CN107110210B - 滑动构件以及滑动轴承 - Google Patents
滑动构件以及滑动轴承 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种能兼顾磨合性和抗疲劳性的技术。滑动构件以及滑动轴承在基层上形成有具有对方构件的滑动面的被覆层,其中,所述被覆层由比所述基层软的软质材料形成,在所述滑动面中,平均粒径为0.1μm以上且1μm以下的所述软质材料的晶粒聚集成块状,由此形成有平均直径为3μm以上且30μm以下的聚集体。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种副轴在滑动面上滑动的滑动构件以及滑动轴承。
背景技术
已知形成有Bi覆盖层的滑动构件(参照专利文献1)。在专利文献1中,通过以Bi的析出粒子密度为50~300个/100μm2的方式形成覆盖层,来提高磨合性和耐磨耗性。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2003-156045号公报
发明内容
发明所要解决的问题
然而,在专利文献1中,若将Bi的析出粒子密度设为50~300个/100μm2,则能提高覆盖层的抗疲劳性(强度),但存在覆盖层难以变形,磨合性降低的问题。
本发明是鉴于所述课题而完成的发明,其目的在于提供一种能兼顾磨合性和抗疲劳性的技术。
用于解决问题的方案
为了实现所述目的,在本发明的滑动构件以及滑动轴承中,所述滑动构件是在基层上形成有具有对方构件的滑动面的被覆层的滑动构件,其中,被覆层由比基层软的软质材料形成,在滑动面中,平均粒径为0.1μm以上且1μm以下的软质材料的晶粒聚集成块状,由此形成有平均直径为3μm以上且30μm以下的聚集体。
在所述的构成中,通过将软质材料的晶粒的平均粒径设为0.1μm以上且1μm以下,根据Hall-Petch(霍尔-佩奇)关系,能提高滑动面中的被覆层的被膜强度,能提高抗疲劳性。进而,通过形成由软质材料的晶粒聚集成块状的聚集体,能利用聚集体的变形来提高磨合性。即,在能通过微细的晶粒来提高抗疲劳性的同时,还能利用聚集体的变形来提高磨合性。
在此,通过将晶粒的平均粒径设为1μm以下,能防止抗疲劳性不够。另外,通过将聚集体的平均直径设为3μm以上,能防止聚集体的变形量不够。另一方面,通过将聚集体的平均直径设为30μm以下,能防止因粗大的聚集体而不适当地形成油膜,抗咬合性恶化的情况。通过以晶粒的平均粒径与聚集体的平均直径之积为3μm2以上的方式形成被覆层,能实现良好的抗疲劳性和磨合性。
另外,软质材料可以是Bi、Sn、Pb、In或Sb。Bi、Sn、Pb、In、Sb硬度(例如莫氏硬度)均小,适合作为软质材料。另外,在具备本发明的特征的滑动轴承中,也可发挥出以上所说明的本发明的效果。
附图说明
图1是本发明的实施方式的滑动构件的立体图。
图2A是滑动面的照片,图2B是聚集体的照片。
图3是压缩试验的说明图。
图4A是表示Bi的电镀的脉冲电流的曲线图,图4B是Bi晶粒的平均粒径的曲线图,图4C是Bi晶粒的聚集体的平均直径的曲线图。
图5A是变形量的图表,图5B是屈服应力的图表。
具体实施方式
在此,按照下述顺序对本发明的实施方式进行说明。
(1)第一实施方式:
(1-1)滑动构件的构成:
(1-2)计量方法:
(1-3)滑动构件的制造方法:
(2)实验结果:
(3)其他实施方式:
(1)第一实施方式:
(1-1)滑动构件的构成:
图1是本发明的一实施方式的滑动构件1的立体图。滑动构件1包含:瓦背10、衬里(lining)11和覆盖层(overlay)12。滑动构件1是将中空状的圆筒在径向上二等分的对开状的金属构件,剖面为半圆弧状。通过将两个滑动构件1组合成圆筒状,形成滑动轴承A。滑动轴承A在形成于内部的中空部分轴支承圆柱状的副轴2(发动机的曲轴)。副轴2的外径形成为略小于滑动轴承A的内径。向形成于副轴2的外周面与滑动轴承A的内周面之间的间隙供给润滑油(发动机油)。此时,副轴2的外周面在滑动轴承A的内周面上滑动。
