CN107752733A - 用于炊具制造的粘接多个坯件组件的方法 - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47J—KITCHEN EQUIPMENT; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; APPARATUS FOR MAKING BEVERAGES
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
炊具包括由至少两层材料构成的选择性粘接复合物,其中所述至少两层材料层中的第一层具有形成在其表面上的多个间隔开的鼓泡,从而形成了炊具的烹调表面,并且所述两层材料层中的第二层粘接在其上,其中在鼓泡和第二材料层之间的粘接程度小于在鼓泡之间的区域中的在第一和第二材料层之间的粘接,由此在鼓泡之间的区域中的热传导系数大于在鼓泡中的热传导系数。
Description
本申请是发明名称为“具有选择性粘接层的炊具”、申请号为“201480028342.2”、申请日为“2014年3月17日”的申请的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请要求了2013年3月15日提交的题目为“具有选择性粘接(bonded)层的炊具”的美国临时专利申请No.61/787041的优先权,该文献其全部内容由此被引用作为参考。
技术领域
本发明总的来说涉及炊具及其制造方法,更具体地说涉及具有多层选择性粘接复合结构的炊具,该结构提供改进的烹调性能并且清洁更方便。本发明的另一个方面涉及将多层材料粘接(bonding)在一起来制作出近净成形的复合坯件以便减少废料损耗的方法。
背景技术
长期以来已知的是,制造多层粘接复合炊具,其中各种材料粘接在一起以将每种材料的所期望物理特性组合成复合体。例如,不锈钢的耐腐蚀性对于烹调表面以及炊具的外表面而言是理想的,但是不锈钢的导热性相对较低。另一方面,铝和/或铜具有更高的导热性并且已经用来粘接在不锈钢上以提供公知的复合炊具制品例如锅、平底锅等。在美国专利Nos.4004892、6267830和7820304中披露了这些公知的复合炊具结构和制造方法,这里只是提及一些。
粘接的铝和/或铜层在赋予更高导热性以便加热更快的同时还会导致在烹调表面上的热点,这会使得所要烹调的食物粘连并且使得不锈钢烹调表面更难清洁。也可以将不粘表面例如PTFE材料施加在烹调表面上以解决粘锅问题,但是在PTFE烹调表面下面的表面还是容易出现热点,这些热点会使得PTFE由于局部热点而过早地热退化,因此降低了其使用寿命。因此,我之前已经研制出一种复合结构,它具有至少一层导热性较低的不锈钢或钛粘接芯层,它在复合材料中用作“阻热层”以使得施加在炊具上的热量径向传导,从而防止沿着烹调表面出现热点。因此,PTFE(或类似材料)不粘表面的使用寿命延长。例如参见美国专利Nos.6926971、7278231和7906221,所有都是Willian A.Grall的专利。还已知的是,常规PTFE不粘表面在采用金属工具的情况下容易刮坏,因此在这种不粘涂层的情况下必须更加小心以便延长其使用寿命。即使在小心使用的情况下,PTFE涂层的使用寿命也有限,因为在涂层中的有机材料容易随着时间自然退化并且丧失其润滑性。
发明内容
本发明的多层复合炊具包括有选择性粘接(或连接)在一起的至少两层材料。在一个实施方案中,该炊具的最终烹调表面具有多个基本上均匀间隔开的凸起波纹(dimpled)部或鼓泡,并且在相邻凸起的鼓泡之间具有平坦表面。所述至少两层中的带有凸起鼓泡的第一层通过在高温下施加压力固态粘接在下面的第二层上。由于相对于粘接层的表面沿着垂直方向施加的压力或力以及高温,所以在凸起鼓泡区域中在第一层和第二层之间的粘接小于在相邻凸起鼓泡之间的平坦区域之间的粘接。由于这种粘接差异,与通过凸起鼓泡传导的热能相比,来自烹调范围或诸如此似热量的更大量热能通过平坦表面传导传递。这样,平底锅受热均匀,并且凸起鼓泡消除或减小了粘锅问题。
