CN107751644A - 脱壳间期小龙虾饲料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
脱壳间期小龙虾饲料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提出了一种脱壳间期小龙虾饲料及其制备方法,按照重量份数计算,包括以下组分:玉米粉40~50份、虾壳粉4~8份、蚯蚓粉20~30份、豆粕10~20份、花生粕10~20份、菜籽饼15~25份、蓝莓浓缩粉1~3份、沸石粉4~8份、微量元素0.2~0.8份、饲料添加剂2~4份以及复合微生物菌3~6份;其中,复合微生物菌为嗜酸乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、酿酒酵母与瑞士乳杆菌的混合菌。上述配方经过三重发酵后发酵液过滤浓缩制粒即得本发明饲料。该饲料能够大大降低蜕壳期小龙虾死亡率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于肥料技术领域,具体涉及一种脱壳间期小龙虾饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
淡水小龙虾是典型的杂食性的动物。它既吃青草、水草,又吃谷物饲料和动物饲料。采取人工繁殖水生物、小动物以及种植水生植物等纯天然有机饲料喂养,比购买的商品饲料适口性好,营养丰富,新鲜味美,完全可以不用购买配合饲料。既可避免因商品饲料的激素等有害成份超标,保证商品龙虾绿色无公害,又可以使每年节省大笔的饲料投资。
科学研究证明,小龙虾机体内虾青素含量跟其抵御外界恶劣环境的能力是正相关,也就说机体虾青素含量越高,其抵御外界恶劣环境的能力就越强。枣红的颜色小龙虾肌体中天然虾青素的含量是对虾的数倍。所以,深红色的小龙虾可以在污浊的淤泥中生存繁殖,而在清澈的水体中不易存活。因为小龙虾自身无法产生虾青素,主要是通过食物链——食用微藻类等获取到虾青素,并在体内不断积累产生超强抗氧化能力。虾青素能有效增强小龙虾的抵抗恶劣环境的能力及提高繁殖能力。所以虾青素是小龙虾如此顽强生命力的强有力保障,当小龙虾在缺少这些含有虾青素微藻的环境中反倒难以生存。然而,由于池塘水浅易混浊、水体污染、光照不足霉菌感染等原因,小龙虾也会产生各种疾病,例如黑鳃病、软壳病、烂尾病等。现有人工繁殖方法通常将小龙虾置于清水环境中,保证了小龙虾的清洁性,然而却造成小龙虾死亡率较高。
小龙虾的生长是通过蜕壳来实现的。蜕壳是小龙虾生长的重要标志。小龙虾与其他甲壳动物一样,必须蜕掉体表的甲壳才能完成其突变性生长。根据小龙虾的活动及摄食情况,其蜕皮周期可分为蜕皮间期、蜕皮前期、蜕皮期和蜕皮后期四个阶段。脱壳间期是小龙虾为生长积累营养物质的阶段,在这一阶段该虾摄食旺盛,甲壳逐渐变硬;蜕壳前期从小龙虾停止摄食起至开始蜕壳止,这一阶段是小龙虾为蜕壳作准备。小龙虾停止摄食,甲壳里的钙向钙石转移,体内钙石变大,甲壳变薄、变软,并且与内皮质层分离。蜕壳期是从小龙虾侧卧蜕壳开始至甲壳完全蜕掉为止,这个阶段持续时间约几分钟至十几分钟不等,我们观察到的大多在5—10分钟,时间过长则小龙虾易死亡。蜕壳后期是从小龙虾蜕壳后至开始摄食止,这个阶段是小龙虾的甲壳由皮质层向甲壳演变的过程。水分从皮质进入体内,身体增重、增大;钙石的钙向皮质层转移,皮质层变硬、变厚,成为甲壳,体内钙石最后变得很小。
发明内容
为解决上述现有技术存在的问题,本发明提出一种脱壳间期小龙虾饲料,该饲料能够大大降低蜕壳期小龙虾死亡率。
本发明的技术方案是这样实现的:
一种脱壳间期小龙虾饲料,按照重量份数计算,包括以下原料:
玉米粉40~50份、虾壳粉4~8份、蚯蚓粉20~30份、豆粕10~20份、花生粕10~20份、菜籽饼15~25份、蓝莓浓缩粉1~3份、沸石粉4~8份、微量元素0.2~0.8份、饲料添加剂2~4份以及复合微生物菌3~6份;其中,复合微生物菌为嗜酸乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、酿酒酵母与瑞士乳杆菌的混合菌。
优选地,所述微量元素为锰、硅、硼、锌、铁或镁中一种或多种。
优选地,所述饲料添加剂中各原料的重量份数为:金银花3~5份,鱼腥草3~4份,老鹤草2~3份,大蒜粉1~2份,夏枯草1~2份,石榴皮1~2份,甘草1~2份。
优选地,按照重量份数计算,包括以下原料:
