CN107252121A - A kind of hawthorn seed remover with positioner - Google Patents

A kind of hawthorn seed remover with positioner Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107252121A
CN107252121A CN201710595473.4A CN201710595473A CN107252121A CN 107252121 A CN107252121 A CN 107252121A CN 201710595473 A CN201710595473 A CN 201710595473A CN 107252121 A CN107252121 A CN 107252121A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
positioner
fixedly connected
hawthorn
plate
sheave
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Granted
Application number
CN201710595473.4A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN107252121B (en
Inventor
杨淑华
郝建军
赵伟
杨欣
张秀花
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Hebei Agricultural University
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Hebei Agricultural University
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Priority to CN201710595473.4A priority Critical patent/CN107252121B/en
Publication of CN107252121A publication Critical patent/CN107252121A/en
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23NMACHINES OR APPARATUS FOR TREATING HARVESTED FRUIT, VEGETABLES OR FLOWER BULBS IN BULK, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PEELING VEGETABLES OR FRUIT IN BULK; APPARATUS FOR PREPARING ANIMAL FEEDING- STUFFS
    • A23N4/00Machines for stoning fruit or removing seed-containing sections from fruit, characterised by their stoning or removing device
    • A23N4/12Machines for stoning fruit or removing seed-containing sections from fruit, characterised by their stoning or removing device for coring fruit
    • A23N4/14Machines for stoning fruit or removing seed-containing sections from fruit, characterised by their stoning or removing device for coring fruit for apples, pears or the like

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Apparatuses For Bulk Treatment Of Fruits And Vegetables And Apparatuses For Preparing Feeds (AREA)
  • Food-Manufacturing Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of hawthorn seed remover with positioner, including bottom plate, bottom base plate is connected with universal wheel, organic frame is fixed on bottom plate, frame top is connected with bent axle, bent axle by bearing and is connected with stoning cutterhead by connecting rod, and kernel removing cutter tray bottom is fixedly connected with kernel removing cutter;Water tank is fixedly connected with bottom plate, tank top is fixedly connected with the first collecting box, pneumatic cylinder is connected by cylinder rod with positioning disk, positioning disk is located in water tank, several positioning taper holes are provided with positioning disk, central rack is fixed with collection rotary tray motor baffle plate, collect and be fixedly connected with collection device motor on rotary tray motor baffle plate, the output shaft of collection device motor is connected with sheave driver plate, rotating disk is collected to be movably connected on collection rotary tray motor baffle plate by sheave, sheave driver plate is intermeshed with sheave, and the second collecting box is fixedly connected with bottom plate.The present invention can improve the deficiencies in the prior art, improve the Enucleation efficiency of hawthorn.

