology
Tonsillitis is a kind of most common respiratory disease of Childhood, and clinical manifestation is heating, antiadoncus, had
Or without purulent exudate.Clinic can be divided into acute tonsillitis and chronic tonsillitis.Traditional Chinese medical science tonsillitis is referred to as " acute tonsillitis ", anxious
Acute tonsillitis is acute tonsillitis, and chronic nippled moth is chronic tonsillitis.
Diagnosis and treatment
1. invade card outside wind-heat
[syndrome] acute tonsillitis is from the beginning of pharyngalgia, slight dysphagia, occur together heat, aversion to cold, cough, the disease such as expectoration.Swallow mucous membrane and flat
Peach body is congested, not into purulence, thin white fur of tongue, superficial and rapid pulse.
[therapy and formula] wind and heat dispersing, relieving sore-throat of detoxifying.
2. syndrome of exuberance of stomach fire
More very, dysphagia, body is warm, thirsty, constipation for [syndrome] pharyngalgia.The congested redness of pharyngeal and tonsillotome, above there is pus point
Or microabscess.Tongue is red, yellow tongue fur, slippery and rapid pulse.
[therapy and formula] expels the heat-evil removing toxic substances, reducing pharyngeal swelling.
3. syndrome of yin deficiency of lung and kidney
[syndrome] pharyngeal drying, scorching hot, hypodynia discomfort, the few phlegm of dry cough, feverishness in palms and soles, metal fatigue, or afternoon low-heat, the flushing of zygomatic region.
Tonsillotome is dark red, enlargement, or has a little fester to invest surface.Tongue is red, and tongue is thin, thready rapid pulse.
[therapy and formula] nourishing Yin and falling fire, clearing throat.
4. deficiency-weakness of spleen-QI is demonstrate,proved
[syndrome] pharyngeal discomfort, it is micro- to itch or dry, or have foreign body sensation, expectoration color is white, lustreless complexion, and sound is low timid, and god is tired
Power, deficiency of food, loose stool.Antiadoncus, it is congested lighter or not congested, there is a little fester during extruding.Tongue nature is light fat, white and moist fur, arteries and veins
It is thin and delicate.
[therapy and formula] strengthening the spleen and replenishing qi.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating acute tonsillitis;
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a kind of preparation method for the Chinese medicine composition for treating acute tonsillitis.
The purpose of the present invention is realized by following technical scheme:
The Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of acute tonsillitis of the present invention, is prepared by the Chinese medicine material of following parts by weight
's:
Japanese Premna Herb 20-40 parts, pink reineckea herb 20-40 parts, west Indian chickweed herb 10-30 parts, Gotu Kola 5-20 parts, Red Psychotria Leaf 10-30 parts, xanthate
Sub- 5-20 parts, stem of noble dendrobium 10-30 parts, tuber of dwarf lilyturf 5-20 part.
Preferably, it is to be prepared by the Chinese medicine material of following parts by weight:
Japanese Premna Herb 25-35 parts, pink reineckea herb 25-35 parts, west Indian chickweed herb 15-25 parts, Gotu Kola 10-15 parts, Red Psychotria Leaf 15-25 parts, Huang
Medicine 10-15 parts, stem of noble dendrobium 15-25 parts, tuber of dwarf lilyturf 10-15 part.
It is the crude drug source of Chinese medicine preparation of the present invention below:
Japanese Premna Herb, it is stem, the leaf of Verbenaceae bean curd wood.【Nature and flavor】Bitter;Micro-pungent;It is cold in nature.【Channel tropism】Liver;Large intestine channel.【Work(
It can cure mainly】It is clearing heat and detoxicating.Main malaria;Diarrhea;Dysentery;Drunk headache;Carbuncle swells, furunculosis;Erysipelas;Snake bite and insect sting;Traumatic bleeding.