玉米粉46份、虾壳粉6份、蚯蚓粉24份、豆粕13份、花生粕17份、菜籽饼19份、蓝莓浓缩粉2份、沸石粉7份、微量元素0.6份、饲料添加剂3份以及复合微生物菌5份。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种脱壳间期小龙虾饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)按照配比称取玉米粉、虾壳粉、蚯蚓粉、豆粕、花生粕、菜籽饼、蓝莓浓缩粉、沸石粉、微量元素、饲料添加剂以及复合微生物菌备用;
2)首先将玉米粉、蚯蚓粉、豆粕、花生粕及蓝莓浓缩粉混合后加入酿酒酵母中进行发酵,发酵温度20~25℃,发酵时间为3~5天;
3)向步骤2)的发酵液中添加瑞士乳杆菌及虾壳粉、菜籽饼进行发酵,发酵温度28~30℃,发酵时间为4~6天;
4)向步骤3)的发酵液中加入饲料添加剂及沸石粉,并添加嗜酸乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌与发酵乳杆菌进行发酵,28~30℃,发酵时间为1~2天后终止发酵;
5)将步骤4)的发酵液使用硅藻土过滤机和纸板过滤机进行低温过滤,获得滤液,向滤液中添加微量元素,再浓缩干燥制粒即可。
本发明的有益效果:
1、本发明的饲料含有丰富的氨基酸、维生素、矿物质、微量元素等成分,含有多种营养物质,配方科学,营养全面,可完全满足脱壳间期小龙虾的基础营养,同时加入多种矿物质和微量元素,从而能够保证快速生长。
2、本发明为解决蛋白质及其他组分吸收等问题,采用三重发酵技术将各原料经过嗜酸乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、酿酒酵母与瑞士乳杆菌的混合菌发酵,更有利于脱壳期间龙虾的摄食,能够提高脱壳间期小龙虾自身免疫力,提高脱壳间期小龙虾健康状况,同时无任何毒副作用,更不会有有害物质残留,对人体健康不会造成损害。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种脱壳间期小龙虾饲料,按照重量份数计算,包括以下原料:
玉米粉46份、虾壳粉6份、蚯蚓粉24份、豆粕13份、花生粕17份、菜籽饼19份、蓝莓浓缩粉2份、沸石粉7份、锰、硅与锌0.6份、饲料添加剂3份以及复合微生物菌5份。
饲料添加剂中各原料的重量份数为:金银花4份,鱼腥草4份,老鹤草2份,大蒜粉2份,夏枯草1份,石榴皮2份及甘草2份。
制备方法:
1)按照配比称取玉米粉、蚯蚓粉、虾壳粉、豆粕、花生粕、菜籽饼、蓝莓浓缩粉、沸石粉、锰、硅、锌、饲料添加剂以及复合微生物菌备用;
2)首先将玉米粉、蚯蚓粉、豆粕、花生粕及蓝莓浓缩粉混合后加入酿酒酵母中进行发酵,发酵温度22℃,发酵时间为5天;
3)向步骤2)的发酵液中添加瑞士乳杆菌、虾壳粉及菜籽饼进行发酵,发酵温度28℃,发酵时间为5天;
4)向步骤3)的发酵液中加入饲料添加剂及沸石粉,并添加嗜酸乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌与发酵乳杆菌进行发酵,28℃,发酵时间为1天后终止发酵;
5)将步骤4)的发酵液使用硅藻土过滤机和纸板过滤机进行低温过滤,获得滤液,向滤液中添加锰、硅与锌,再浓缩干燥制粒即可。
实施例2
一种脱壳间期小龙虾饲料,按照重量份数计算,包括以下原料:
玉米粉40份、虾壳粉4份、蚯蚓粉20份、豆粕20份、花生粕10份、菜籽饼15份、蓝莓浓缩粉3份、沸石粉4份、锰、锌与铁0.2份、饲料添加剂2份以及复合微生物菌3份。复合微生物菌为嗜酸乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、酿酒酵母与瑞士乳杆菌的混合菌。
饲料添加剂中各原料的重量份数为:金银花3份,鱼腥草3份,老鹤草3份,大蒜粉1份,夏枯草2份,石榴皮1份,甘草1份。
制备方法:
1)按照配比称取玉米粉、虾壳粉、蚯蚓粉、豆粕、花生粕、菜籽饼、蓝莓浓缩粉、沸石粉、锰、锌与铁、饲料添加剂以及复合微生物菌备用;
2)首先将玉米粉、蚯蚓粉、豆粕、花生粕及蓝莓浓缩粉混合后加入酿酒酵母中进行发酵,发酵温度25℃,发酵时间为3天;
3)向步骤2)的发酵液中添加瑞士乳杆菌、虾壳粉及菜籽饼进行发酵,发酵温度28℃,发酵时间为6天;
4)向步骤3)的发酵液中加入饲料添加剂及沸石粉,并添加嗜酸乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌与发酵乳杆菌进行发酵,28℃,发酵时间为2天后终止发酵;
5)将步骤4)的发酵液使用硅藻土过滤机和纸板过滤机进行低温过滤,获得滤液,向滤液中添加锰、锌与铁,再浓缩干燥制粒即可。