Description

A kind of hawthorn seed remover with positioner
Technical field
The present invention relates to fruits and vegetables mechanical field, especially a kind of hawthorn seed remover with positioner.
Background technology
Hawthorn also known as hawthorn, large-fruited Chinese hawthorn, at present, hawthorn plantation are traditional industries of China, and hawthorn is used as one kind weight The fruit wanted, there is extensive plantation in China.The continuous improvement sugar of the level of consumption and demand recently as people Cucurbit, canned haw are increasingly liked by everybody, and then have driven the continuous expansion of hawthorn cultivated area, with growing surface Long-pending expansion, and because hawthorn is seasonal fruit, it is not easy to maintain, cause there is substantial amounts of Fructus Crataegi accumulation to addle every year, though Right China has the condition of good development hawthorn processing planting industry, but is due to lack equipment of good performance, the hand of processing Section falls behind relatively, and hawthorn often occur in some areas largely overstocks rotten phenomenon, and very big loss is caused to orchard worker.Face Against how hawthorn is enucleated one by one the problem of, how precise and high efficiency to hawthorn carry out stoning be current fruits and vegetables industry research class Topic.
In the design industry of traditional hawthorn seed remover, often manually put hawthorn to realize the effect man efficiency of positioning Lowly, cause to cause the loss that can not be retrieved on human and material resources.Pass through the investigation to market, in the prior art, positioner Very big improvement is there has been, the area of hawthorn positioning disk is increased, production efficiency is substantially increased, but still unavoidable people Work puts hawthorn this point.It is all often hilted broadsword stoning that Enucleation efficiency is low simultaneously, and this have impact on hawthorn stoning to a certain extent Efficiency, extend hawthorn stoning time.
In view of this, it would be highly desirable to design a equipment, manually righting can be automatically positioned not, After Enucleation is realized Middle hawthorn will manually righting, realize multitool be enucleated, shorten hawthorn stoning time.
The content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide a kind of hawthorn seed remover with positioner, existing skill can solve the problem that The deficiency of art, improves the Enucleation efficiency of hawthorn.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution used in the present invention is as follows.
A kind of hawthorn seed remover with positioner, including bottom plate, bottom base plate are connected with universal wheel, bottom plate and are fixed with Frame, frame top is connected with bent axle by bearing, and one end of bent axle is fixedly connected with belt pulley, belt pulley and seeder electricity Machine is connected by belt, is connected with stoning cutterhead by connecting rod on bent axle, kernel removing cutter tray bottom is fixedly connected with kernel removing cutter;Bottom plate On be fixedly connected with water tank, tank top is fixedly connected with the first collecting box, and pneumatic cylinder is connected by cylinder rod with positioning disk, fixed Position disk is located in water tank, and several positioning taper holes are provided with positioning disk, and kernel removing cutter is corresponded with positioning taper hole, central rack Collection rotary tray motor baffle plate is fixed with, collects and is fixedly connected with collection device motor, collection device motor on rotary tray motor baffle plate Output shaft be connected with sheave driver plate, collect rotating disk and be movably connected in by sheave on collection rotary tray motor baffle plate, sheave driver plate It is intermeshed with sheave, the second collecting box is fixedly connected with bottom plate, the first collecting box and the second collecting box, which are located at, collects rotating disk Lower section.
Preferably, the positioning disk is threadedly coupled with cylinder rod.
Preferably, the collection rotating disk is connected by cambered axle with sheave, the angle for collecting rotating disk and horizontal plane is 10 °.
Preferably, positioning taper hole side wall is evenly arranged with several through holes.
Preferably, a diameter of 5mm of the through hole.
Preferably, the kernel removing cutter is internally provided with cavity, the cutter head of kernel removing cutter is provided with tapered portion, the side of tapered portion The angle of wall and kernel removing cutter axis is 10 °.
Bar is made preferably, being plugged with the cavity, bar is made and is fixed on by beating bar fixed plate in frame, cutterhead is enucleated Lower section is provided with haw pulp baffle plate, and haw pulp baffle plate is fixed in frame.
Preferably, being provided with positioner water tank baffle plate between the positioning disk and water tank.
Preferably, the frame is formed by several square tubes solderings.
The beneficial effect brought using above-mentioned technical proposal is:The present invention uses crankshaft connecting rod system, and uses Multitool is enucleated, and substantially increases the efficiency of stoning;Artificial righting is avoided by tank positioning, automation is realized;Sheave band Dynamic rotating disk of collecting realizes intermittent movement, improves the efficiency of collection.Whole After Enucleation, it is simple to operate, thoroughly it will manually put mountain The operation of short, bristly hair or beard frees, and effectively make use of the physics and biological nature of hawthorn.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the external structure of an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is that Fig. 1 removes the structure chart after frame.
