CN107097647A - 供电方法和供电系统 - Google Patents

供电方法和供电系统 Download PDF

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CN107097647A
CN107097647A CN201710085767.2A CN201710085767A CN107097647A CN 107097647 A CN107097647 A CN 107097647A CN 201710085767 A CN201710085767 A CN 201710085767A CN 107097647 A CN107097647 A CN 107097647A
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electric power
fuel cell
motor
subsidiary engine
regeneration
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CN107097647B (zh
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大矢良辅
斋藤拓
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Toyota Motor Corp
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种供电方法和一种供电系统。在包括燃料电池、二次电池、电动机和用于燃料电池的辅机的系统中执行的供电方法包括:控制间歇操作,通过间歇操作间歇地切换燃料电池的发电的执行和停止,以向包括电动机和辅机的电力负载供电;确定在间歇操作期间在二次电池中是否发生异常;在确定是否发生异常中确定二次电池中发生异常的条件下,指令电动机再生电力;以及将通过执行再生所获得的电力供应至辅机。

Description

供电方法和供电系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种供电方法和一种供电系统。
背景技术
通过使用燃料电池构造的供电系统已经引起关注。燃料电池包括:阳极,含有氢气的燃料气体被供应至该阳极;以及阴极,空气被供应至该阴极,并且该燃料电池由于燃料气体和氧化气体的电化学反应而发电。日本专利申请公开No.2011-036101(JP 2011-036101A)公开了使用燃料电池的供电系统。
安装有供电系统的电动车辆能够根据需要切换来自燃料电池和二次电池的电力供应。例如,根据燃料电池的辅机和牵引电动机的输出要求以及二次电池中的充电量,能够在来自燃料电池和二次电池的电力供应与仅来自二次电池的电力供应之间切换。当仅从二次电池供应电力时,燃料电池停止发电。因此,燃料电池间歇地操作。这种电源因此被称为间歇操作。
发明内容
存在在间歇操作期间在二次电池中发生异常的情况,并因此,二次电池不能供电。在这种情况下,需要使用来自燃料电池的电力驱动牵引电动机。然而,要求向辅机提供电力,这对于将燃料电池从非发电状态改变为发电状态是需要的。同时,由于在二次电池中发生异常,因此不能够从二次电池接收电力供应以用于驱动辅机。因此,电动车辆可能不能继续行驶。
本发明提供了一种即使在间歇操作期间在二次电池中发生异常时也能够使燃料电池重新开始发电的技术。
根据本发明的第一方面的供电方法在系统中执行,该系统包括燃料电池、二次电池、电动机和用于燃料电池的辅机。该供电方法包括:控制间歇操作,通过间歇操作间歇地切换燃料电池的发电的执行和停止,以向包括电动机和辅机的电力负载供电;确定在间歇操作期间在二次电池中是否发生异常;在确定是否发生异常中,在确定在二次电池中发生异常的条件下,指令电动机再生电力;以及将通过执行再生所获得的电力供应至辅机。
