CN107592890A - 赋予疏水性的化合物及基于水和/或有机溶剂的不含氟碳聚合物的制剂、其作为扁平材料上整理剂的用途和由此获得的基材 - Google Patents
赋予疏水性的化合物及基于水和/或有机溶剂的不含氟碳聚合物的制剂、其作为扁平材料上整理剂的用途和由此获得的基材 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及基于水和/或有机溶剂的制剂(Z)及其作为扁平材料上整理剂的用途,该制剂包含(1)10至90%的转化产物(S),其通过转化醚化的六羟甲基三聚氰胺和具有组成R1的化合物和有机二羧酸的酸酐而获得,(2)0至10%的基于蜡的疏水性成分,(3)0至45%的非封闭型或封闭型的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯,(4)任选的常用乳化剂。当将整理剂用于扁平材料上时,该制剂赋予经处理的扁平材料持久的疏水性能。
Description
背景技术
本发明涉及赋予疏水性的化合物及基于水和/或有机溶剂的不含氟碳聚合物的制剂及其作为扁平材料上整理剂的用途。
已知的是,使用硅油、石蜡、氟碳(FC)聚合物和其他添加剂的基于水或基于溶剂的制剂来整理扁平材料,以赋予经整理的扁平材料特定的疏水效果,该疏水效果满足在扁平材料使用期间暴露于雨水、溅水或来自其他来源的水分的挑战。
例如用石蜡、金属皂以及多价金属的硅酸盐的含水乳液处理帐篷织物以使织物表面不渗透雨水或溅水。这种制剂也用于处理纸张,也是为了改善疏水性能。德国Auslegeschrift DE-AS 1001965公开了使用来自高分子量脂肪酸或树脂酸的碱金属盐和低分子量的二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯的反应产物用于织物的干燥疏水化。
所有这些已知用途的共性为在扁平材料已经用所提及的化学品处理之后,其不能被洗涤或经受其他清洁措施以去除任何污渍。然而,如果清洁操作是必要的,取决于基材观察到防水性能的急剧恶化。通过使用适当的疏水剂进行后处理而恢复疏水性可以在一定程度上补偿该缺点,在这种情况下所采用的化学品通常会具有与初始整理剂相同或相似的化学基。
目前,编织织物和针织织物被广泛地用于运动装和休闲装中,以及用于军事或消防领域的制品或用于其他防护性服装中。这种制品变脏地非常快,尤其是当密集使用时,因此经受频繁的洗涤。通常使用工业的衣物洗涤剂或家用洗衣机或通过手洗完成洗涤。在所有洗涤操作中,扁平材料不仅被所使用的洗涤剂润湿,还由于弯曲、扭动和压缩经受或多或少剧烈的机械应力。衣物洗涤剂和机械力的共同作用引起所应用的整理剂从扁平材料上大量分离,在干燥之后,基材会仅具有适度的防水性,如果有防水性的话。通过喷雾或应用于洗衣机或使用类似方法恢复疏水性不符合目前市场上的清洁产品的要求,这是由于实现良好的疏水性会要求经处理的片在被干燥之后加热至所用的蜡的熔点以上以使得可以引起蜡颗粒合并,从而形成连续的、完全疏水的蜡膜。
关于所提及的制品,因此先决条件为整理剂不仅提供良好的初始疏水性,还提供对多次洗涤的耐久性。因此在早期开发了旨在改善缺乏对洗涤操作耐久性的制剂。例如DE-B 1 017 133描述了通过将六羟甲基三聚氰胺六甲基醚、硬脂酸、硬脂酸甘油二酯和三乙醇胺的缩合产物与石蜡混合来制备疏水剂。获得的产物为片状的或块状的,在使用前通过用热水或蒸汽熔化并添加乙酸而从水溶液转化为可应用的乳液形式。
为了获得对由此处理的基于纤维素的纺织基材的洗涤应变的特别良好的耐久性,因此先决条件为额外地使用六羟甲基三聚氰胺六甲基醚型交联化合物。这可以导致在储存和日常使用期间由纺织基材和现成物品上的水解作用引起的甲醛分解,其超过许多国家的法定排放限制。
另外,已经观察到以此形成的扁平材料和纤维材料经历明显的硬化,这是由于较高含量的添加剂、制剂的化学性质并特别由于脂肪酸改性的羟甲基三嗪化合物与其自身或与天然基材的官能团的交联。实际上,借助这类反应,纤维素基材例如棉或纤维胶确实具有对多次洗涤的耐久性,但是对于优选地用于运动装备和休闲制品的这种由合成纤维形成的轻量化纺织材料,纤维形貌以及官能团的大量缺失意味着不可能与纤维素制品的情况发生相同程度的交联反应,这就是洗涤耐久性不足的原因。另外,粗糙化感觉是不自然的,因此经整理的纺织物缺乏消费者的认同。