Fig. 3 is the sectional view of an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 4 is the structure chart of positioner in an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 5 is the structure chart of collection device in an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 6 is the structure chart of seeder in an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 7 is the structure chart of kernel removing cutter in an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 8 is the structure chart of positioning taper hole in an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 9 is the structure chart of collection rotating disk in an embodiment of the invention.
In figure:1st, frame;2nd, bent axle;3rd, connecting rod;4th, pneumatic cylinder;5th, cylinder rod;6th, the first collecting box;7th, water tank;8th, it is fixed Position disk;9th, taper hole is positioned;10th, kernel removing cutter;11st, haw pulp baffle plate;12nd, bar is made;13rd, it is enucleated cutterhead;14th, bar fixed plate is beaten; 15th, rotating disk is collected;16th, the second collecting box;17th, belt pulley;18th, sheave;19th, sheave driver plate;20th, rotary tray motor baffle plate is collected; 21st, collection device motor;22nd, universal wheel;23rd, positioner water tank baffle plate;24th, tapered portion;25th, seeder motor;26th, it is curved Axle;27th, bottom plate;28th, bearing;29th, through hole;30th, cavity.
Embodiment
The standardized element used in the present invention can commercially, and shaped piece is according to specification and accompanying drawing Record can carry out customized, and the specific connected mode of each part is using bolt ripe in the prior art, rivet, weldering The conventional meanses such as connect, paste, will not be described in detail herein.
Reference picture 1-9, the specific embodiment of the present invention includes bottom plate 27, and the bottom of bottom plate 27 is connected with universal wheel 22, organic frame 1 is fixed on bottom plate 27, the top of frame 1 is connected with bent axle 2 by bearing 28, and one end of bent axle 2 is fixedly connected with skin Belt wheel 17, belt pulley 17 is connected with seeder motor 25 by belt, and stoning cutterhead 13 is connected with by connecting rod 3 on bent axle 2, Stoning cutterhead 13 bottom is fixedly connected with kernel removing cutter 10;Water tank 7 is fixedly connected with bottom plate 27, the top of water tank 7 is fixedly connected with First collecting box 6, pneumatic cylinder 4 is connected by cylinder rod 5 with positioning disk 8, and positioning disk 8 is located in water tank 7, is set on positioning disk 8 There are several to position taper hole 9, kernel removing cutter 10 is corresponded with positioning taper hole 9, and frame 1 is fixedly arranged in the middle of collection rotary tray motor baffle plate 20, collect and be fixedly connected with collection device motor 21 on rotary tray motor baffle plate 20, the output shaft of collection device motor 21 is connected with Sheave driver plate 19, collects rotating disk 15 and is movably connected in by sheave 18 on collection rotary tray motor baffle plate 20, sheave driver plate 19 and groove Wheel 18 is intermeshed, and the second collecting box 16 is fixedly connected with bottom plate 27, and the first collecting box 6 and the second collecting box 16, which are located at, to be collected The lower section of rotating disk 15.Positioning disk 8 is threadedly coupled with cylinder rod 5.Collect rotating disk 15 to be connected with sheave 18 by cambered axle 26, collect rotating disk 15 and the angle of horizontal plane are 10 °.The positioning side wall of taper hole 9 is evenly arranged with several through holes 29.A diameter of 5mm of through hole 29. Kernel removing cutter 10 is internally provided with cavity 30, and the cutter head of kernel removing cutter 10 is provided with tapered portion 24, the side wall and kernel removing cutter of tapered portion 24 The angle of 10 axis is 10 °.It is plugged with cavity 30 and makes bar 12, is made bar 12 and be fixed on by beating bar fixed plate 14 in frame 1, gone The lower section of core cutterhead 13 is provided with haw pulp baffle plate 11, and haw pulp baffle plate 11 is fixed in frame 1.Positioning disk 8 and water tank 7 it Between be provided with positioner water tank baffle plate 23.Frame 1 is formed by several square tubes solderings.
During stoning, downward After Enucleation is realized using slider-crank mechanism, contact is low because slider-crank mechanism is face Pair, its pressure is small, and transmission power is big;Low pair is easy to process, can obtain degree of precision;It can be used as realizing remote motion; But slider-crank mechanism has some shortcomings, it is not easily accomplished the characteristics of motion of complexity.Connecting rod is connected on stoning cutterhead, A stoning cutterhead is connected with two connecting rods and is so conducive to the more steady of motion, will be arrived with the force dispersion of previous connecting rod On two connecting rods, more avoid produced when rushing core it is larger rush nuclear force, be unlikely to damage connecting rod during stoning, kernel removing cutter Make, the external diameter for choosing kernel removing cutter is 10-12mm, and the external diameter of kernel removing cutter is less than the diameter of hawthorn seeds, in order to avoid haw berry Meat produces larger loss, and kernel removing cutter diameter is the most suitable in 8-12mm, and kernel removing cutter selection is hollow, and kernel removing cutter head has one 10 degree of inclination angle is tilted, this is that in order that kernel removing cutter is sharper, what there was cylinder the inside makes bar for the mountain by core is punched Short, bristly hair or beard is taken off from kernel removing cutter.