Pink reineckea herb, it is Liliaceae pink reineckea herb platymiscium pink reineckea herb Reineckea carnea(Andr.)Kunth, with herb
It is used as medicine.【Nature and flavor】It is sweet, put down.【Major function】Moisten the lung and relieve the cough, wind-dispelling, synthetism.For pulmonary tuberculosis, cough spitting of blood, chronic bronchial
Inflammation, asthma, rheumatic arthritis;Traumatic injury is controlled in external application, fracture.
West Indian chickweed herb, it is the herb of pinkwort lotus lotus beans.【Nature and flavor】Hardship, it is cool.【Major function】It is clearing heat and detoxicating.Control sore
Furuncle carbuncle swells, jaundice, malaria, rheumatism tinea pedis.
Gotu Kola, it is samphire centella Centella asiatica(L.)Urb. drying herb.【Nature and flavor】
Bitter, acrid, cold.【Channel tropism】Return liver, spleen, kidney channel.【Major function】Clearing heat and promoting diuresis, removing toxicity for detumescence.For jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, heatstroke abdomen
Rush down, sand leaching blood strangury, carbuncle sore tumefacting virus, injury from falling down.
Red Psychotria Leaf, save platymiscium nine for Rubiaceae nine and save Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir., entered with root, leaf
Medicine.【Nature and flavor】Hardship, tremble with fear.【Major function】It is clearing heat and detoxicating, detumescence and drawing out poison.Root, leaf:Diphtheria, tonsillitis, sphagitis, dysentery, intestines
Typhoid fever, stomachache, treating rheumatic ostealgia;Leaf:Treating swelling and pain by traumatic injury, traumatism and bleeding, venomous snake bite, sore swollen toxin, the ulcer of lower limb are controlled in external application.
Airpotato yam, Dioscoreaceae yam air potato Dioscorea bulbifera L., stem tuber.【Nature and flavor】It is bitter, pungent,
It is cool.It is slightly poisonous.【Major function】Removing toxicity for detumescence, reducing phlegm and resolving masses, cooling blood and hemostasis.For Thyroid Gland Swell, scrofula, throat
Swelling and pain, spit blood, spitting of blood, pertussis, cancerous swelling;Boil is controlled in external application.
The stem of noble dendrobium, it is orchid dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe., stem of Eyeshaped Dendrobium
Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. var. oculatum Hook, HERBA DENDROBII Dendrobium
Chrysanthum Wall., dendrobium candidum Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl. or HERBA DENDROBII
Dendrobium nobile Lindl. fresh or dry stem.【Nature and flavor】It is sweet, it is slightly cold.【Channel tropism】Return stomach, kidney channel.【Function master
Control】Reinforcing stomach reg fluid, nourishing Yin and clearing heat.For impairment of yin body fluid deficiency, dry polydipsia, deficiency of food is retched, and abnormal heat, mesh are secretly failed to understand after being ill.
The tuber of dwarf lilyturf, it is the liliaceous plant tuber of dwarf lilyturf(Dwarf lilyturf)Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.)Ker-Gawl.
Dried root.【Nature and flavor】It is sweet, slight bitter, it is slightly cold.【Channel tropism】The thoughts of returning home, lung, stomach.【Major function】Nourishing Yin and promoting production of body fluid, moistening lung clears away heart-fire.With
In dryness of the lung dry cough.Tuberculosis cough, injury thirst, vexed insomnia, Heat Diabetes, dry constipation of intestines;Pharyngeal diphtheria.
Another aspect of the present invention there is provided the preparation method of the active component of Chinese medicine composition of the present invention, and this method is to use
The extraction of the ethanol of water extraction or 40-80% concentration expressed in percentage by volumes is prepared.Specific preparation method is as follows:
Scheme one:Take whole medicinal materials, extracting in water 2-3 times after mixing, each amount of water equivalent to 6-12 times of medicinal material gross weight,
Each extraction time is 1-3 hours, merges extract solution, filtration, relative density is 1.15-1.20 when filtrate is concentrated into 70-80 DEG C
Clear cream, produce active component.