在本发明的一个当前优选的实施方案中,复合炊具采用平底煎锅形式,例如包括三层选择性粘接的材料。在该实施方案中,这三层包括带有波纹部或鼓泡的不锈钢材料烹调表面,该烹调表面选择性粘接至铝材料内部芯层,该内部芯层又均匀粘接至形成平底煎锅外部的不锈钢材料底层。在烹调表面上的波纹部或鼓泡由多孔模板形成,该多孔模板在选择性粘接操作之前设置在不锈钢层的外侧上。在这个三层平底煎锅的实施例中,将一叠三层材料(在该情况下为不锈钢、铝和不锈钢)彼此层叠放置(一个放在另一个上面),并且将多孔模板设置于用来形成烹调表面的不锈钢层的外侧并且与之相邻。然后将铝和不锈钢层设置在下方。向层叠排列施加例如15000psi至35000psi的力。该力沿着于层叠材料层的平面垂直的方向施加,在施加力的期间同时将该层叠件加热至500至1000°F。在所施加的垂直力和高温作用下,在这些材料层之间出现固态粘接。高温还使得内部铝层压靠在不锈钢层上尤其是压在具有设置在其外表面上的多孔模板的第一不锈钢层上热膨胀。热膨胀的铝层压靠在第一不锈钢层上,从而使得不锈钢向外变形进入到模板中的通孔或孔中以在模板的间隔开的通孔上形成波纹部或鼓泡。在模板中的通孔之间的平坦空间接触不锈钢的上表面以便在第一不锈钢层和下面的铝层之间实现非常强的粘接(bond),同时在不锈钢和铝之间的粘接在鼓泡的区域中最少或不存在。在铝和下面的第二不锈钢层之间的粘接相当均匀,这是因为在铝和下面的第二不锈钢层之间是平坦表面。因为在鼓泡区域中的粘接选择地不存在或减小,所以在那些区域中的导热性同样减小,从而减少了在接触鼓泡/波纹部区域的食物上的热点。
本发明的另一个方面涉及采用在这里所述的扩散粘接方法形成多个没有鼓泡的不同材料复合坯件的方法。
附图说明
图1为在制作本发明一个当前优选实施方案中所使用的顺序排列的各个材料层组的剖面示意图;
图2A为类似于图1的剖面示意图,显示出在加热情况下在沿着垂直方向施加的压力作用下在粘接步骤期间顺序排列的各个材料层组;
图2B为类似于图2A的放大剖面示意图,但是去除了多孔模板以便粘接不同的材料层,从而提供与普通卷绕粘接制造方法相比废料损耗最小或没有废料耗损的近净成形粘接坯料;
图3为用在本发明的一个优选实施方案中的多孔模板的平面图;
图4为图3的多孔模板的照片;
图5为本发明的选择性粘接复合坯料的照片,显示出在烹调表面上的波纹部或鼓泡;
图6为图5的剥离排列坯件的照片;
图7为本发明一个实施方案的最终炊具的照片,显示出在其烹调表面上的凸起波纹部/鼓泡;并且
图8为用在本发明的方法中的压合夹紧装置的简化侧视图。
具体实施方式
参照这些附图中的图1、2A和2B,在其中一个最简化的形式中,本发明包括有序材料布置,包括第一不锈钢材料层2,它设置在铝材料的芯层4的上表面上,该芯层设置在第二不锈钢材料层6的上表面上。这些层2、4和6优选为圆盘,其直径适用于制造粘接复合坯料以便随后成形为平底煎锅的形状。如也在图3和4中所示的一样,多孔模板10在图1和2A中所示的顺序层叠的材料布置中设置在第一不锈钢层2的顶部上。多孔模板10包含有在模板10的中央区域中在闭合平坦部分16之间错开的多个间隔开的通孔14。模板10的外边界区域没有任何孔。在当前优选的实施方案中,多孔模板10的表面积的大约50%包含有通孔14。通孔14与闭合部分16的这个表面积比例在模板10的中央区域中可以在大约25-75%之间变化。目前,大约50%的孔洞率似乎是非常可接受的。这些孔可以为圆形或可以是其它形状,例如矩形、方形、六边形等。在这些附图中所示的一个当前实施方案中,在多孔模板10中每个通孔14的圆孔直径为0.287英寸,并且每个孔中心之间的孔间距为0.375英寸。在中央部分中的孔14用来沿着炊具的烹调表面形成鼓泡20,而外边界(没有孔)用来形成炊具的平滑侧壁区域。
图2A示意图(未按比例)显示出一个当前优选实施方案的顺序布置结构的粘接操作,该操作将第一不锈钢层2粘接到铝芯层4以及下面的第二不锈钢层6上,其中在大约15000-35000psi的压力作用下借助上压板12或14和下压板8使得轴向施加的力作用在层叠布置结构上,包括多孔模板10,其中该力沿着与层叠结构10、2、4、6的平面成垂直90°方向施加。在施加最好大约为20000psi的压力期间,还施加大约800-900°F或者更宽的是750-950°F的热量,其加热时间足以实现在不锈钢层2、铝层4和不锈钢层6之间的粘接。在加热加压期间,铝层4热膨胀,从而迫使第一不锈钢层2膨胀到多孔模板10的通孔14中以在第一不锈钢层2中形成多个波纹部或鼓泡20。模板10也优选由不锈钢形成,这将不会在加热加压期间与第一不锈钢层2形成粘接。因此,一旦加热加压粘接操作完成,当在去除力时,如图2A所示,模板10将不会粘接在第一不锈钢层2上,并且可以在随后的粘接操作中重复使用。
图5显示出在粘接操作之后的扁平坯件,其中将多孔模板10从粘接坯件中去除,该粘接坯件包括粘接在铝芯层4上的第一不锈钢层2和粘接在芯层4上的下面的第二不锈钢层6。从在图2A、2B以及在图5中的照片中所示的成型坯件30中显示出凸起的波纹部或鼓泡20。