实施例3
一种脱壳间期小龙虾饲料,按照重量份数计算,包括以下原料:
玉米粉50份、虾壳粉8份、蚯蚓粉40份、豆粕10份、花生粕20份、菜籽饼25份、蓝莓浓缩粉1份、沸石粉8份、硼、锌与镁0.8份、饲料添加剂4份以及复合微生物菌6份。复合微生物菌为嗜酸乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、酿酒酵母与瑞士乳杆菌的混合菌。
饲料添加剂中各原料的重量份数为:金银花5份,鱼腥草4份,老鹤草2份,大蒜粉2份,夏枯草2份,石榴皮2份,甘草2份。
制备方法:
1)按照配比称取玉米粉、虾壳粉、蚯蚓粉、豆粕、花生粕、菜籽饼、蓝莓浓缩粉、沸石粉、硼、锌与镁、饲料添加剂以及复合微生物菌备用;
2)首先将玉米粉、蚯蚓粉、豆粕、花生粕及蓝莓浓缩粉混合后加入酿酒酵母中进行发酵,发酵温度20℃,发酵时间为5天;
3)向步骤2)的发酵液中添加瑞士乳杆菌虾壳粉、菜籽饼进行发酵,发酵温度30℃,发酵时间为4天;
4)向步骤3)的发酵液中加入饲料添加剂及沸石粉,并添加嗜酸乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌与发酵乳杆菌进行发酵,30℃,发酵时间为1天后终止发酵;
5)将步骤4)的发酵液使用硅藻土过滤机和纸板过滤机进行低温过滤,获得滤液,向滤液中添加硼、锌与镁,再浓缩干燥制粒即可。
试验例
100只健康的脱壳间期小龙虾,随机分成4组,实验组1、实验组2、实验组3分别采用含实施例1、实施例2、实施例3的饲料喂养脱壳间期的小龙虾,对照组采用普通鱼饲料喂养。观察并记录小龙虾在蜕壳期的死亡率。
表1 蜕壳期小龙虾死亡率
指标 | 对照组 | 实验组1 | 实验组2 | 实验组3 |
死亡率(%) | 20 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
结果表明,实验组的平均日增重明显高于对照组,而料肉比低于对照组。实验组脱壳间期小龙虾死亡率与对照组相对大大降低。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种脱壳间期小龙虾饲料,其特征在于,按照重量份数计算,包括以下原料:
玉米粉40~50份、虾壳粉4~8份、蚯蚓粉20~30份、豆粕10~20份、花生粕10~20份、菜籽饼15~25份、蓝莓浓缩粉1~3份、沸石粉4~8份、微量元素0.2~0.8份、饲料添加剂2~4份以及复合微生物菌3~6份;其中,复合微生物菌为嗜酸乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、酿酒酵母与瑞士乳杆菌的混合菌。
2.根据权利要求1所述的脱壳间期小龙虾饲料,其特征在于,所述微量元素为锰、硅、硼、锌、铁或镁中一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的脱壳间期小龙虾饲料,其特征在于,所述饲料添加剂中各原料的重量份数为:金银花3~5份,鱼腥草3~4份,老鹤草2~3份,大蒜粉1~2份,夏枯草1~2份,石榴皮1~2份,甘草1~2份。
4.根据权利要求1所述的脱壳间期小龙虾饲料,其特征在于,按照重量份数计算,包括以下原料:
玉米粉46份、虾壳粉6份、蚯蚓粉24份、豆粕13份、花生粕17份、菜籽饼19份、蓝莓浓缩粉2份、沸石粉7份、微量元素0.6份、饲料添加剂3份以及复合微生物菌5份。
5.如权利要求1所述的脱壳间期小龙虾饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)按照配比称取玉米粉、虾壳粉、蚯蚓粉、豆粕、花生粕、菜籽饼、蓝莓浓缩粉、沸石粉、微量元素、饲料添加剂以及复合微生物菌备用;
2)首先将玉米粉、蚯蚓粉、豆粕、花生粕及蓝莓浓缩粉混合后加入酿酒酵母中进行发酵,发酵温度20~25℃,发酵时间为3~5天;
3)向步骤2)的发酵液中添加瑞士乳杆菌及虾壳粉、菜籽饼进行发酵,发酵温度28~30℃,发酵时间为4~6天;
4)向步骤3)的发酵液中加入饲料添加剂及沸石粉,并添加嗜酸乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌与发酵乳杆菌进行发酵,28~30℃,发酵时间为1~2天后终止发酵;
5)将步骤4)的发酵液使用硅藻土过滤机和纸板过滤机进行低温过滤,获得滤液,向滤液中添加微量元素,再浓缩干燥制粒即可。
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