Need exist for explanation is that the type of belt drive of seeder is belt transmission, can so play the work of overload protection With.
The middle part with frame is fixedly installed in haw pulp baffle plate, for having kept off the hawthorn of core;Bar fixed plate is beaten to be arranged on Upper rack, it is in order to which bar is made in fixation that it, which is acted on,.Whole seeder After Enucleation is that motor drives belt pulley, and belt drive is bent Axle is rotated, bent axle drivening rod, and connecting rod drives stoning cutterhead motion, and kernel removing cutter disk drive kernel removing cutter realizes the overall process of stoning.
The positioning disk for putting hawthorn is placed on underwater, the face-up hawthorn having good positioning is swum on the water surface, uses air pressure Cylinder promotes positioning disk to rise by cylinder rod, and the hawthorn on the water surface is dragged into positioning disk, has been achieved in that the automatic fixed of hawthorn Position.Need exist for explanation be on positioning disk on positioner and positioning taper hole be all the hole for having many a diameter of 5mm, its mesh Be the hawthorn of floating righting is become oblique again greatly in order that being unlikely to hydraulic pressure in positioning disk uphill process.
Catch tray connects low profile gear motor by sheave, collects rotating disk and is divided into two parts, a part is used for collecting mountain Short, bristly hair or beard core, another part is used for having collected the hawthorn of core, and because haw pulp has viscosity, therefore kernel removing cutter has removed core every time Afterwards, the pulp and Chinese hawthorn seed of hawthorn can be all stayed on kernel removing cutter, haw pulp block plate is fixed with certain altitude, in distance There is one to be filled with certain altitude above stoning cutterhead to make bar and beat bar fixed disk, kernel removing cutter in core uphill process has been removed, Bar is made from beginning to ramp up to run into, the sheave that connection is collected on rotating disk turns over 90 degree, is directly turned to the underface of kernel removing cutter, from making bar To haw pulp block plate is run into, the sheave of connection collection rotating disk is turning over 180 degree during this period.Now collect rotating disk The upper part for collecting Chinese hawthorn seed goes to the underface of kernel removing cutter, and kernel removing cutter, which continues to rise to work as, reaches that extreme higher position time slot wheel is turned over 90 degree.During stoning, when kernel removing cutter drops in extreme higher position beats bar position, collect rotating disk and turn over 90 degree.When kernel removing cutter is from chance 180 degree is turned over to rotating disk when beating bar position and dropping to haw pulp block plate position, is collected.When kernel removing cutter from haw berry keeps off meat disk Position to positioning disk position when, collect rotating disk turn over 90 degree.Now kernel removing cutter starts Chinese hawthorn seed.Need exist for explanation be Collection rotating disk and cambered axle on collection device are all that, with constant slope, its purpose is to the mountain for making Chinese hawthorn seed He having removed core Short, bristly hair or beard is more smoothly fallen into collecting box.
It is of the invention compared with existing invention with following technical advantage:
1st, using hawthorn hydrolocation device, when being swum in using hawthorn in water, it is always at Chinese hawthorn seed and erects posture Biological nature, when positioning disk rises in water, the righting in water by hawthorn is fallen into positioning taper hole.Realize automatic location.
2nd, it is enucleated using hollow kernel removing cutter, hole end surface has Small Taper in kernel removing cutter, and moving downward center in kernel removing cutter enters Enter inside cutter hub, haw pulp has viscosity, is bonded at outside kernel removing cutter, as kernel removing cutter is up.Meanwhile, collect rotating disk pulp and receive Collect end under cambered axle rotation, go to above positioning disk.Hawthorn after stoning in the case where playing the effect of bar fixed plate, under fall into hawthorn collection Disk, catch tray has certain inclination angle, the hawthorn of core is fallen into time in hawthorn collecting box by rotating disk is collected.And Afterwards, kernel removing cutter continues up, makes bar inside kernel removing cutter, Chinese hawthorn seed is ejected from kernel removing cutter, meanwhile, collect the fruit stone of rotating disk Collecting terminal is gone to above positioning disk under cambered axle rotation.Chinese hawthorn seed is collected into Chinese hawthorn seed collecting box.