然后将在图2A、图2B和图5中所示的圆形三层复合粘接坯件30插入在成型机例如液压成型拉深机或类似机器中,该机器通过将圆形坯30拉深成最终平底煎锅来形成粘接坯件30,例如具有如图7所示的圆形炊具形状。根据所期望的炊具的最终形状,可以采用其它复合粘接坯件形状例如椭圆形、方形、矩形。
当然,在粘接板材或材料坯件中公知的是,在粘接之前要清洁每层材料层表面。这可以采用各种已知的方式完成,例如在保护性气体中或者通过烧油清洁技术或者通过喷砂磨擦该表面,或者通过钢丝刮擦或者通过化学活化等。在任何情况下,用于粘接复合坯件的盘,其形式通常为具有足够大直径的圆形(或其它所期望形状),以便提供这样的坯件尺寸,该坯件尺寸在粘接之后将允许形成具有足够直径的炊具形状以便在废料损耗最少或没有的情况下提供具有所期望直径的炊具。这样,本发明提供了经济得多的用于制造近净成形粘接复合坯件的方法,其中尤其在考虑到复合材料价值时,废料损失非常少。一般来说,在将较宽的带材例如不锈钢、铝和不锈钢辊压粘接在一起以形成辊压粘接带材然后冲切时,形成包围着坯件的承载带材(web)的外侧材料作为废料被消耗掉。从废料的角度来看,此承载网状材料具有少得多的值,因为带材层已经预先通过辊压粘接在一起。相反,在本发明中,只有将圆形(或其它形状)材料坯件形成为复合粘接坯件。因此,没有任何与在采用连续带材的现有常规辊压粘接加工技术中一样的沿着承载带材的剩余废复合材料。
图6显示出从下面的铝层4剥离的粘接的不锈钢层2,在右手边显示出颜色更浅的几个鼓泡20的底面,表示出与在不锈钢第一层2和铝层4之间的平坦区域相比在鼓泡20的区域中不锈钢第一层2和铝层4之间的粘接没有或更少。
还重要的是要注意,在本发明中具有形成在层叠布置中的波纹或鼓泡成形部20,普通辊压粘接不能形成该波纹或鼓泡结构。延展性比不锈钢材料好得多的铝材不能承受辊压力,从而不能在辊压粘接中产生出任何波纹效果。铝将仅仅按照线性的方式变形,并且不会在不锈钢中产生出所需要的波纹或鼓泡图案纹理。
还要理解的是,虽然已经将本发明描述为只是将三种材料粘接在一起以形成一个复合坯件30,但是该方法可以很容易应用于粘接更多层的复合坯件。因此,可以将多孔板(如果使用的话)设置在层叠布置坯件30之间以生产另外的复合材料坯件,该坯件随后可以拉深成最终的平底锅。这对于没有使用多孔板的层叠材料同样也是仅仅将各种材料的复合层叠坯件粘接在一起,然后可以将它直接拉深成最终的炊具,而不会出现在以前普通辊压粘接中所出现的废料。在该可选实施方案中,例如可以将不锈钢实心盘(没有孔)设置在相邻层叠坯件之间以防止在加热加压期间在相邻层叠坯件之间出现粘接。各种平盘,例如不锈钢、铝、铜和钛,可以用于以层叠形式粘接近净成形复合坯件。
实际上,我已经发现,可以采用图8的压合夹紧装置或夹具50来向一个或多个层叠布置盘施加轴向夹紧力以便粘接这些复合坯件。夹紧装置包括两个相对的重型圆形压板或板52,用于接合在层叠布置坯件30中的上下盘。多个重载螺栓54装配在围绕着压板周边间隔开的孔中。这些螺栓具有带螺纹端部56以便接收螺母58,这些螺母在拧紧时将压板压在一起以便沿着与位于这些相对压板52之间的层叠布置坯件30中的盘垂直的方向施加力。在一个当前实施方案中,采用十个螺栓54来施加粘接力。在每个螺栓端部处可以采用双螺母58以便确保适当的强度。在获得所期望的夹紧力之后,将夹紧装置和层叠布置坯件移到炉子中,并且在含氧的正常氛围中加热至所期望的温度以在层叠布置中的各个盘之间实现粘接。可选的是,可以通过感应加热装置来加热层叠布置坯件,该感应加热装置与层叠布置坯件相邻设置以避免将夹紧装置50加热至在其它炉子中可能出现的高温。在该情况下,要粘接一个以上的多层层叠布置盘,将不锈钢盘插入在相邻层叠布置之间以防止相邻层叠布置之间出现粘接。
在一个实际粘接测试运行中,对于每个坯件采用由不锈钢层、铝层和不锈钢层构成的三层圆盘(直径为14英寸)制造出300个坯件组件30。将这300个坯件组件30层叠在压合夹紧装置50中的压板52之间。在该实施例中,压合夹紧装置50高约6英尺,并且钢压板52厚约1英尺。重型压板减小了在压板中的弯曲以使得压力在层叠坯件组件上均匀分布,以便实现每个坯件的不锈钢-铝-不锈钢层的均匀粘接。在该实施例中,夹紧装置50具有围绕着圆形压板52的周边均匀设置的10个高强度螺栓54。在拧紧螺栓54并且实现大约20000psi的预期压力之后,将夹紧装置50放在炉子中并且加热至大约860°F的温度以在300个层叠布置坯件30的每一个上实现很好的粘接。这种制造近净成形(直径)粘接复合材料坯件的方法的经济效益是明显的。在高温粘接步骤中,不必控制氛围,因为普通含氧氛围就行。还有,优选的是要用感应加热装置包围于层叠成形坯件以只是加热坯件,而不会加热夹紧装置。这样,夹紧装置不会受到由感应加热装置提供的热量的影响。