在上述方面中,该供电方法还可以包括:当确定是否发生异常时,当确定在间歇操作期间在二次电池中发生异常时,计算通过由电动机执行再生所能够产生的电力,并且当能够产生的电力为给定值或更大时,可执行再生。
在上述方面中,该供电方法可以包括:测量安装有该系统的移动体的移动速度,并且可基于所测量的移动速度来计算能够产生的电力。
在上述方面中,当通过从能够产生的电力至少减去损耗电力而获得的电力是允许辅机使燃料电池开始操作的电力或更大电力时,可以给出执行再生的指令,损耗电力是回收能够产生的电力所要求的。
在上述方面中,通过执行再生获得的电力可以存储在电容器中。
根据本发明的第二方面的供电系统设置有燃料电池、二次电池、电动机、用于燃料电池的辅机以及控制器。控制器构造为控制间歇操作,通过间歇操作间歇地切换燃料电池的发电的执行和停止,以向包括电动机和辅机的电力负载供电,该控制器被构造为确定在间歇操作期间在二次电池中是否发生异常,在确定发生异常的条件下指令电动机再生电力,并且将通过执行再生所获得的电力供应至辅机。
在上述方面中,该控制器可以被构造为当确定是否发生异常时,当确定在间歇操作期间在二次电池中发生异常时,计算通过由电动机执行再生所能够产生的电力,并且该控制器还被构造为当能够产生的电力为给定值或更大时,使电动机执行再生。
在前述方面中,供电系统还可以包括车速传感器,该车速传感器测量安装有供电系统的移动体的移动速度。控制器可以被构造为基于所测量的移动速度来计算能够产生的电力。
在前述方面中,控制器可以被构造为当通过从能够产生的电力至少减去损耗电力而获得的电力是允许辅机使燃料电池开始操作的电力或更大电力时,执行再生,该损耗电力是回收能够产生的电力所要求的。
在前述方面中,供电系统还可以包括电容器,该电容器存储通过执行再生获得的电力。
根据第一和第二方面,本发明提供一种即使在间歇操作期间在二次电池中发生异常时也能够使燃料电池重新开始发电的技术。
附图说明
下面将参照附图描述本发明的示例性实施例的特征、优点以及技术和工业意义,附图中相同的附图标记表示相同的元件,并且在附图中:
图1是示出了根据实施例的供电系统的示意性结构的视图;以及
图2是示出了由根据该实施例的供电系统进行的处理流程的流程图。
具体实施方式
下面参照附图详细描述本发明的实施例。然而,本发明的范围不限于该实施例。
[供电系统的结构]参照图1,解释根据本发明的实施例的供电系统的示意性结构的实例。供电系统1设置有控制器11、二次电池12、DC/DC转换器13、燃料电池14、辅机15、DC/DC转换器16、逆变器17、电动机18、车速传感器19、电容器20、电池21、DC/DC转换器22以及低压负载23。供电系统1可以安装在诸如燃料电池车辆(FCV)、电动车辆和混合动力车辆的车辆(移动体)上。图1仅示出了在供电系统1中包括的主要结构,并且供电系统1还可以包括设置在一般供电系统中的其他结构。
二次电池12是能够充电和放电的电力存储部件。例如,二次电池12由锂离子电池、镍氢电池或电容器制成。二次电池12插入在燃料电池14的放电路径中,并且与燃料电池14相对于逆变器17并联连接。而且,二次电池12与辅机15连接。
DC/DC转换器13是设置在二次电池12与逆变器17之间的DC电压转换器。DC/DC转换器13例如是包括四个功率晶体管和专用驱动电路(这两者都未示出)的全桥转换器。DC/DC转换器13对从二次电池12供应的电力的DC电压进行升压或降压,并将其输出至燃料电池14侧或逆变器17侧。而且,DC/DC转换器13对从燃料电池14供应的电力的DC电压进行升压或降压,并将其输出至二次电池12。这意味着DC/DC转换器13使二次电池12能够充电和放电。
燃料电池14被构造成包括固体聚合物电解质型电池堆,该固体聚合物电解质型电池堆通过串联地层压多个电池(单电池,每个单电池均具有阳极、阴极和电解质(发电体))而制成。当燃料电池14在正常发电中操作时,在阳极中发生由公式(1)表示的氧化反应,并且在阴极中发生由公式(2)表示的还原。燃料电池14作为整体通过由公式(3)表示的起电反应而发电。