在商业实践中使用这些产品期间已经显示整理剂的另一个显著缺点在于在整理过程步骤中的制剂必须由无水制备,仅在使用前立即100%熔化。这是必要的,由于在具有高乙酸含量的含水乳液中羟甲基氨基三嗪化合物的高反应性,交联反应可以在乳胶粒子内部发生,这不仅降低了纺织基材的反应性,还导致了乳液颗粒之间的交联和凝聚从而极度地增加了黏度。由于同样的原因,当以无水片、块或粒状形式储存较长时间时,即在乳化步骤之前,制剂丧失其疏水作用并变得越来越难以乳化,如果可以乳化的话。含水乳液同样仅具有有限的稳定性,必须在反应性使稳定性降低至不可接受的水平之前被快速用完。这是由于尽管存在整体上积极的洗涤耐久性情况,但是至今没有这种描述的组合物的已知抗老化乳液的行为。
这种制剂的另一个缺点为从片制备乳液的复杂方式。在目前的条件下,在织物整理操作中经常涉及未经培训的员工,这构成了不可接受的安全风险。另外,应用过程不可避免地引起来自羟甲基氨基三嗪化合物的甲醛排放以及乙酸排放,由于不符合排放阈值,这使得目前的生态标准可以产生困难。
对于现有技术的编织物,尤其是由合成材料构成的那些,可以以更优的方式通过使用基于水或基于溶剂的FC聚合物来实现所描述的目的。例如,EP 0 325 918 B1描述了由全氟脂肪族基团改性的聚氨酯构成的制剂,其在织物基材上提供良好的防油性和防水性,外加良好的柔软度以及满意的洗涤耐久性。EP 314 944-A推荐具有聚乙烯和经改性的聚硅氧烷的FC聚合物制剂,该制剂提供特别光滑、柔软的手感。
EP 0 073 364 B1描述了六羟甲基三聚氰胺醚和全氟化烷基硫醇的反应产物,在用其处理织物基材之后,其赋予织物基材优异的防油性和防水性以及良好的抗洗涤循环的耐久性。对于这种产物的合成,必须使用部分氟化的溶剂例如1,3-双(三氟甲基)-苯或三氟甲苯,由于商业和生态毒理原因这造成合理的生产步骤淘汰。
WO 00/29663 A2描述了用于纤维耐用性整理的制剂,其含有多异氰酸酯官能化合物与不含硅酮和/或含硅酮的软化剂的反应产物,根据实施例优选包含疏水残基。
由于FC制剂不仅提供具有洗涤耐久性的疏水和疏油作用、同时还提供良好的织物手感的事实,这种化合物目前被认为是实现目标的合适产品,特别是用于合成扁平材料上。
全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛磺酸(PFOS)在FC聚合物的合成中是重要的中间物。由于碳和氟之间的高结合能,该化合物在环境中是不可生物降解的。同时,大量研究记录PFOA和PFOS的有害性是众所周知的。两种成分均为持久的、生物累积的和有毒的物质,其对环境和人类健康引起严重和不可逆的作用。在许多国家,特别在欧洲共同体,已经启动了大量立法程序以限制进一步的使用。
例如,欧洲化学品管理局(ECHA)对于PFOA提出了在产品和用该产品处理的纺织品中2ppb(十亿分率)的阈值。由于FC聚合物链在生物降解时产生PFOA作为持久的最终产物,超过2ppb的PFOA限制似乎是不可避免的。
为了避免这种危险情况,生产FC聚合物的工业试图用短链FC残基分别取代PFOA和PFOS,其同样是持久的和生物积累的,但其被认为是毒性较低程度的物质。目前提供的FC聚合物在生物降解期间产生PFHA(全氟己酸)和PFFBS(全氟丁磺酸)。这种化合物的缺点是明显较差的疏水性及合成路线的较高成本水平。另外,通过调聚反应合成然后分馏的所有FC聚合物含有不可避免的量的PFOA。尽管事实上在这些产物中可能仅含有少量的PFOA,但是一旦ECHA提案生效,这些残基符合2ppb的阈值似乎是不可能的。
因此本发明的目的是制备赋予疏水性的活性化合物以及制剂,其在扁平材料上表现出最优的疏水性质、对洗涤循环的良好耐久性和经整理的织物商品的柔软手感。同时,制剂应不含FC聚合物,且应仅含有少量的可排放成分。特别是,不应含有潜在存在的甲醛,如根据DE-B 1017133描述并获得的化合物的情况。另外,在应用条件下制剂应当与本领域现有的其他制剂相容,例如通常与FC聚合物组合使用的基于封闭型多异氰酸酯的产品。另外,制剂不应改变在正常储存条件下的产品外观;特别是没有乳液的黏度增加或相分离,不应观察到经整理的基材上疏水性能的退化。
其他目的是研发应该能够使由于通过例如在家用洗衣机中的后处理步骤的重复洗涤循环而下降的疏水活性再生的制剂。
疏水活性物质的化学结构对比研究显示了一定的规律性范围,即线性结构例如石蜡或硅酮聚合物赋予较低的疏水性能水平,如其可以通过使用环状结构达到的疏水性能水平,例如在以上提及的DE-B 1017133和EP 0073 364 B1中所描述的。根据该假设,PCT WO03/078725 A1和DE 10200702079 A1描述了具有环或树枝状结构的成分,其在纺织基材上赋予最优的疏水性能和良好的抗重复洗涤循环的耐久性。
具有专利权利要求1特征的疏水性化合物和具有专利权利要求7特征的不含氟碳聚合物的制剂实现了以上提及的本发明的目的。专利权利要求9涉及疏水性化合物和由其制备的制剂的应用机会。主要的从属权利要求代表有利的变化方案。
