CN107587930A - 用于起动内燃机的方法 - Google Patents

用于起动内燃机的方法 Download PDF

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CN107587930A
CN107587930A CN201710097452.XA CN201710097452A CN107587930A CN 107587930 A CN107587930 A CN 107587930A CN 201710097452 A CN201710097452 A CN 201710097452A CN 107587930 A CN107587930 A CN 107587930A
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precombustion chamber
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H·布拉西尔
M·邦斯
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Mahle International GmbH
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Abstract

用于起动内燃机(1)的方法，包括以下步骤:提供具有至少一个气缸(2)和一活塞(3)从而确定主燃烧室(21)的内燃机(1)，活塞(3)支撑在曲轴(5)用于重复气缸(2)中重复的往复运动，内燃机(1)还具有设置在气缸(2)中带点火器部分(42)和燃料喷射器(43)的点火装置(4)，其中点火器部分(42)和燃料喷射器(43)均设置在预燃室(41)，其中预燃室(41)具有多个用于提供预燃室(41)和主燃烧室(21)之间的流体连通的孔(44)；在预燃室(41)中喷射燃料；并且点燃预燃室(41)中已喷射的燃料以在主燃烧室(21)中喷射燃料之前对预燃室(41)进行预加热，以用于燃烧所述主燃烧室(21)中的已喷射燃料。