Scheme two:Whole medicinal materials are taken, are extracted 2-3 times with 40-80% alcohol refluxs after mixing, each ethanol consumption is medicinal material total amount
4-10 times, extraction time is 1-4 hours, merge extract solution, filtering, relative density is when filtrate is concentrated into 70-80 DEG C
1.15-1.20 clear cream, produces active component.
Scheme three:Whole medicinal materials are taken, extracting in water 2-3 times after mixing, 6- of each amount of water equivalent to medicinal material gross weight
12 times, each extraction time is 1-3 hours, merges extract solution, filtration, relative density is when filtrate is concentrated into 70-80 DEG C
1.15-1.20 clear cream, ethanol is added, it is 40-70% to make alcohol content, stands 12-24 hours, and filtration, filtrate is concentrated into 70-80
DEG C when relative density be 1.10-1.25 medicinal extract, produce active component.
The Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of acute tonsillitis of the present invention, can also be with pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
Coordinate, various oral formulations, such as pill, tablet, capsule, oral liquid, syrup, mixture are made.
The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier of the present invention includes but is not limited to following:
Oral formulations:
Diluent:Starch, Icing Sugar, lactose, dextrin, microcrystalline cellulose, inorganic salts, glycitols etc..
Wetting agent and adhesive:Purified water, ethanol, gelatin, polyethylene glycol, cellulose derivative etc..
Disintegrant:Starch, sodium carboxymethyl starch, cellulose derivative, PVPP etc..
Lubricant:Magnesium stearate, superfine silica gel powder, talcum powder, polyethylene glycol etc..
Cosolvent:Water, ethanol, glycerine, propane diols, liquid paraffin, vegetable oil etc..
Flavouring:Sucrose, monose, aromatic etc..
Preservative:Benzoic acid, sorbic acid, methyl esters, ethyl ester, propyl ester etc..
Method 1:Tablet
Scheme one is taken to add tablet and often use auxiliary material one of to the gained active component of scheme three, routinely production method is prepared into
Invention tablet.
Above-mentioned tablet often includes one of diluent, wetting agent, adhesive, disintegrant, lubricant or whole with auxiliary material.
Method 2:Capsule
Scheme one is taken to add capsule and often use auxiliary material, routinely production method is prepared into one of to the gained active component of scheme three
Capsule of the present invention.
Above-mentioned capsule often includes one of diluent, wetting agent, adhesive, disintegrant, lubricant or whole with auxiliary material.
Method 3:Syrup
Scheme one is taken to add syrup and often use auxiliary material, routinely production method is prepared into one of to the gained active component of scheme three
Syrup of the present invention.
Above-mentioned syrup often includes one of flavouring, preservative, cosolvent or whole with auxiliary material.
Method 4:Mixture
Scheme one is taken to add mixture and often use auxiliary material one of to the gained active component of scheme three, routinely production method is prepared into
Invention mixture.
Above-mentioned mixture often includes one of flavouring, preservative or whole with auxiliary material.
Method 5:Oral liquid
Scheme one is taken dissolving after-purification, concentration, to add oral liquid and often use auxiliary material, by normal one of to the gained active component of scheme three
Rule production method is prepared into oral liquid of the present invention.
A kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating acute tonsillitis provided by the invention has advantages below:
1st, composite preparation provided by the invention is safe and effective, has the effect of wind and heat dispersing, removing toxic substances relieving sore-throat, to acute tonsil
Scorching treatment total effective rate is 93.2%..
2nd, Chinese medicinal composition preparation provided by the invention, scientific formulation is reasonable, and technique is simple, in good taste, and cost is low.
Embodiment
The present invention is further illustrated below by embodiment.It should be understood that embodiments of the invention are to be used to illustrate
The present invention rather than limitation of the present invention.The present invention is belonged to according to the simple modifications that the essence of the present invention is carried out to the present invention
Claimed scope.Unless otherwise indicated, the percentage of the amount of alcohol in the present invention is percentage by volume, and v/v represents solution
Volume ratio.