滑动构件1具有如下构造:按照远离曲率中心的顺序,依次层叠有瓦背10、衬里11和覆盖层12。因此,瓦背10构成滑动构件1的最外层,覆盖层12构成滑动构件1的最内层。瓦背10、衬里11和覆盖层12分别在圆周方向上具有一定的厚度。瓦背10的厚度为1.3mm,衬里11的厚度为0.2mm,覆盖层12的厚度为20μm。覆盖层12的曲率中心侧的表面的半径(滑动构件1的内径)为40mm。以下,内侧是指滑动构件1的曲率中心侧,外侧是指滑动构件1的曲率中心的相反侧。覆盖层12的内侧的表面构成副轴2的滑动面。
瓦背10由钢形成,所述钢含有0.15wt%的C,含有0.06wt%的Mn,剩余部分由Fe构成。需要说明的是,瓦背10由能经由衬里11和覆盖层12支承来自副轴2的载荷的材料形成即可,也可以不必须由钢来形成。
衬里11是层叠于瓦背10的内侧的层,构成本发明的基层。衬里11含有10wt%的Sn,含有8wt%的Bi,剩余部分由Cu和不可避免的杂质构成。衬里11的不可避免的杂质是Mg、Ti、B、Pb、Cr等,是精炼或废料中混入的杂质。不可避免的杂质的含量在整体中为1.0wt%以下。
覆盖层12是层叠于衬里11的内侧的表面上的层,构成本发明的被覆层。覆盖层12由Bi和不可避免的杂质构成。不可避免的杂质的含量为1.0wt%以下。
图2A是覆盖层12的内侧的表面的照片。如图2A所示,在覆盖层12的内侧的表面、即副轴2的滑动面形成有许多块状的聚集体12a。在本实施方式中,作为与滑动面平行的方向上的聚集体12a的直径的平均值的平均直径为14μm。
图2B是聚集体12a的照片。如图2B所示,聚集体12a是通过由许多的Bi晶粒聚集成块状而形成的多晶体。在本实施方式中,聚集体12a的表面中的Bi晶粒的平均粒径为0.7μm。
压缩试验中的覆盖层12的变形量为2.4μm,是良好的。覆盖层12的变形量是指,通过压缩试验来压缩滑动构件1时的覆盖层12的厚度的减少量。
在以上所说明的滑动构件1中,通过将Bi晶粒的平均粒径设为0.7μm,根据Hall-Petch关系,能提高滑动面中的被覆层的被膜强度,能提高抗疲劳性。进而,通过形成由Bi晶粒聚集成块状的聚集体12a,能利用聚集体12a的变形来提高磨合性。即,在能通过微细的晶粒来提高抗疲劳性的同时,还能利用聚集体12a的变形来提高磨合性。
(1-2)计量方法:
通过以下方法计量出上述实施方式中示出的各数值。利用ICP发射光谱分析装置(岛津公司制ICPS-8100)计量出构成滑动构件1的各层的元素的质量。
按照以下步骤计量出各层的厚度。首先,利用截面抛光仪(日本电子制IB-09010CP)对滑动构件1的径向的剖面进行研磨。然后,利用电子显微镜(日本电子制JSM-6610A)以7000倍的倍率对滑动构件1的剖面进行拍摄,由此得到观察图像(反射电子像)的图像数据。然后,利用图像解析装置(NIRECO公司制LUZEX AP)对观察图像进行解析,由此计量出膜厚。
按照以下步骤计量出覆盖层12中的Bi晶粒的平均粒径。首先,利用电子显微镜(日本电子制JSM-6610A)以5000倍的倍率对覆盖层12的内侧表面中面积为425μm2的任意观察视野范围(长度17μm×宽度25μm的矩形范围)进行拍摄(垂直观察),由此得到观察图像(反射电子像)的图像数据。然后,在观察图像中进行切片法,由此计量出Bi晶粒的粒径。该切片法中,用形成于观察图像上的线段所通过的晶粒的数量除以该线段的长度,由此计量出该线段上的晶粒的粒径。进而,对多条线段的每一条线段进行计量,将所计量出的晶粒的粒径的算术平均值(合计值/线段数)作为平均粒径。