Description

用于起动内燃机的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据独立权利要求的用于起动内燃机的方法。
本发明属于内燃机技术领域，所述内燃机具有通过使用湍流喷射点火来点燃燃烧室的预燃室，并且特别地，涉及冷启动策略。
背景技术
在US2012103302A1中公开了现有技术的内燃机，该内燃机采用用于湍流喷射点火的点火系统。该内燃机具有带气缸的发动机缸体。每个气缸具有与主燃烧室接壤的气缸盖，其中主空气燃料进料在该主燃烧室中点燃。邻近燃烧室设置有活塞，其中活塞通过曲轴处的连杆连接，以允许往复运动。每一个气缸盖限定进气口和排气口。进气口和排气口通过凸轮驱动阀开启和关闭，以在气缸和进气歧管、排气歧管之间提供流体连通。内燃机还包括安装在进气歧管中的喷油嘴，其中喷油嘴作为通过进气口将主燃料/空气进料引入燃烧室的装置。点火装置具有点火器部分和设置为面向内部预燃室容积的喷射器。
设计预燃室的形状以便形成一喷嘴，该喷嘴具有多个彼此间隔开的孔口并且在预燃室和燃烧室之间提供流体连通。点火器部分在预燃室点燃燃料。当燃烧产物从预燃室出来进入主燃烧室时，保持孔的直径较小以促进火焰熄灭。火焰熄灭意味着部分燃烧的预燃室产物被迫通过预燃室的小孔。燃烧产物被熄灭，但是分散至主燃烧室，然后与主燃料进料反应，并且通过化学、热和湍流效应在远离预燃室喷嘴一定距离处的多个位置引发主燃料室中的燃烧。
在US20150068489A1公开了一种改良过的可产生更有效的反应喷射的点火装置。该点火装置的预燃室包括多个有利的设计(如直径大小)的孔以在预燃室容积和主燃烧室容积之间提供流体连通。
上述处理内燃机中由于湍流喷射点火(TJI)引起的超稀空燃比的混合物的低点燃性的技术是高能点火源。
Lambda(λ)是燃烧室中存在的空气对燃料的燃料不可知(fuel-agnostic)质量比(空燃比/化学计量的空燃比)。当恰好提供足够的空气以完全燃烧所有的燃料时，该比例是化学计量的且λ等于1，并且低于化学计量的比例被认为是“浓的”(λ<1)同时高于化学计量的比例被认为是“稀的”(λ>1)。本发明区分预燃室中的λ和主燃烧室中的λ。
通常，λ>1.6的范围是超稀空燃比。λ>1.6的超稀燃烧已经证明了能够提高净热效率和显著减少NOx的排放。超稀燃烧系统的主要限制是混合物的不良点火性能，其导致λ值的“稀燃极限(lean limit)”，高于该值，内燃机不能点燃。
湍流喷射点火能够使发动机在均匀的超稀燃烧模式下运转。该燃烧模式通常指大于1.6的λ值。本文所述的技术显示已经能够点燃λ值大于2.3的混合物。传统的火花点火式发动机由于存在于传统点活塞中有限的点火能量一般不能运行超稀薄。喷射点火器能够通过放大传统火花塞的点火能量使发动机实现超稀薄运转。使用来自火花塞的电能量通过预燃室中的燃烧将预燃室中的少量燃料和空气转变为化学能量。所产生的预燃室中压力上升使得该化学能量以当内容物通过预燃室喷嘴孔时形成的射流的形式快速传递至主燃烧室。火花塞点火能量因而放大并分布在主燃烧室中，使得表面上具有不良点火性能的燃料-空气混合物能够燃烧。本文包含的权利要求涉及起动喷射点火发动机的动作，尤其是在发动机转变为超稀薄运转之前。
冷启动策略旨在当比正常工作温度冷的时候提供起动内燃机的方法，例如，当发动机或车辆在没有发动机或车辆操作并且发动机温度处于或接近周围环境温度的延长的时间段之后起动时。有很多种方式可以定义冷启动，如通过在关闭发动机之后的预定时间段或通过相比于正常工作温度的温度差。
发明内容
因此，本发明的一个目的就是提供起动内燃机的方法，其中内燃机是由湍流喷射点火点燃的从而其能够快速转变以在稀薄和超-稀薄空气-燃料混合物中操作并且快速将热量输入排气催化剂中以活化所述催化剂。本文所描述的方法适合发动机“冷启动”的所有定义。
该目的通过一种用于起动内燃机的方法实现，该方法包括以下步骤：首先，提供具有至少一个气缸和一活塞从而限定燃烧室的内燃机，该活塞支撑在曲轴处用于在气缸中重复往复运动。内燃机具有设置在所述气缸中的点火装置，所述点火装置具有设置在预燃室处的点火器部分和燃料喷射器。预燃室具有多个用于提供所述预燃室和主燃烧室之间的流体连通的孔。其次，在预燃室中喷射燃料。再次，点燃预燃室中的已喷射的燃料，以在主燃烧室中喷射燃料之前预热所述预燃室容积和表面，用于燃烧主燃烧室中已喷射的燃料。
该方法允许在冷启动期间点燃具有低可燃性的空燃比，尤其是当由于寒冷温度而使得空气密度很高的时候。通过对预燃室预热，由湍流喷射点火点燃的内燃机的起动得到改善从而使空气-燃料混合物能够在发动机相比正常工作温度冷时的条件下点燃。预燃室的预热允许在低发动机旋转次数内快速地产生稳定的可重复燃烧，因此能够通过废气温度的快速增加来减少尾气排放，该废气温度为废气催化剂热活化以催化和/或捕获废气产物来减少废气排放所需的。
具体地，喷射燃料的步骤包括仅在预燃室喷射燃料。那就意味着燃料喷射能够通过预燃室中的燃料喷射器来实施，而用于向主燃烧室喷射燃料的燃料喷射器不运转。这允许单独控制预燃室中的混合物。
根据有利方面，(仅)在预燃室中喷射燃料的步骤包括通过预燃室中的燃料喷射器的多次燃料喷射。这允许增加更多的燃料并且，因此，提供浓混合物来在预燃室中点燃，从而改善燃料-空气混合物的可燃性。
特别优选地的是，在预燃室中的多次燃料喷射的两次后续喷射中的每一次之间进行已喷射燃料的点燃。这种操作允许在浓预燃室混合物的条件下多次点燃。
优选地，在预燃室中的多次燃料喷射的相同次数的后续喷射之间进行已喷射燃料的点燃步骤。该方面允许以在预燃室中点燃均匀浓混合物的方式来对点火进行定时(如，当两次喷射时预燃室中的混合物比三次喷射时要稀)。