3rd, user need to be only gone up after hawthorn, operation start button, and whole processing, collection process are all automatically performed.
4th, kernel removing cutter is fixed on a stoning cutterhead using many, there is toggle to drive above and below stoning cutterhead and transport Dynamic, multitool is processed simultaneously, efficiency high.
5th, positioning taper hole design, it is adaptable to which the different size of hawthorn of volume, which is realized, to be accurately positioned.
In the description of the invention, it is to be understood that term " longitudinal direction ", " transverse direction ", " on ", " under ", "front", "rear", The orientation or position relationship of the instruction such as "left", "right", " vertical ", " level ", " top ", " bottom ", " interior ", " outer " is based on accompanying drawing institutes The orientation or position relationship shown, is for only for ease of the description present invention, rather than indicate or imply that the device or element of meaning must There must be specific orientation, with specific azimuth configuration and operation, therefore be not considered as limiting the invention.
The general principle and principal character and advantages of the present invention of the present invention has been shown and described above.The technology of the industry Personnel are it should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and the simply explanation described in above-described embodiment and specification is originally The principle of invention, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, various changes and modifications of the present invention are possible, these changes Change and improvement all fall within the protetion scope of the claimed invention.The claimed scope of the invention by appended claims and its Equivalent thereof.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of hawthorn seed remover with positioner, it is characterised in that:Including bottom plate (27), bottom plate (27) bottom is connected with ten thousand To wheel (22), fixed on bottom plate (27) at the top of organic frame (1), frame (1) and bent axle (2), bent axle (2) are connected with by bearing (28) One end be fixedly connected with belt pulley (17), belt pulley (17) is connected with seeder motor (25) by belt, on bent axle (2) Stoning cutterhead (13) is connected with by connecting rod (3), stoning cutterhead (13) bottom is fixedly connected with kernel removing cutter (10);On bottom plate (27) Be fixedly connected with water tank (7), be fixedly connected with the first collecting box (6) at the top of water tank (7), pneumatic cylinder (4) by cylinder rod (5) with Positioning disk (8) is connected, and positioning disk (8) is located in water tank (7), and several positioning taper holes (9), stoning are provided with positioning disk (8) Knife (10) is corresponded with positioning taper hole (9), and frame (1) is fixedly arranged in the middle of collection rotary tray motor baffle plate (20), collects rotating disk electricity Collection device motor (21) is fixedly connected with machine baffle (20), the output shaft of collection device motor (21) is connected with sheave driver plate (19), rotating disk (15) is collected to be movably connected in collection rotary tray motor baffle plate (20) by sheave (18), sheave driver plate (19) with Sheave (18) is intermeshed, and the second collecting box (16), the first collecting box (6) and the second collecting box are fixedly connected with bottom plate (27) (16) it is located at and collects below rotating disk (15).
2. the hawthorn seed remover according to claim 1 with positioner, it is characterised in that:The positioning disk (8) and gas Cylinder rod (5) is threadedly coupled.
3. the hawthorn seed remover according to claim 1 with positioner, it is characterised in that:The collection rotating disk (15) is led to Cross cambered axle (26) to be connected with sheave (18), the angle for collecting rotating disk (15) and horizontal plane is 10 °.
4. the hawthorn seed remover according to claim 1 with positioner, it is characterised in that:Described positioning taper hole (9) side Wall is evenly arranged with several through holes (29).
5. the hawthorn seed remover according to claim 4 with positioner, it is characterised in that:The diameter of the through hole (29) For 5mm.
6. the hawthorn seed remover according to claim 1 with positioner, it is characterised in that:The kernel removing cutter (10) is internal Cavity (30) is provided with, the cutter head of kernel removing cutter (10) is provided with tapered portion (24), side wall and the kernel removing cutter (10) of tapered portion (24) The angle of axis is 10 °.
7. the hawthorn seed remover according to claim 6 with positioner, it is characterised in that:The interior grafting of the cavity (30) Have and make bar (12), make bar (12) and be fixed on by beating bar fixed plate (14) in frame (1), mountain is provided with below stoning cutterhead (13) Short, bristly hair or beard pulp baffle plate (11), haw pulp baffle plate (11) is fixed in frame (1).
8. the hawthorn seed remover according to claim 1 with positioner, it is characterised in that:The positioning disk (8) and water Positioner water tank baffle plate (23) is provided between case (7).
9. the hawthorn seed remover according to claim 1 with positioner, it is characterised in that:The frame (1) is by some Individual square tubes soldering is formed.
CN201710595473.4A 2017-07-20 2017-07-20 Take positioner's hawthorn stoner Active CN107252121B (en)