另外,按照以下步骤计量出覆盖层12中的Bi聚集体12a的平均直径。首先,利用电子显微镜以500倍的倍率对覆盖层12的内侧表面中面积为0.0425mm2的任意观察视野范围(长度0.17mm×宽度0.25mm的矩形范围)进行拍摄(垂直观察),由此得到观察图像的图像数据。然后,将观察图像输入图像解析装置,提取出观察图像中存在的聚集体12a的像的边缘(明亮度、色度、色相角相差规定值以上的边界)。进而,利用图像解析装置,从观察图像提取出由边缘封闭的区域作为Bi聚集体12a的像。
然后,利用图像解析装置,对观察视野范围中存在的全部Bi聚集体12a的像计量出投影面积当量圆直径(计量参数:HEYWOOD)。投影面积当量圆直径是指,具有与Bi聚集体12a的投影面积相等的面积的圆的直径,是将具有与Bi聚集体12a的像的面积相等的面积的圆的直径基于光学倍率换算成实际长度后的直径。进而,计量出全部聚集体12a的投影面积当量圆直径的算术平均值(合计值/聚集体数)作为Bi聚集体12a的平均直径。需要说明的是,在投影面积当量圆直径小于1.0μm的情况下,由于投影面积当量圆直径的可靠度、物质的特定的可靠度变低,因此在计算Bi聚集体12a的平均当量圆直径等时不予考虑。
按照以下步骤计量出覆盖层12的变形量。图3是压缩试验的说明图。如图3所示,使静载荷作用于载置于实际上可视为刚体的机壳(housing)H上的对开状的滑动构件1,由此进行了压缩试验。在机壳H形成有具有与滑动构件1的外径相对应的直径的半圆柱状的凹部,以沿着该凹部的方式载置滑动构件1。准备具有与滑动构件1的内径相对应的直径的圆柱状的副轴G,将该副轴G载置于滑动构件1的内侧表面上。进而,经由塑料板T,利用AUTOGRAPH(岛津制作所制AG-IS)使50kN的静载荷作用于副轴G,并且利用AUTOGRAPH计量出滑动构件1的厚度的减少量作为滑动构件1的变形量。
(1-3)滑动构件的制造方法:
首先,准备具有与瓦背10相同厚度的低碳钢的平面板。
接着,在由低碳钢形成的平面板上撒放构成衬里11的材料的粉末。具体而言,按照上述衬里11中的各成分的质量比混合Cu粉末、Bi粉末和Sn粉末并撒放在低碳钢的平面板上。只要能满足衬里11中的各成分的质量比即可,也可以将Cu-Bi、Cu-Sn等合金粉末撒放在低碳钢的平面板上。通过试验用筛(JISZ8801)将粉末的粒径调整为150μm以下。
接着,对低碳钢的平面板、撒放在该平面板上的粉末进行烧结。将烧结温度控制为700~1000℃,在惰性气氛中进行烧结。烧结后进行冷却。当完成冷却时,在低碳钢的平面板上形成有Cu合金层。该Cu合金层含有冷却过程中析出的软质Bi粒子。
接着,对形成有Cu合金层的低碳钢进行冲压加工,以便形成将中空状的圆筒在径向上二等分的形状。此时,以使低碳钢的外径与滑动构件1的外径一致的方式进行冲压加工。
接着,对形成在瓦背10上的Cu合金层的表面进行切削加工。此时,以使形成在瓦背10上的Cu合金层的厚度与衬里11相同的方式控制切削量。由此,能通过切削加工后的Cu合金层形成衬里11。切削加工例如通过设有由烧结金刚石形成的切削工具件的车床来进行。
接着,通过电镀在衬里11的表面上层叠12μm厚的作为软质材料的Bi,由此形成覆盖层12。Bi的电镀的步骤如下。首先,在电解液中向衬里11的表面通入电流,由此对衬里11的表面进行脱脂。接着,对衬里11的表面进行水洗。进而,通过对衬里11的表面进行酸洗,去除不需要的氧化物。然后,对衬里11的表面再次进行水洗。当完成以上的预处理时,通过向浸渍于镀浴的衬里11供给电流,进行Bi的电镀。
覆盖层12中的Bi的电镀的条件如下。采用如下镀浴的组成,即包含:Bi浓度:10g/L,有机磺酸:25~100g/L,添加剂(聚乙二醇):0.5~50g/L。镀浴的温度调整为50℃。进而,向衬里11供给的电流采用占空比为50%的矩形脉冲电流,其平均电流密度设为1A/dm2。
图4A是表示Bi的电镀的脉冲电流的曲线图。图4A的横轴表示时刻,纵轴表示脉冲电流(电流密度的大小)。如图4A所示,电流流过的期间t1的长度(脉冲宽度)与电流未流过的期间t2的长度之比为1:1(占空比=50%)。在本实施方式中,通过使脉冲宽度变化来调整Bi晶粒的平均粒径和Bi晶粒的聚集体12a的平均直径。