根据另一方面，预燃室中燃料的喷射和已喷射燃料的点火都在从燃料喷射开始的预确定持续时间T之后执行。这允许独立于旋转发动机部件(如，曲轴)的角位置点燃已喷射的燃料，即，按基于时间的调度，由此基于持续时间T指定预燃室中燃料喷射的相对定时以及火花事件。
另一方面涉及，在预燃室中燃料的喷射和已喷射燃料的点燃都在旋转发动机部件(如，曲轴)的预确定角运动之后执行。这允许在预燃室中点燃已喷射燃料而不需要基于时间的控制单元并且可以按基于旋转角位置的调度控制该操作，即，基于旋转发动机部件的角位置指定预燃室中燃料喷射的相对定时和花火事件。
根据另一优选的方面，预燃室中燃料的喷射和已喷射燃料的点燃在活塞在气缸中的压缩运动之前执行。这方面允许快速冷启动操作，其中预燃室的容积和表面都在主燃烧室中的第一压缩和后续点燃之前预加热。
有利地，对于预定的时间间隔t，预燃室中燃料的喷射和已喷射燃料的点燃在旋转发动机部件(如，曲轴)的不同的单独的角位置执行。这允许基于所选时间间隔t控制预燃室混合物。
根据另一方面，预燃室中燃料的喷射和已喷射燃料的点燃均是在旋转发动机部件(如，曲轴)的连续角位置α的范围内执行。这允许基于曲轴所选的连续角位置α的范围控制预燃室混合物，即，范围α越大，预燃室的混合物越浓。
特别优选的是，预燃室中燃料的喷射和已喷射燃料的点燃在旋转发动机部件(如，曲轴)运动之前执行。这允许在主燃烧室燃烧之前的相当长的时间段内执行预加热，其在低环境温度下是特别有利的。
根据另一优选的方面，选择预燃室中已喷射燃料的总量使得预燃室中λ值等于1。继预燃室中燃料喷射事件之后预燃室中的全局λ能够根据如下公式近似得到：
AFR＝空燃比
VOL＝预燃室容积
另一优选的方面涉及选择预燃室中已喷射燃料的总量从而使得λ小于1。浓混合物被认为在预燃室中提供混合物增强的可燃性。
根据仅在预燃室中喷射燃料的替代方案，本发明涉及，所述方法进一步包括在预燃室中喷射燃料和同时在主燃烧室中喷射燃料的步骤。这允许主燃烧室中混合物改善的同步控制。这可以通过面向主燃烧室或入口通道的方式设置直接喷射器来实现，该入口通道能够通过入口阀朝向主燃烧室打开。
特别优选地是，如果选定主燃烧室中已喷射燃料的总量则会使得主燃烧室中λ小于1.6。该稀的混合物与标称超稀混合物相比要浓。在本文公开的冷启动策略已经执行并且实现稳定燃烧之后，可以将混合物改变为超稀。
特别优选的方面涉及选择主燃烧室中已喷射燃料的总量使主燃烧室中λ小于1。该混合物与总体标准内燃机操作相比是浓的并且如果在寒冷环境下操作发动机是有利的。
附图说明
在下文结合附图描述本发明的优势。附图中：
图1是具有用于湍流喷射点火的点火装置的内燃机的垂直横截面图；以及
图2是描述用于操作内燃机的方法的步骤的框图。
具体实施方式
在图1中，给出了内燃机1的示例性图，其在本图中示出了一个气缸2和支撑在曲轴5用于气缸2中重复往复运动的活塞3。气缸2和活塞3限定了主燃烧室21。内燃机1具有设置在面向主燃烧室21的点火装置4。点火装置4具有点火器部分42和燃料喷射器43，其均设置在预燃室41从而形成了预燃室41的内部容积的一部分。预燃室41具有多个用于提供预燃室41的内部容积和主燃烧室21的内部容积之间的流体连通的孔44。
根据本发明，燃料在预燃室41中喷射，其能够通过燃料喷射器43实现。随后，已喷射的燃料通过点火器部分42在预燃室41中点燃。生成的燃烧热允许预燃室41进行预加热。在通过主燃烧室21中的直接喷射器6喷射燃料以在主燃烧室21中燃烧喷射的燃料之前进行预加热。
在冷启动期间，特别是当燃料-空气混合物和燃烧室表面都是冷的时候，引起高程度的热传递从而抑制完全燃烧动力学，通过预燃室41的预加热，改善了由湍流喷射点火点燃的内燃机1的起动，尤其是在用超稀薄空气-燃料混合物操作时或之前。预燃室41的预加热允许在低曲轴5旋转次数内快速产生稳定、可重复的燃烧，并且，因此，能够通过废气温度的快速增加来减少尾气排放，该废气温度是废气催化剂的热活化以捕获/催化废气产物以减少排放所需的。
操作内燃机(如图1所示)的方法由图2的框图示出。图1和图2中的参考标记彼此对应使得在下文中图1中所示的参考标记适用于图2中的描述。
步骤A涉及预燃室41中燃料的喷射。优选地，通过仅在预燃室41中喷射燃料来执行喷射燃料的步骤。在该示例中，预燃室41中喷射燃料的步骤可以包括通过预燃室41中的燃料喷射器43的多次燃料的喷射(步骤A、步骤A、步骤A……)。
在步骤B中，在通过主燃烧室21中的直接喷射器6喷射燃料之前，通过点火器部分43点燃预燃室41中已喷射的燃料用于预燃室41(容积)的预加热，以用于燃烧主燃烧室21中已喷射的燃料。
如果进行多次燃料喷射(步骤A、步骤A、步骤A……)，为了以点燃预燃室41中均匀浓混合物的方式来对点火(步骤B)进行定时，在预燃室41中的多次燃料喷射(步骤A、步骤A、步骤B、步骤A、步骤A、步骤B……)的相同次数的后续喷射之间点燃已喷射燃料(步骤B)的步骤。
为了允许按照基于时间的调度进行操作，由此基于时间t指定预燃室41中燃料喷射的相对定时以及火花事件，预燃室41中燃料的喷射(步骤A)和已喷射燃料的点燃(步骤B)都在从燃料喷射开始的预确定持续时间t之后执行。此外作为另一个可选实施例，在预燃室41中燃料的喷射和已喷射燃料的点燃都在旋转发动机部件(如，曲轴5)的预确定角运动之后执行。
根据可选实施例，步骤AA涉及同时执行预燃室41中喷射燃料和主燃烧室21中通过直接喷射器6喷射燃料的步骤。这允许改善主燃烧室21和预燃室41中混合物的控制。
在冷启动操作期间，预燃室41中的混合物优选浓的，其中λ小于1。在冷启动已经执行之后，主燃烧室21中的混合物选择为超稀薄的，其中λ大于1.6并且特别地，λ的范围在1.6至2.3之间。