H2→2H++2e- 公式(1)
(1/2)O2+2H++2e-→H2O 公式(2)
H2+(1/2)O2→H2O 公式(3)
辅机15是用于燃料电池14的操作的各种设备。辅机15包括例如用于向燃料电池14供应燃料气体和氧化剂气体的压缩机和泵。辅机15使用从二次电池12或燃料电池14供应的电力作为它们的驱动电力。从燃料电池14向辅机15的供电通过DC/DC转换器13和DC/DC转换器16进行。
DC/DC转换器16是设置在燃料电池14与逆变器17之间的DC电压转换器。DC/DC转换器16由全桥转换器等制成。DC/DC转换器16使从燃料电池14供应的电力的DC电压升压或降压,并将其输出至逆变器17。
逆变器17例如是包括多个切换元件的PWM(脉冲宽度调制)逆变器。逆变器17根据从控制器11输入的控制命令将从燃料电池14或二次电池12供应的直流电转换成三相交流电,并将转换后的电力供应至电动机18。
电动机18是用于驱动安装有供电系统1的移动体的车轮等的牵引电动机。电动机18使用通过逆变器17从燃料电池14或二次电池12供应的电力作为其驱动电力。电动机18的转数由逆变器17控制。电动机18能够根据旋转再生电力。利用再生的电力,能够对二次电池12和电容器20充电。
车速传感器19是检测安装有供电系统1的移动体的移动速度(车速)并将检测到的速度输出至控制器11的传感器。车速传感器19根据电动机18的转数、移动体的车轮的转数等检测移动速度。
电容器20是存储电动机18的再生电力的电力存储部件(现在示出了电容器20与电动机18之间的连接电缆)。电容器20还使从DC/DC转换器13和DC/DC转换器16输出的电流平滑,并将电流输出至逆变器17。电容器20的其余作用将在后面描述。电容器20可以由任意的电力存储装置构成。
电池21是能够充电和放电的电力存储部件。例如,电池21是锂离子电池、镍金属氢化物电池或电容器。电池21用作诸如低压负载23和控制器11的相对低电压(例如,12V)电气设备的电源。
DC/DC转换器22是连接在二次电池12与辅机15之间的DC电压转换器。DC/DC转换器22是全桥转换器等。DC/DC转换器22降低从二次电池12供应的电力的DC电压,并将其输出至电池21。由此,电池21被充电。
低压负载23是诸如车载灯和空调的辅机,其通过在相对低电压(例如,12V)下的驱动电力操作。
控制器11包括设置有CPU(中央处理单元)、ROM(只读存储器)和RAM(随机存取存储器)的计算机。控制器11基于从其他结构输入的信号、存储在诸如RAM的存储部件中的程序等来控制供电系统1的每个组件的处理和操作。从电池21供应用于操作控制器11的电力(为了方便起见,未示出控制器11与电池21之间的连接电缆)。
例如,控制器11控制在燃料电池14的发电的执行和停止之间间歇地进行切换的间歇操作,以用于向包括电动机18和辅机15的电力负载供电。该间歇操作根据电力负载所要求的电力、二次电池12的电力累积比等来控制。例如,控制器11首先计算包括电动机18和辅机15的电力负载所要求的电力,并且指定二次电池12的电力累积比。接下来,控制器11确定所计算的所要求电力是否被来自二次电池12的电力供应覆盖,并且当其被覆盖时进行控制,使得燃料电池14的发电停止,并且二次电池12向电动机18、辅机15等供应电力。当来自二次电池12的电力供应未覆盖所要求电力时,控制器11执行控制,使得燃料电池14产生电力,并且燃料电池14和二次电池12供应电力。系统级芯片(SOC:system-on-a-chip)可以用作确定所计算的所要求电力是否被从二次电池12供应的电力覆盖的结构。
这里,在间歇操作期间,当二次电池12中发生异常时,二次电池12与辅机15之间的连接可能被切断,或者二次电池12可能不能供电。在这种情况下,即使当操作者试图执行控制以将燃料电池14从非发电状态(非操作状态)改变为发电状态时,也不能够将电力从二次电池12供应至辅机15,以使燃料电池14重新开始操作。因此,不能够驱动辅机15,并且燃料电池14也不能操作。除非燃料电池14被操作,否则电动机18也不能被驱动,并且安装有供电系统1的移动体不能够继续行驶。