The granule of embodiment 1
Weigh Japanese Premna Herb 20g, pink reineckea herb 20g, west Indian chickweed herb 10g, Gotu Kola 5g, Red Psychotria Leaf 10g, airpotato yam 5g, stem of noble dendrobium 10g, wheat
Winter 5g.Extracting in water 3 times, amount of water is respectively 12 times of medicinal material gross weight, 8 times, 6 times three times, and extraction time is respectively 3 three times
Hour, 2 hours, 1 hour, merge extract solution, filtration, relative density is 1.25 clear cream when filtrate is concentrated into 70 DEG C, adds shallow lake
Powder, dextrin, granulation, dry, whole grain produce.
The tablet of embodiment 2
Weigh Japanese Premna Herb 40g, pink reineckea herb 40g, west Indian chickweed herb 30g, Gotu Kola 20g, Red Psychotria Leaf 30g, airpotato yam 20g, stem of noble dendrobium 30g,
Tuber of dwarf lilyturf 20g.Extracted 2 times with alcohol reflux, each concentration of alcohol is respectively 80%, 60%, and each ethanol consumption is respectively that medicinal material is total
10 times, 8 times of amount, extraction time is respectively 4 hours, 3 hours, merges extract solution, filtering, filtrate is concentrated into relatively close at 80 DEG C
The medicinal extract for 1.10 is spent, adds supplementary product starch, ethanol, talcum powder, tablet is made.
The tablet of embodiment 3
Weigh Japanese Premna Herb 25g, pink reineckea herb 25g, west Indian chickweed herb 15g, Gotu Kola 10g, Red Psychotria Leaf 15g, airpotato yam 10g, stem of noble dendrobium 15g,
Tuber of dwarf lilyturf 10g.Extracting in water 3 times, three times amount of water be respectively equivalent to 12 times of medicinal material gross weight, 8 times, 6 times, each extraction time
3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour respectively, merge extract solution, filtration, relative density is 1.20 clear cream when filtrate is concentrated into 70 DEG C, is added
Enter ethanol, it is 40% to make alcohol content, stands 24 hours, filtration, and it is 1.10 that filtrate, which is concentrated into relative density when filtrate is concentrated into 70 DEG C,
Medicinal extract, add supplementary product starch, ethanol, talcum powder, be made tablet.
The capsule of embodiment 4
Weigh Japanese Premna Herb 35g, pink reineckea herb 35g, west Indian chickweed herb 25g, Gotu Kola 15g, Red Psychotria Leaf 25g, airpotato yam 15g, stem of noble dendrobium 25g,
Tuber of dwarf lilyturf 15g.Extracted 3 times with 40% alcohol reflux, each ethanol consumption is respectively 10 times of medicinal material total amount, 8 times, 4 times, during extraction
Between respectively 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, merge extract solution, filtering, filtrate concentrate 60 DEG C when relative density be 1.25 medicinal extract,
Supplementary product starch, ethanol, dextrin, magnesium stearate are added in medicinal extract, capsule is made according to a conventional method.
The granule of embodiment 5
Weigh Japanese Premna Herb 30g, pink reineckea herb 30g, west Indian chickweed herb 20g, Gotu Kola 12g, Red Psychotria Leaf 20g, airpotato yam 12g, stem of noble dendrobium 20g,
Tuber of dwarf lilyturf 12g.Extracting in water 2 times, each amount of water are respectively equivalent to 12 times of medicinal material gross weight, 10 times, each extraction time point
Wei not be 3 hours, 2 hours, merge extract solution, filtration, filtrate is concentrated into the clear cream that relative density at 80 DEG C is 1.05, adds second
Alcohol, it is 70% to make alcohol content, stands 12 hours, filtration, and relative density is 1.25 medicinal extract when filtrate is concentrated into 70 DEG C, adds and forms sediment
Powder, dextrin, granulation, dry, whole grain produce.