Claims (15)

1.用于起动内燃机(1)的方法，包括以下步骤：
提供内燃机(1)，该内燃机(1)具有至少一个气缸(2)以及一活塞(3)从而限定主燃烧室(21)，所述活塞(3)由曲轴(5)支撑以在气缸(2)中重复往复运动，所述内燃机(1)还具有设置在所述气缸(2)中的点火装置(4)，所述点火装置(4)具有点火器部分(42)和燃料喷射器(43)，所述点火器部分(42)和燃料喷射器(43)均设置在预燃室(41)，其中所述预燃室(41)具有多个孔(44)，用于提供所述预燃室(41)和所述主燃烧室(21)之间的流体连通；
在所述预燃室(41)中喷射燃料；以及
点燃所述预燃室(41)中已喷射的燃料，以在所述主燃烧室(21)中喷射燃料之前对所述预燃室(41)进行预加热，用于在所述主燃烧室(21)中燃烧已喷射燃料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述喷射燃料的步骤包括仅在所述预燃室(41)中喷射燃料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中在所述预燃室(41)中喷射燃料的步骤包括通过所述预燃室(41)中的燃料喷射器(43)进行多次燃料喷射。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中点燃所述已喷射燃料的步骤在所述预燃室(41)中的多次燃料喷射的相同次数的后续喷射之间进行。
5.根据权利要求1-4中所述的方法，其中所述预燃室(41)中燃料的喷射和所述已喷射燃料的点燃都在从燃料喷射开始的预确定时间段T之后执行。
6.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其中所述预燃室(41)中燃料的喷射和所述已喷射燃料的点燃都在从旋转发动机部件的预确定角运动之后执行。
7.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其中所述预燃室(41)中燃料的喷射和所述已喷射燃料的点燃都在所述气缸(21)中的活塞(3)的压缩运动之前执行。
8.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其中对于预确定的时间间隔t，所述预燃室(41)中燃料的喷射和所述已喷射燃料的点燃均在所述旋转发动机部件(2)的不同的单独的角位置处执行。
9.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其中所述预燃室(41)中燃料的喷射和所述已喷射燃料的点燃均在所述曲轴(2)的角位置α的连续范围内执行。
10.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其中所述预燃室(41)中燃料的喷射和所述已喷射燃料的点燃都在所述曲轴(5)的运动之前执行。
11.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其中选择所述预燃室(41)中已喷射燃料的总量使得所述预燃室(41)中λ值等于1。
12.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其中选择所述预燃室(41)中已喷射燃料的总量使得空燃比λ小于1。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括在所述预燃室(41)中喷射燃料的步骤包括同时向所述主燃烧室(21)中喷射燃料的步骤。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中选择所述主燃烧室(21)中已喷射燃料的总量使得所述主燃烧室(21)中空燃比λ小于1.6。
15.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中选择所述主燃烧室(21)中已喷射燃料的总量使得所述主燃烧室(21)中空燃比λ小于1。
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