虽然已经对本发明的具体实施方案进行了详细说明,但是本领域技术人员要理解的是,根据本申请公开的整体教导可以开发对那些细节作出各种变型和变化。在这里所述的当前优选的实施方案只是用来例举说明,而不是对本发明的范围进行限制,本发明的范围由所附权利要求及其任意全部等同方案给出。
Claims (6)
1.一种用于炊具制造的粘接多个坯件组件的方法,包括步骤:
(a)提供至少两个用于粘接的坯件组件,其中每个坯件组件包括至少两个由不同材料构成的盘,其中这些盘具有适用于拉伸成所期望的炊具形状的预定尺寸;
(b)将至少两个坯件组件放入到压合夹紧装置中,其中每个坯件组件具有设置在相邻组件之间的分隔盘以防止相邻组件之间的粘接;
(c)通过压合夹紧装置在坯件组件的垂直方向上施加压力;
(d)在加压的同时用足够的温度和时间加热坯件组件以在每个坯件组件中的每个盘之间实现所期望的粘接程度;
(e)将组件冷却并且从压合夹紧装置中取出每个粘接组件;
(f)将每个粘接坯件组件与相邻的粘接坯件组件分离。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中加压步骤(c)施加的压力为15000psi至35000psi。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中加热步骤(d)施加的温度为750°F至950°F。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中盘的材料从不锈钢,铝,铜和钛中的一个或多个中选择。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中每个坯件组件包括三个材料构成的盘,材料包括上层和下层的不锈钢和内核层的铝。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,包括将每个粘接坯件组件形成所期望的炊具形状的步骤(g)。
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US9078539B2 (en) | 2015-07-14 |
EP2967247B1 (en) | 2019-09-25 |
EP3607858B1 (en) | 2022-08-24 |
EP2967247A1 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
US10478012B2 (en) | 2019-11-19 |
US20180125290A1 (en) | 2018-05-10 |
CA3110802C (en) | 2023-05-23 |
CN105407767A (zh) | 2016-03-16 |
US20150272383A1 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
CN107960848A (zh) | 2018-04-27 |
CN107752733B (zh) | 2020-10-02 |
JP2016512760A (ja) | 2016-05-09 |
CA2911879A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
US9888808B2 (en) | 2018-02-13 |
CA3110802A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
WO2014145449A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
CN105407767B (zh) | 2017-12-05 |
EP3607858A1 (en) | 2020-02-12 |
EP2967247A4 (en) | 2016-11-23 |
CN107960848B (zh) | 2020-02-04 |
CA2911879C (en) | 2021-04-20 |
JP6466908B2 (ja) | 2019-02-06 |
US20150001226A1 (en) | 2015-01-01 |
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