具体实施方式
现在出人意料地发现了通过使用本发明的疏水性反应产物(S)可以实现前述特征,疏水性反应产物(S)可通过使以下成分转化而获得:
(a1)醚化的羟烷基三聚氰胺,其具有至少两个醚化的烷基醇胺基团,
(a2)至少一种成分R1-H,其中R1指疏水性残基,其选自以下残基
其中,n为12至26的整数,优选为12至18的整数,
(a3)含有酸酐基团的饱和或不饱和的有机化合物,其中化合物(a2)和(a3)以30:70至99:1的化学计量比应用,对于1摩尔的羟烷基三聚氰胺醚的醚基团,使用总和为至少1摩尔的化合物(a2)和(a3)。
因此,可以通过使羟烷基三聚氰胺醚与醇、碳酸、酰胺、胺、硫醇或甘油酯的转化,以及之后或同时与酸酐反应来获得。
在使用硫醇的情况下,还可以进一步将转化后获得的硫原子氧化为例如亚砜基或磺酰基。
化合物(a2)和(a3)的总和相对于羟烷基三聚氰胺中含有的每个醚基团会以至少1:1的化学计量比,即化合物(a2)和(a3)至少以等于羟烷基三聚氰胺中含有的醚基团的量添加。例如,也可以使用过量的化合物(a2)和(a3)。
在根据本发明的转化中,发生醚基团的取代,醚基团会被成分R1-H的残基R1取代或被酸酐取代(通过酸酐开环)。
在优选的实施方案中,醚化的羟烷基三聚氰胺(a1)为醚化的六羟甲基三聚氰胺,甚至更优选用具有1至4个碳原子的脂肪醇醚化的六羟甲基三聚氰胺,特别优选用甲醇醚化的六羟甲基三聚氰胺。如果醚化的烷基醇三聚氰胺(a1)携带至少3个、优选至少5个、甚至更优选平均至少5.5个醚化的烷基醇胺基团,其是更加有益的。
所使用的烷基醇胺的醚化度由所有烷基醇胺基团的整体定义,使得醚化度可以与整体醚化度不同。
优选的是化合物(a2)和(a3)以40:60至90:10、优选以50:50至80:20的化学计量比使用。
作为化合物(a2),硬脂醇、硬脂酸、二十二烷酸、十八烷基硫醇、甘油二硬脂酸酯和/或其共混物或其组合是可以的。
化合物(a3)优选地选自以下基团:
其中
每个出现的R2是相同或不同的,并选自以下基团:氢和线性或支化的烷基或烯基残基,其具有8至36个碳原子,甚至更优选地具有下式的残基
-(CH2)-CH=CH-(CH)n-CH3
其中n具有前述含义。
2-十八烯-1-基-琥珀酸酐是特别优选的。
另外,本发明的潜在目的可以通过提供基于水和/或有机溶剂的制剂(Z)来实现,其含有
10重量%至90重量%的至少一种根据以上描述的疏水性反应产物(S),
0重量%至50重量%的至少一种基于蜡的疏水性成分,
0重量%至45重量%的至少一种非封闭型或封闭型的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯,以及任选的惯用乳化剂。
基于上述假设,通过应用根据本发明的制剂(Z)可以出人意料地实现该任务,该制剂(Z)含有新的疏水性反应产物(S),如果适用的话,各种来源的现有的蜡成分,如果适用的话,用保护基封端的多异氰酸酯,以及在基于水的制剂的情况下必需的乳化剂。由此获得的本发明的制剂(Z)表现出优异的疏水性能和抗重复洗涤循环的高持久性,由此在储存期间基于水的乳液不表现出过早的交联,导致乳液的黏度增加。
制剂(Z)中含有的成分与水和/或有机溶剂的总和为100%。特别优选的是完全不含有机溶剂并从而仅基于水的制剂。挥发性有机溶剂,例如异丙醇、丙酮或其他的可以作为助剂使用以使乳化更容易。然而,优选通过蒸馏去除这些挥发性有机溶剂。
特别优选的版本提供了制剂(Z),其含有
60重量%至50重量%的至少一种根据以上描述的疏水性反应产物(S),
10重量%至30重量%的至少一种基于蜡的疏水性成分,
0重量%至25重量%的至少一种非封闭型或封闭型的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯,
0.1重量%至5重量%的惯用乳化剂。
本发明的另一方面为本发明的疏水性反应产物(S)或根据本发明的制剂(Z)作为扁平材料上整理剂的用途。纺织扁平材料的实例包括编织物、成环针织品和预结合的无纺布,其由天然纤维例如羊毛或棉花、或合成纤维,特别是聚酯、聚酰胺和再生纤维或其共混物构成。
添加剂在纺织扁平材料上的应用相对于待处理的扁平材料的重量通常最高为本发明制剂(Z)的1固体重量%至5固体重量%、优选3固体重量%至5固体重量%。通常,通过以下步骤施用含水液体:以浸吸量为40%至100%的期望浓度轧制,然后在80℃至110℃下预干燥,然后在130℃至170℃下热处理1至5分钟。在各种情况下热处理的持续时间取决于所采用的温度。