The syrup of embodiment 6
Weigh Japanese Premna Herb 23g, pink reineckea herb 23g, west Indian chickweed herb 12g, Gotu Kola 8g, Red Psychotria Leaf 12g, airpotato yam 8g, stem of noble dendrobium 12g, wheat
Winter 8g.Extracting in water 2 times, amount of water is respectively 10 times of medicinal material gross weight, 8 times twice, and extraction time is respectively 2 small twice
When, 1 hour, merge extract solution, filtration, when filtrate is concentrated into 80 DEG C relative density be 1.10 medicinal extract.Sugar is added in medicinal extract
Slurry agent auxiliary material sucrose, sorbic acid, water stir, and syrup is made.
The oral liquid of embodiment 7
Weigh Japanese Premna Herb 28g, pink reineckea herb 28g, west Indian chickweed herb 18g, Gotu Kola 11g, Red Psychotria Leaf 18g, airpotato yam 11g, stem of noble dendrobium 18g,
Tuber of dwarf lilyturf 11g.Extracting in water 2 times, amount of water is respectively 10 times of medicinal material gross weight, 8 times twice, and extraction time is respectively 2 twice
Hour, 1 hour, merge extract solution, filtration, relative density is 1.10 medicinal extract when filtrate is concentrated into 80 DEG C, is added in medicinal extract
Auxiliary material mannitol, sorbic acid, water stir, and packing, oral liquid are made.
The mixture of embodiment 8
Weigh Japanese Premna Herb 32g, pink reineckea herb 32g, west Indian chickweed herb 23g, Gotu Kola 14g, Red Psychotria Leaf 23g, airpotato yam 14g, stem of noble dendrobium 23g,
Tuber of dwarf lilyturf 14g.Extracting in water 3 times, three times amount of water be respectively equivalent to 12 times of medicinal material gross weight, 8 times, 6 times, each extraction time
3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour respectively, merging extract solution, filtration, filtrate concentration ad pond om is 3 times of medicinal material gross weight, filling,
Add mixture auxiliary material sucrose, ethyl ester, water, sorbic acid to stir, mixture is made.
The pulvis of embodiment 9
Weigh Japanese Premna Herb 38g, pink reineckea herb 38g, west Indian chickweed herb 28g, Gotu Kola 18g, Red Psychotria Leaf 28g, airpotato yam 18g, stem of noble dendrobium 28g,
Tuber of dwarf lilyturf 18g.Crush, sieving, produce.
Embodiment 10
Capsule prepared by the embodiment of the present invention 4, it is oral to give acute tonsillitis patient, 4 tablets each time, 3 times a day, clinical
Data are as follows:
Disorder class | Illness number of cases | Illness year calendar | Treatment time | Efficiently individual quantity | Total effective rate |
Acute tonsillitis | 59 | 3-7 days | 1-7 days | 55 people | 93.2% |
Embodiment 11
Shi, man, 7 years old.Suffered from cold accidentally before one day and aversion to cold, heating occur, headache, general malaise, engender bottleneck throat pain,
Heating, survey 38.2 DEG C of body temperature, sweating.Quarter examines:Pharyngeal pain, the difficult pharynx of saliva, feels that pharyngeal mucus is easily coughed up, flushing, hot eyes, mouth
Yearningly, it is vexed, dark urine, dry and hard excrement, red tongue with yellowish and greasy fur, slippery and rapid pulse.Look into:Pharyngeal portion flare, II degree of enlargement of tonsil are upper attached scattered
Enlargement of lymph nodes at white pus point, angle of mandible, and have tenderness, tcm diagnosis:Acute tonsillitis.The embodiment of the present invention 6 is given to control
Treat, the 1st day feel pharyngeal pain substantially mitigate, pharyngeal to bring up a large amount of mucus, sweating body is cool, night sleep can, free movement of the bowels.Take 7
Afterwards, the pharyngeal no discomfort of further consultation, is looked into:Tonsillotome is normal, and body temperature is normal.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating acute tonsillitis, it is characterised in that it is by the Chinese medicine material system of following parts by weight
For what is formed:
Japanese Premna Herb 20-40 parts, pink reineckea herb 20-40 parts, west Indian chickweed herb 10-30 parts, Gotu Kola 5-20 parts, Red Psychotria Leaf 10-30 parts, xanthate
Sub- 5-20 parts, stem of noble dendrobium 10-30 parts, tuber of dwarf lilyturf 5-20 part.