为了避免这种情况,在本实施例中,控制器11首先确定在间歇操作期间在二次电池12中是否发生异常。在确定发生异常的条件下,控制器11能够执行控制,使得电动机18被指令以再生电力。根据该指令,电动机18再生电力。控制器11进行控制,使得通过从电动机18获得的再生电力对电容器20充电。此后,辅机15由从电容器20放出的电力起动(未示出电容器20与辅机15之间的连接电缆),并且能够通过驱动辅机15来开始驱动燃料电池14。
根据控制器11从二次电池12或DC/DC转换器13接收的控制信号或者通过未接收到控制信号的事实来检测二次电池12的异常。
如上所述,根据本实施例,在间歇操作期间在二次电池12中发生异常的条件下,电动机18开始再生电力。这意味着,即使在不应进行电力再生的状态下(例如,当车辆正在下坡时),当在间歇操作期间在二次电池12中发生异常时,电动机18开始再生电力。因此,根据本实施例,即使在间歇操作期间在二次电池12中发生异常时,也供应从电动机18获得的再生电力作为辅机15的驱动电力,由此能够重新开始燃料电池14的操作。
根据电动机18的转数或安装有供电系统1的移动体的移动速度,存在这样的情况:其中不会从再生产生用于开始燃料电池14的操作的足够电力。当在移动体正在行驶的同时,即使如上所述执行再生之后,也没有产生用于开始燃料电池14的操作的足够电力时,惯性行驶的距离变短。因此,移动体能够行驶以便转移到安全位置的距离变短。考虑到这些点,如下所述,控制器11能够进行控制,使得当能够从再生产生用于开始燃料电池14操作的足够电力时执行再生。
首先,当在间歇操作期间在二次电池12中发生异常时,控制器11计算可由电动机18执行的再生所产生的电力。基于例如由车速传感器19检测的移动速度(车速)来计算可由再生产生的电力。在这种情况下,控制器11存储用于基于移动速度计算可由再生产生的电力的公式或者表示移动速度与可产生的电力之间关系的映射,并且控制器11能够使用公式或映射以计算可产生的电力。
控制器11执行控制,使得当可产生的电力为给定值或更大时电动机18再生电力。该给定值被设定为大于辅机15开始燃料电池14的操作所要求电力的值。例如,能够将给定值设定为大于通过将损耗电力加上开始燃料电池14的操作所需的电力而获得的电力的值。损耗电力是回收开始燃料电池14的操作所需的电力而要求的电力。这意味着,控制器11能够执行控制,使得当从通过再生能产生的电力中至少减去损耗电力而获得的电力是允许辅机15开始操作燃料电池14的电力或更大的电力时,电动机18再生电力。损耗电力是回收可由再生产生的电力所要求的电力。
如前所述,根据本实施例,当再生产生用于开始燃料电池14的操作的足够电力时,控制器11能够执行控制以执行再生。因此,通过执行电力的再生,即使当不产生用于开始燃料电池14的操作的足够电力时,也可以防止惯性行驶距离变短。
[电力供应的控制流程]参照图2,解释由供电系统1进行的电力供应的处理流程。这种处理由控制器11控制。由于已经解释了处理的细节,所以将其省略。
首先,在步骤S11中,控制器11开始间歇操作,在该间歇操作中间歇地切换燃料电池14的发电的执行和停止,以便向包括电动机18和辅机15的电力负载供电。
在步骤S12中,控制器11确定二次电池12是否发生异常。例如,根据由控制器11从二次电池12或DC/DC转换器13接收的控制信号或者没有接收到控制信号的事实检测在二次电池12中的异常。当确定发生异常时,该过程移动到步骤S13。
在步骤S13中,控制器11计算可由电动机18执行的再生所产生的电力,并且确定能够产生的电力是否为给定值或更大。例如,基于由车速传感器19检测到的移动速度来计算可由再生产生的电力。当确定可产生的电力为给定值或更大时(S13中的“是”),该过程移动到步骤S14。否则(S13中的“否”),图2所示的过程结束。