众所周知的浸染过程是纺织扁平材料的另一种可能的应用形式。
当用于纺织扁平材料时,本发明的制剂还可以与在纺织工业中惯用的纺织助剂组合。在此要强调的是提高折皱回复度的试剂,例如具有不同羟甲基化程度的二羟基亚乙基脲或羟甲基三聚氰胺醚的羟甲基化合物。有用的纺织助剂还包括提高耐燃性或赋予扁平材料优异手感的那些纺织助剂。然而可以在所期望的方向上通过成分(1)至(3)的有利结合来控制织物手感,这是在这些情况下无需进一步包含纺织助剂的原因。
如果经处理的扁平材料期望具有防油性或防污性以及良好的疏水性质,FC聚合物可以作为纺织助剂添加到应用液体中。
扁平材料还可以由纸构成,纸可以通过已知的造纸方法并由在该应用领域的所有惯用基础材料制造。本发明的制剂(Z)可以用作纸浆添加剂或通过利用辊、刮刀或气刀涂布过程的涂布系统、然后经红外、热空气或滚筒干燥应用于机械整理的纸表面。
由皮革构成的扁平材料同样适合用本发明的制剂整理。在鞣革后整理操作中的应用可以采取现有过程的形式或通过喷雾或浸泡。
其他扁平材料的处理同样是可能的。例如,通过用本发明的整理液体浸泡,矿物扁平材料例如未上釉的瓷砖、陶瓷元件以及墙壁表面可以被赋予优异的防水性。
通过各种方法可以处理扁平材料,例如通过喷雾、填充、刷或海绵施用,甚至任选地以泡沫形式来施用根据本发明的整理液体。基于待处理的扁平材料的重量,用于本发明制剂的附加物以固体计通常为1重量%至5重量%,优选为3重量%至5重量%。
本发明的其他方面为本发明的制剂(Z)作为洗涤纺织物的后处理在纺织基材上的用途。
许多成品在家庭中的家用洗衣机或在工业洗涤机中被洗涤。后者尤其应用于消防员、警察、军人和其他经常要在户外度过并因此暴露于气候的行业的工作服。通常被整理为防油、防水和防污的服装由于洗涤经历这些性能的损失。因此这些性能通过使用疏水剂处理后而被频繁地恢复和再生。本发明的制剂用于该目的。
经工业洗涤的服装的再生处理在洗涤或旋转干燥滚筒中通过将根据本发明的制剂液体倾倒在湿纺的服装上然后滚动干燥而进行。在家用洗衣机的情况下,可以在惯用的漂清周期或通过加料球系统的方式应用整理剂。
本发明的另一方面是根据本发明的制剂通过浸泡或蘸作为来自有机溶剂的扁平材料上整理剂的用途。
许多服装不经洗涤,但是在有机溶剂中经受清洁。如在洗涤制品后处理的情况中,通过用基于本发明制剂的产品恢复可以再生疏水性质。
在有机溶剂中清洁的服装的再生处理在干洗机的清洗桶中进行,通过将根据本发明的制剂液体倾倒或喷射在湿纺的清洁物品上然后在升高的温度下在滚筒干燥器中除去溶剂。在此,清洁剂的化学特性是不重要的,即处理不仅可以在现有机械的封闭系统中使用全氯乙烯进行,或者在适用于用基于烃类的溶剂例如为Isopar J处理的机械中进行。
本发明的另一方面是根据本发明的制剂通过喷涂而作为来自有机溶剂的扁平材料上整理剂的用途。
通过应用来自连续的基于水的或基于溶剂的液体的本发明的制剂代替在洗涤或清洁操作之后的纺织扁平材料的再生处理,本发明的制剂还可以通过消费者护理领域中不同的喷射方法应用。在该领域提供的产品包括在有机溶剂中配制的疏水剂和来自气溶胶罐或通过泵送机构的气体推进剂。在鞋护理领域特别是在防水上实现可观的改善,从而在穿着舒适性上可以实现可观的改善。
涉及根据本发明的示例性实施方案的制剂的所有百分比是基于在根据本发明的制剂中的活性物质的整体组成并以重量计。对于疏水性反应产物(S)的优选范围是10%至90%,更优选10%至50%。当添加基于疏水成分的蜡时,其浓度优选为1%至50%,尤其是5%至35%。当添加非封闭型或封闭型的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯时,关于在所使用的成分(1)、(2)和(4)中活性物质的总和,优选浓度为1%至45%,更优选为7%至15%。
优选通过用C1至C4醇醚化的1摩尔六羟甲基三聚氰胺(a1),以下简称为HMME,与具有R1-H组成的3至5摩尔的成分(a2)和具有组成(a3)的1至3摩尔的有机二羧酸酸酐的反应而获得疏水性反应产物(S)。
因此通过该反应获得的化学结构由杂环核构成,其被极性中间基团的壳和其他外壳覆盖,该化学结构携带大量的末端疏水性残基。该疏水性残基的极性支化基团具有明显的结晶趋势。因此,该结构相似于树枝状大分子的结构,如在例如WO 03/078725 A1中作为反应产物(S)所假设的。
该反应是缩合反应,其中第一反应步骤中用C1-C4醇醚化的HMME(a1)的醇成分被成分(a2)的疏水性残基R1替代,从而使形成的醇蒸馏掉。在第二反应步骤中,具有结构(a3)的有机二羧酸的酸酐用C1至C4醇醚化的HMME(a1)的剩余烷氧基团醚化。析出物的摩尔比用以下方式选择,在反应终止之后,所有游离的烷氧基被成分(a2)和(a3)的高分子疏水性残基取代,以避免在经整理的基材上形成甲醛,该甲醛通过来自剩余的、非本发明所反应的用C1至C4醇醚化的烷氧基团的水解作用形成。作为两步法的替代方案,缩合和加成反应也可以在一步法中同时进行;虽然优选的是两步法。