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CN201710595473.4A CN107252121B (en) 2017-07-20 2017-07-20 Take positioner's hawthorn stoner

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201710595473.4A CN107252121B (en) 2017-07-20 2017-07-20 Take positioner's hawthorn stoner

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CN107252121A true CN107252121A (en) 2017-10-17
CN107252121B CN107252121B (en) 2023-02-03

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108402476A (en) * 2018-05-09 2018-08-17 梧州学院 Full-automatic hawthorn seed remover
CN110353078A (en) * 2019-08-19 2019-10-22 广西靖西梁鹏食品有限公司 A kind of brown sugar Jiang Shan haw jelly, production method and its device
CN112914116A (en) * 2021-03-05 2021-06-08 段勤 Hawthorn kernel removing equipment for food processing
CN114246344A (en) * 2021-12-31 2022-03-29 台州市铭川农业有限公司 Fruit equipment of denucleating of apple processing usefulness

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CA903038A (en) * 1972-06-20 Atlas Pacific Engineering Company Machine for automatically peeling and coring apples fed from a bulk supply
CN101564193A (en) * 2008-04-21 2009-10-28 河南农业大学 Denucleation machine
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CN203416787U (en) * 2013-07-19 2014-02-05 宁波大学 Hawthorn seed removing device
CN103907998A (en) * 2014-04-04 2014-07-09 上海电机学院 Maybush pitter
CN204969338U (en) * 2015-09-29 2016-01-20 宋慧文 Hawthorn kernel removing device
CN105707910A (en) * 2016-02-01 2016-06-29 陕西科技大学 Haw kernel removing system
CN207185852U (en) * 2017-07-20 2018-04-06 河北农业大学 A kind of hawthorn seed remover with positioner

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA903038A (en) * 1972-06-20 Atlas Pacific Engineering Company Machine for automatically peeling and coring apples fed from a bulk supply
CN101564193A (en) * 2008-04-21 2009-10-28 河南农业大学 Denucleation machine
CN202635544U (en) * 2012-06-29 2013-01-02 山西彤康食品有限公司 Hawthorn stone removing machine
CN203416787U (en) * 2013-07-19 2014-02-05 宁波大学 Hawthorn seed removing device
CN103907998A (en) * 2014-04-04 2014-07-09 上海电机学院 Maybush pitter
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CN207185852U (en) * 2017-07-20 2018-04-06 河北农业大学 A kind of hawthorn seed remover with positioner

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108402476A (en) * 2018-05-09 2018-08-17 梧州学院 Full-automatic hawthorn seed remover
CN110353078A (en) * 2019-08-19 2019-10-22 广西靖西梁鹏食品有限公司 A kind of brown sugar Jiang Shan haw jelly, production method and its device
CN112914116A (en) * 2021-03-05 2021-06-08 段勤 Hawthorn kernel removing equipment for food processing
CN114246344A (en) * 2021-12-31 2022-03-29 台州市铭川农业有限公司 Fruit equipment of denucleating of apple processing usefulness

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