在步骤S14中,控制器11执行控制,使得输出用于电动机18再生电力的指令。此后,该过程移动到步骤S15。当在步骤S13中确定可产生的电力小于给定值时,不发生再生。在步骤S15中,再生电力被供应至辅机15,并且辅机15使燃料电池14操作。
如上所述,根据本实施例,即使在间歇操作期间在二次电池12中发生异常,也供应从电动机18获得的再生电力作为用于辅机15的驱动电力,并且持续供电以便开始燃料电池14的操作。
此外,根据本实施例,控制器11能够进行控制,使得当从再生能够产生足够的电力以开始燃料电池14的操作时执行再生。因此,通过再生电力,即使当不产生用于开始燃料电池14的操作的足够电力时,也能防止惯性行驶距离变短。
到目前为止已经参考附图解释了本发明的实施例。然而,本发明的范围不限于该实施例。显然,本领域技术人员将在权利要求的范围内描述的类别内进行各种改变和修改,并且这些改变和修改落入本发明的技术范围内。

Claims (10)

1.一种在系统中执行的供电方法,所述系统包括燃料电池、二次电池、电动机和用于所述燃料电池的辅机,所述方法的特征在于包括:
控制间歇操作,通过所述间歇操作间歇地切换所述燃料电池的发电的执行和停止,以向包括所述电动机和所述辅机的电力负载供电;
确定在所述间歇操作期间在所述二次电池中是否发生异常;
在确定是否发生异常中确定在所述二次电池中发生异常的条件下,指令所述电动机再生电力;以及
将通过执行再生所获得的电力供应至所述辅机。
2.根据权利要求1所述的供电方法,其特征在于还包括
当确定是否发生异常时,当确定在所述间歇操作期间在所述二次电池中发生异常时,计算通过由所述电动机执行再生所能够产生的电力,其中
当能够产生的电力为给定值或更大时,执行再生。
3.根据权利要求2所述的供电方法,其特征在于还包括
测量安装有所述系统的移动体的移动速度,
其中,基于所测量的移动速度来计算能够产生的电力。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的供电方法,其特征在于,当通过从能够产生的电力至少减去损耗电力而获得的电力是允许所述辅机使所述燃料电池开始操作的电力或更大电力时,给出执行再生的指令,所述损耗电力是回收能够产生的电力所要求的。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的供电方法,其特征在于,通过执行再生获得的电力被存储在电容器中。
6.一种供电系统,其特征在于包括:
燃料电池;
二次电池;
电动机;
用于所述燃料电池的辅机;以及
控制器,所述控制器被构造为控制间歇操作,通过所述间歇操作间歇地切换所述燃料电池的发电的执行和停止,以向包括所述电动机和所述辅机的电力负载供电,所述控制器被构造为确定在所述间歇操作期间在所述二次电池中是否发生异常,在确定发生异常的条件下指令所述电动机再生电力,并且将通过执行再生所获得的电力供应至所述辅机。
7.根据权利要求6所述的供电系统,其特征在于,所述控制器被构造为当确定是否发生异常时,当确定在所述间歇操作期间在所述二次电池中发生异常时,计算通过由所述电动机执行再生所能够产生的电力,并且所述控制器还被构造为当能够产生的电力为给定值或更大时,使所述电动机执行再生。
8.根据权利要求7所述的供电系统,其特征在于还包括车速传感器,所述车速传感器测量安装有所述供电系统的移动体的移动速度,
其中,所述控制器被构造为基于所测量的移动速度来计算能够产生的电力。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的供电系统,其特征在于,所述控制器被构造为当通过从能够产生的电力至少减去损耗电力而获得的电力是允许所述辅机使所述燃料电池开始操作的电力或更大电力时,执行再生,所述损耗电力是回收能够产生的电力所要求的。
10.根据权利要求6至9所述的供电系统,其特征在于还包括电容器,所述电容器存储通过执行再生获得的电力。
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