对于醚交换反应和酯化反应,不严格地要求酸催化剂的存在,但是其存在是有益的。优选的是低挥发性的无机酸或有机酸,例如相对于反应产物总重量的0.05至0.5重量%、优选0.1至0.25重量%的硫酸、磷酸、对甲苯磺酸或草酸。
通过以下方式完成反应:向配备有搅拌器、内部温度计、气体进口管和蒸馏冷凝器的四颈烧瓶中以期望的摩尔比加入成分(a1)和(a2),优选在惰性条件下加热至至少145℃至200℃。以0.5℃/分钟至2℃/分钟的梯度升温至最高为145℃至200℃,优选160℃至180℃,在期望的最终温度下将该批次搅拌30分钟。在醚交换反应期间,将产生的C1至C4醇蒸馏掉。为了完成反应并为了去除残余量的形成的醇,在期望的最终温度下应用真空1至2小时是有利的。然后,以所期望的摩尔比加入成分(a3),在期望的最终温度下再继续搅拌30至120分钟。
或者,反应还可以通过以下方式同时进行:遵循与以上描述的两步法中的相同温度/时间模式,以所期望的摩尔比加入成分(a1)、(a2)和(a3),添加酸催化剂并进行反应。
在反应期间获得的疏水性反应产物(S)在冷却后形成光滑的、脆性的和硬的蜡状块,其具有40℃至90℃的熔点,这取决于所选择的摩尔比和所使用的析出物(a2)和(a3)的类型。
用于合成疏水性反应产物(S)的高度醚化的六羟甲基三聚氰胺(a1)是已知的。其可以通过根据GP-PS 611 013的方法制备。术语高度醚化的六羟甲基三聚氰胺包括其中三聚氰胺被完全羟甲基化且羟甲基基团被高度醚化的那些化合物。出于经济原因,用甲醇醚化最高至95摩尔%的六羟甲基三聚氰胺的易获得性和高反应性是特别合适和优选的。
应用于合成疏水性反应产物(S)的成分(a2)特别是脂肪醇、脂肪酸、脂肪酸胺、烷基硫醇或脂肪酸甘油二酯,烷基基团的链长含有12至26个、优选12至18个碳原子。烷基残基可以为单一不饱和或多不饱和的、线性或支化的结构。然而,优选的是饱和和线性的化合物。
应用于合成疏水性反应产物(S)的成分(a3)尤其是马来酸酸酐、邻苯二甲酸酸酐或琥珀酸酸酐。特别优选的是用疏水性残基改性的琥珀酸衍生物,例如2-烯-1-基琥珀酸酸酐,烯基链长为12至28个、优选12至18个碳原子。
添加基于蜡的疏水性成分是任选的。该成分可以为蜡,可以由惯用的、众所周知的各种来源的烃组成。不仅可以使用天然蜡例如蜂蜡或巴西棕榈蜡,还可以使用合成蜡例如聚乙烯蜡和Fischer-Tropsch蜡。然而特别优选的可以为线性石蜡,如果适用的话,其具有1重量%至5重量%的短链线性烃,其在室温下为液体。关于疏水效果最优的石蜡熔点是由现有技术已知的。相比具有熔点>60℃的石蜡,具有熔点<50℃的低熔化石蜡提供明显较差的疏水值。特别优选的是具有40℃至70℃的熔化范围的石蜡,尤其优选的是具有60℃至70℃的熔化范围的石蜡。
添加封闭型或非封闭型的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯是任选的。该类型的化合物由于促进经处理的扁平材料的防水性而被称为促进剂。当施用于扁平整材料时,在共同加热和冷却步骤期间,与疏水性反应产物(S)的独特协同作用主要基于具有大量的末端疏水性残基和封闭型和非封闭型的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯的星形和高支化的疏水性反应产物(S)之间的共结晶。
同时,多异氰酸酯的多官能度导致在大多数基材上总是存在与-OH、-COOH或-NH2基团的交联以及与成分(a2)未转化的官能团的交联,这明显地改善了对于洗涤操作的耐久性和提高了耐磨性。
异氰酸酯可以以非封闭形式和封闭形式使用。非封闭形式的异氰酸酯主要用于来自非极性介质的应用,由于这避免了游离的NCO基团与应用介质的反应活性氢原子的任何多余的、过早的反应。
用于转化为部分封闭或非封闭的异氰酸酯的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯(IC)的实例在DE-A-100 17 651包括的第0032至0037段中描述。