图4B是Bi晶粒的平均粒径的曲线图。图4B的横轴表示脉冲宽度,纵轴表示Bi晶粒的平均粒径。如图4B所示,通过在将占空比和平均电流密度保持为一定的状态下使脉冲宽度变化,能调整Bi晶粒的平均粒径。具体而言,能以如下方式进行调整:通过增大脉冲宽度,来增大Bi晶粒的平均粒径。
图4C是Bi晶粒的聚集体的平均直径的曲线图。图4C的横轴表示脉冲宽度,纵轴表示Bi晶粒的聚集体的平均直径。如图4C所示,通过在将占空比和平均电流密度保持为一定的状态下使脉冲宽度变化,能调整Bi晶粒的聚集体的平均直径。具体而言,能以如下方式进行调整:通过增大脉冲宽度,来缩小Bi晶粒的聚集体的平均直径。在本实施方式中,通过将脉冲宽度设为0.1毫秒,从而将Bi晶粒的平均粒径调整为0.7μm,将晶粒的聚集体的平均直径调整为14μm。
层叠了覆盖层12之后,进行水洗和干燥,从而完成滑动构件1。通过进一步将两个滑动构件1组合成圆筒状,形成了滑动轴承A。
(2)实验结果:
[表1]
表1表示针对每一覆盖层12中的Bi晶体的平均粒径以及Bi聚集体12a的平均直径计量出变形量的结果。试样1是不存在Bi聚集体12a的、具有大致平坦的滑动面的比较例。利用与上述制造方法相同的方法,制造出Bi晶体的平均粒径以及Bi聚集体12a的平均直径不同的试样1~5。其中,通过调整覆盖层12的电镀中的电流密度、脉冲宽度来调整Bi晶体的平均粒径。
图5A是针对每一Bi聚集体12a的平均直径示出变形量的曲线图。如图5A所示,可知:在Bi聚集体12a的平均直径为10μm以下的区域中,通过增大聚集体12a的平均直径,能急剧地增大变形量。另外,可知:在Bi聚集体12a的平均直径为10μm以上的区域中,可稳定地得到大的变形量。因此,可知:为了得到作为滑动轴承A所需的磨合性,更理想的是将Bi聚集体12a的平均直径设为10μm以上。
图5B是表示晶体的平均粒径与屈服应力的关系的曲线图(引用:T.G.Nieh,Lawrence Livermore National Lab)。如图5B所示,晶体粒径在10~20nm左右时,屈服应力最大,并且在晶体粒径大于该晶体粒径的区域中,根据Hall-Petch关系,平均粒径越大,屈服应力越减小。可知:通过将Bi晶体的平均粒径设为0.5μm左右,屈服应力适度大,作为聚集体12a的硬度可得到适度的硬度。
(3)其他实施方式:
在所述实施方式中,举例示出了构成轴支承发动机的曲轴的滑动轴承A的滑动构件1,但也可以通过本发明的滑动构件1形成其他用途的滑动轴承A。例如,可以通过本发明的滑动构件1形成变速器用的齿轮衬套、活塞销衬套/轮毂衬套等。另外,衬里11的基质不限于Cu合金,根据副轴2的硬度来选择基质的材料即可。另外,软质材料只要是比衬里11软的材料即可,例如可以是Pb、Sn、In、Sb的任一种。
附图标记说明
1:滑动构件;2:副轴;10:瓦背;11:衬里;12:覆盖层;12a:聚集体。
Claims (3)
1.一种滑动构件,其在基层上形成有具有对方构件的滑动面的被覆层,其中,
所述被覆层由比所述基层软的软质材料形成,
在所述滑动面中,平均粒径为0.1μm以上且1μm以下的所述软质材料的晶粒聚集成块状,由此形成有平均直径为3μm以上且30μm以下的聚集体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的滑动构件,其中,
所述软质材料是Bi、Sn、Pb、In或Sb。
3.一种滑动轴承,其在基层上形成有具有对方构件的滑动面的被覆层,其中,
所述被覆层由比所述基层软的软质材料形成,
在所述滑动面中,平均粒径为0.1μm以上且1μm以下的所述软质材料的晶粒聚集成块状,由此形成有平均直径为3μm以上且30μm以下的聚集体。
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