2. the Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of acute tonsillitis as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that it is by including as follows
What the Chinese medicine material of parts by weight was prepared:
Japanese Premna Herb 25-35 parts, pink reineckea herb 25-35 parts, west Indian chickweed herb 15-25 parts, Gotu Kola 10-15 parts, Red Psychotria Leaf 15-25 parts, Huang
Medicine 10-15 parts, stem of noble dendrobium 15-25 parts, tuber of dwarf lilyturf 10-15 part.
3. the Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of acute tonsillitis as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that its active component
It is to be prepared using the extraction of the ethanol of water extraction or 40-80% concentration expressed in percentage by volumes.
4. the Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of acute tonsillitis as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that its active component is
It is prepared by the following method:Whole medicinal materials are taken, extracting in water 2-3 times after mixing, each amount of water is total equivalent to medicinal material
6-12 times of weight, each extraction time are 1-3 hours, merge extract solution, filtration, filtrate is concentrated into relatively close at 70-80 DEG C
The clear cream for 1.15-1.20 is spent, produces active component.
5. the Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of acute tonsillitis as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that its active component is
It is prepared by the following method:Whole medicinal materials are taken, are extracted 2-3 times with 40-80% alcohol refluxs after mixing, each ethanol is used
Measure as 4-10 times of medicinal material total amount, extraction time is 1-4 hours, merges extract solution, filtering, and filtrate is concentrated into 70-80 DEG C of phase
To the clear cream that density is 1.15-1.20, active component is produced.
6. the Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of acute tonsillitis as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that its active component is
It is prepared by the following method:Whole medicinal materials are taken, extracting in water 2-3 times after mixing, each amount of water is total equivalent to medicinal material
6-12 times of weight, each extraction time are 1-3 hours, merge extract solution, filtration, filtrate is concentrated into relatively close at 70-80 DEG C
The clear cream for 1.15-1.20 is spent, adds ethanol, it is 40-70% to make alcohol content, stands 12-24 hours, and filtration, filtrate is concentrated into
Relative density is 1.10-1.25 medicinal extract at 70-80 DEG C, produces active component.
A kind of 7. preparation for treating acute tonsillitis, as the Chinese medicine group of the treatment acute tonsillitis described in claim 1-6
Compound is prepared with pharmaceutically acceptable carrier combination.
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Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2007084331A2 (en) * | 2006-01-12 | 2007-07-26 | Everett Laboratories, Inc. | Compositions and methods for treatment of coughing, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and/or nasal obstruction |
CN104324125A (en) * | 2014-10-30 | 2015-02-04 | 梁春林 | Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating chronic pharyngitis and preparation method thereof |
CN106166235A (en) * | 2016-09-21 | 2016-11-30 | 四川易创生物科技有限公司 | A kind of Chinese medicine composition of the acute tonsillitis treated caused by affection due to external wind and heat |
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Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2007084331A2 (en) * | 2006-01-12 | 2007-07-26 | Everett Laboratories, Inc. | Compositions and methods for treatment of coughing, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and/or nasal obstruction |
CN104324125A (en) * | 2014-10-30 | 2015-02-04 | 梁春林 | Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating chronic pharyngitis and preparation method thereof |
CN106166235A (en) * | 2016-09-21 | 2016-11-30 | 四川易创生物科技有限公司 | A kind of Chinese medicine composition of the acute tonsillitis treated caused by affection due to external wind and heat |
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