特别优选的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯(IC)例如2,4-二苯乙烯二异氰酸酯、2,4-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、4-甲基环己烷-1,3-二异氰酸酯、4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、单体二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯的聚合同系物的混合物(聚合MDI)、四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基二异氰酸酯三聚体、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯三聚体、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯三聚体、2,2,4-三甲基-l,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯或2,4,4-三甲基-l,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯和二聚体二异氰酸酯。名称为DDI 1410的二聚体二异氰酸酯在市场上可以通过不同供应商获得。
当异氰酸酯要应用于来自具有活性氢原子的应用介质的扁平材料时,经常需要通过用适当的封端剂使反应性NCO基团封端来保护它们。在这些情况下,异氰酸酯通过以下方法制备:其中用封端剂和任选地在有机溶剂存在下实施二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯的游离NCO基团的完全封端。为实现完全封端,通常使用化学计量少量过量的封端剂。当要制备水性应用的产品时,可以溶于有机溶剂中的封端的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯必须通过使用适当的乳化剂转化为乳液形式。
存在具体的实施方案,其中非封闭型的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯用作促进剂,但是通过异氰酸酯基团与聚烷氧基单烷基醚在适当的催化剂体系的帮助下的部分反应以形成氨基甲酸酯,提高了这些非封闭型的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯在水中的自乳化性。亲水性侧链连接到二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯的作用为改变生成的氨基甲酸酯的HLB值以使固有的水不溶性化合物获得自乳化性能。亲水侧链的类型和量的某些选择是有利的。优选的是使用4至20个亚乙基氧部分,任选地连同2至6个亚丙基氧部分,这些部分在烷氧基链中也可以以嵌段存在。然而,在这种混合烷氧基侧链的情况下,亚乙基氧部分总是超过亚丙基氧部分。用于氨基甲酸酯合成的有用催化剂包括众所周知的基于叔胺和/或有机锡化合物的体系,有机锡化合物例如二月桂酸二丁基锡、二月桂酸二辛基锡或二乙酸二辛基锡。
因此在使用中,自发制备的氨基甲酸酯形成水中的细乳液,其具有对剪切力的高稳定性和应用液体的其他成分的良好相容性。由于残余的、未转化的NCO基团与水的反应性,这些特殊形式仅允许在应用液体中不大于8小时的有限贮存期。
在经处理的扁平材料必须满足特别高的洗涤稳定性要求的情况下,特别地添加异氰酸酯。当应用要在基于无水溶剂的介质中进行时,优选使用5%至25%的该化合物,其可以直接使用而无需配制助剂。对来自含水介质的应用,优选使用具有15%至35%的固含量的异氰酸酯乳液,其通过如下方法制备:使用基于乙氧基化的脂肪胺,任选的以季铵形式的乳化剂,任选的其他乳化助剂,例如基于乙二醇、丙二醇、二丙二醇、二丙二醇单甲基醚、单乙二醇单丁基醚或二乙二醇单丁基醚或N-甲基吡咯烷酮的增溶剂。通过高压均质化机械可以实现乳化。
该类型的异氰酸酯产品是以商品名RUCO-GUARD WEB和NET(RUDOLF CHEMIE,德国)可商购获得的。这些产品是封闭型异氰酸酯的基于水的乳液,如例如在WO 99/52961或WO92/17635中所描述的结构和配方。
当本发明的乳液(E)是基于水的,使用乳化剂(Em)。用于配制根据本发明的乳液(E)的乳化剂是已知的。有用的乳化剂包括例如脂肪酸、脂肪酸酰胺、脂肪醇、脂肪胺的乙氧基化产品,后者还以其与低分子量有机酸或无机酸以及季铵化合物的盐的形式,例如鲸蜡基苄基二甲基氯化铵,优选乙氧基化的十八基甲基氯化铵。这种乳化剂例如在“RomppLexikon Chemie”(第10版,第2卷,第1149至1150页)中描述。
乳化剂的惯用水平优选基于成分(1)和任选的(2)的活性物质的总和4重量%至25重量%。
使用形成二级乳液的已知方法制备乳液。通常的乳化温度高于所使用的成分(1)和任选的(2)的活性物质的熔化范围,优选为50℃至80℃。为了产生非常细分散的和特别稳定的乳液,经常首先制备粗分散的预乳液,然后通过高压均质器将其颗粒粉碎至0.1微米至10微米的必要平均粒度。
为了获得非常细分散的乳液,在乳化前将成分(1)和任选的疏水性成分(2)溶解在蜡基质上并且在惰性有机溶剂(LM)中均质化至低黏度溶液是有利的。优选的溶剂为乙酸乙酯、乙酸正丙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸正丁酯、乙酸异丁酯或乙酸戊酯。如果期望的话,乳化后通过在真空下共沸蒸馏可以去除溶剂以避免可释放的有机烃。
以下实施例举例说明本发明。在实验室轧染机上向纺织扁平材料施用整理剂,然后在实验拉幅机上干燥和热处理。在封闭罩中通过泵以手动和单侧应用实施喷射到绷紧的片状结构上,然后在室温下干燥24小时。在施用之前和之后通过对整理的试样称重来确定浸吸量。
疏水性效果不在应用后直接测试,而只在将基材在标准大气下回湿24小时后测试,以平缓由于过度干燥对这些性能的影响。附加水平和热处理的条件记载在表2中。
根据AATCC标准测试方法22通过喷雾测试在纺织扁平材料上测试防水性。喷雾测试采取在可控条件下在待测试的纺织基材上喷射蒸馏水的方式,然后相对于测试方法中包括的评价标准的图片对润湿图案视觉评级。报告的数值是基于用水喷射后的表面的外观并具有以下含义:
100=上表面没有黏附或润湿
90=上表面轻微随机的黏附或润湿
80=上表面在喷射点润湿
70=整个上表面部分润湿
50=整个上表面完全润湿
0=整个上表面和下表面完全润湿。
为了测试经整理的扁平材料对洗涤操作的耐久性,根据EN ISO 6330:2000将样品经受60℃洗涤和干燥程序。
对比例
如德国专利1017133的实施例1所描述的制备表2记载的对比乳液(制剂(Z)1)。
制备疏水性反应产物(S)的一般方法
表1所示的成分(a1)、(a2)和作为催化剂的对甲苯磺酸以表1中所示的、以克计的量在适当规格的四颈烧瓶中在干燥保护气体下熔化并伴随搅拌,该四颈烧瓶配备有蒸馏冷凝器、可调节的搅拌器和内部温度计。然后将混合物加热至表1中所示的最终温度(T)并搅拌直至反应醇不再形成并被蒸馏掉。应用30mbar至100mbar的真空,在所示温度下持续搅拌30分钟以去除微量的形成醇。然后,加入成分(a3),在所示的最终温度下继续搅拌45分钟。将产生的缩合产物(S)倒出、冷却并破碎。
乳液(E)
由疏水性反应产物(S)制备乳液(E)的一般方法
油相:向适当规格的玻璃烧杯中加入表1量(以克计)的疏水性反应产物(S),任选的基于疏水性蜡的成分(2),其存在于作为溶剂的前述乙酸异丙酯(LM)中,伴随搅拌将该初始加入料加热至65℃至70℃,直至形成澄清均质的溶液。
水相:在65℃下,在适当规格的玻璃烧杯中,表1量(以克计)的乳化剂(Em)(=成分(4))溶于规定量的水中。使用高速搅拌器将两相搅拌在一起以形成粗预乳液,然后将其在65℃下在高压均质机以300bar至500bar均质化,直至达到0.1微米至10微米的平均粒度。然后通过在旋转蒸发器上在减压下共沸蒸馏去除溶剂(LM)。任选地,用乙酸60%将产生的乳液的pH调节为5至7,将所得的白色乳液通过20微米过滤器过滤并用水调节至20%的固含量。
本发明制剂(Z)的制备
任选的将包含成分(1)和任选的成分(2)和(4)的表2的乳液(E)与水以规定的重量比混合以获得表2中报告的制剂(Z)。
整理实施例
基于水的制剂(Z)在纺织织物上的用途:
整理条件和测试结果记载在表2中。
基于溶剂的制剂(Z)在纺织织物上的用途(未记载在表2中):
用于该用途,将23g的表1第4栏记载的疏水性反应产物(S)溶于231g正庚烷中。从距离表2所描述的棉基材和聚酯基材约30cm泵式喷雾该溶液直至表面被均匀润湿。然后将织物在室温下干燥24小时。经处理的棉府绸测试织物表现出90的AATCC标准测试方法22防水性,而编织聚酯测试织物表现出100的AATCC标准测试方法22防水性。
整理条件
在棉府绸上的轧施用
制剂用量 130g/l水
乙酸60% 2g/l水
浸吸量 80%
干燥并固化在170℃下2分钟。
在聚酯纤维上的轧施用
制剂用量 100g/l水
乙酸60% 2g/l水
浸吸量 60%
干燥并固化在170℃下2分钟。
Claims (11)
1.一种疏水性反应产物(S),其可通过以下成分的转化获得:
(a1)醚化的羟烷基三聚氰胺,其具有至少两个醚化的烷基醇胺基团,
(a2)至少一种成分R1-H,其中R1指疏水性残基,其选自以下残基
其中,n为12至26的整数,优选12至18的整数,和
(a3)含有酸酐基团的饱和或不饱和有机化合物,其中化合物(a2)和(a3)以30:70至99:1的化学计量比应用,对于羟烷基三聚氰胺醚的1摩尔醚基团,使用总和为至少1摩尔的化合物(a2)和(a3)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的疏水性反应产物(S),其特征在于所述醚化的羟烷基三聚氰胺(a1)为醚化的六羟甲基三聚氰胺,优选用具有1至4个碳原子的脂肪醇醚化的六羟甲基三聚氰胺,甚至更优选用甲醇醚化的六羟甲基三聚氰胺。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的疏水性反应产物(S),其特征在于所述醚化的羟烷基三聚氰胺(a1)包含至少3个、优选至少5个、甚至更优选平均至少5.5个醚化的烷基醇胺基团。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的疏水性反应产物(S),其特征在于所述化合物(a2)和(a3)以40:60至90:10、优选以50:50至80:20的化学计量比使用。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的疏水性反应产物(S),其特征在于所述化合物(a2)选自硬脂醇、硬脂酸、二十二烷酸、十八烷基硫醇、甘油二硬脂酸酯和/或其共混物或其组合。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的疏水性反应产物(S),其特征在于所述化合物(a3)选自:
其中
每个出现的R2是相同或不同的,并选自氢和线性或支化的、具有8至36个碳原子的烷基或烯基残基,优选具有下式的残基
-(CH2)-CH=CH-(CH)n-CH3
其中n具有前述含义,特别地为2-十八烯-1-基-琥珀酸酸酐。
7.一种基于水和/或有机溶剂的制剂(Z),其含有
10重量%至90重量%的至少一种根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的疏水性反应产物(S),
0重量%至50重量%的至少一种基于蜡的疏水性成分,
0重量%至45重量%的至少一种非封闭型或封闭型的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯,
以及任选的惯用乳化剂。
8.根据前述权利要求所述的制剂(Z),其含有
60重量%至50重量%的至少一种根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的疏水性反应产物(S),
10重量%至30重量%的至少一种基于蜡的疏水性成分,
0重量%至25重量%的至少一种非封闭型或封闭型的二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯,
0.1重量%至5重量%的惯用乳化剂。
9.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的疏水性反应产物(S)或根据权利要求7至8中任一项所述的制剂(Z)作为扁平材料上整理剂的用途,特别是作为织物基材、纸、皮革和矿物扁平材料上整理剂的用途。
10.根据权利要求9所述的用途,其特征在于所述施用通过喷涂施用、刷施用或海绵施用,通过浸泡、蘸或通过喷雾方法由有机溶剂施用,和/或通过轧施用或通过浸染法,和/或作为洗涤织物的后处理而完成。
11.根据权利要求9和10中任一项所述的用途,其与氟碳聚合物制剂结合以实现防油效果。
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PCT/EP2016/057366 WO2016173805A1 (de) | 2015-04-30 | 2016-04-04 | Hydrophobie-verleihende verbindung sowie fluorkohlenstoffpolymer-freie zubereitungen auf basis von wasser und/oder organischen lösemitteln, deren anwendung als appretur auf flächengebilden sowie danach erhaltene substrate |
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