CN107073667B - 用于钻孔的机床 - Google Patents
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- B23Q5/326—Feeding working-spindles screw-operated
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Abstract
机床包括框架,用于刀具的驱动轴安装在该框架中以便绕旋转轴线枢转并沿旋转轴线轴向移动。轴连接到两个旋转电机,即,第一电机和第二电机,该第一电机连接到与轴的槽部啮合的构件以驱动轴旋转,该第二电机连接到与轴的螺纹部接合的螺母以使轴轴向移动。电机连接到至少一个设计成独立于彼此控制电机的控制单元,并且第一电机和第二电机彼此同轴。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及具体是承载、进行诸如钻孔和锪孔操作的常规航天组件操作的机床领域,并且具体地说,涉及允许这些操作在从符合人体工程学、质量和生产率的角度来说最佳的条件下进行改变。
背景技术
承载钻机一般包括框架,刀具的驱动轴安装在该框架中以便绕旋转轴线枢转并沿旋转轴线轴向移动(向前或向下运动)。
在大部分实施例中,机床包括提供轴的旋转运动和向前运动的动力的单电机。包括例如齿轮机构或皮带轮/皮带组件的可变比传动组件允许刀具的转速和轴向移位速度适当调整。
这些机床因此受限于因转速和前进速度引起的转矩,从而其比是预先确定的。这可证明获得机床的最佳性能限于某些加工条件。此外,对于这些传统构型,待移动的料块必须求助于相对庞大的电机。
在为车间使用而设计的机床中,轴一般仅仅安装成在头部上枢转,该头部安装在框架上,以沿向下方向滑动。这些机床的结构相对复杂且庞大。
这种类型的机床的某些构型提出将轴向振荡叠加到恒定速度的向前运动以通过切屑碎化来提高切屑去除。有主要基于在车床或压电致动器上使用专门轴承、可变比齿轮的不同展成机构的几种系统。基于机械解决方案的原理的特征在于,振荡的振幅要么固定(通过设计预先确定)要么可在加工过程之外进行更改但有困难的事实。不管是哪种情况,这些振荡的频率本身总是通过固定比与转速相关联(在设计阶段固定的每转振荡次数)。
由文献GB 2218268公开的系统也存在于现有技术中,所述系统提出了螺纹攻丝装置,该螺纹攻丝装置包括经由滑动连接驱动主轴并经由螺旋连接平移的两个同轴电机。
一定程度上对前述文献的主旨进行补充的文献US5649451公开了一种实质等效装置,在前述文献中,其涉及用来在同一轴段上产生滑动连接和螺旋连接的工具的叠加。
然而,这些装置仍相当低效。
发明内容
从这点出发,本申请人已经在提出一种电动机床的目的下进行研究,该电动机床能够通过组合功能组件来进行钻孔和锪孔的常规操作,该功能组件使其能够使用,同时遵守用户在最佳条件下,优选地用例如在航空工业中通常要求的质量水平一次性通过执行这些操作所需的空间要求、紧凑性、刚性以及质量的限制。
申请人还尝试了在进行不同操作时提高速度、加速度和急动的控制。
为此,根据本发明,提供了一种机床,所述机床包括框架,刀具的驱动轴安装在该框架中以便绕旋转轴线枢转并沿旋转轴线轴向移动。轴连接到两个旋转电机,即第一电机和第二电机,该第一电机连接到用来与轴的槽段啮合的构件以驱动轴旋转,该第二电机连接到接合在轴的螺纹段上的螺母以使轴轴向移动。第一电机和第二电机彼此同轴并且连接到控制单元,该控制单元连接到电机转子的位置传感器并设计成控制电机,以便产生在恒定速度的驱动轴的轴向移位并将具有能够切屑碎化的振幅和频率的轴向振荡叠加到该轴向移位上,控制单元设计成允许实时改变其振荡的振幅和频率。
与连接到电机转子的位置传感器的控制单元联接的这种机械结构允许两个电机的角位置和电气参数实时且以同步的方式并独立于彼此确定。这使得能够控制这两个彼此依赖的电机,尤其是以将具有能够碎化切屑的振幅和频率的轴向振荡叠加到驱动轴以恒定速度的轴向移位,具有在加工过程期间实时改变振荡的振幅和频率的可能性。
控制单元和电机转子的位置传感器使得能够独立且在任一时刻检测两个电机中每个的位置和速度并因此控制电机。转速和轴向移位的速度能够通过每个电机独立于彼此控制,电机的同轴布置确保机器相对紧凑。
附图说明
本发明的进一步特征和优点将从阅读下面本发明的具体非限制性实施例的详细描述中公开。
现参照附图,附图中:
-图1是根据本发明第一实施例的机床的轴向剖面上的局部示意图;
-图2是根据第一实施例的变型的机床的类似于图1的视图;
-图3是根据本发明第二实施例的机床的类似于图1的视图。
具体实施方式
参照各图,本发明在这里公开了一种用来加工零件且在这种情况下更具体地说用来钻孔和锪孔的刀具的应用。
机床包括这里仅部分示出的框架1。框架1以本身已知的方式包括用于支撑在地面和工作台上的承载结构,待加工零件设计成例如借助加工组件固定到该工作台上。
刀具的驱动轴2安装在该框架中以便具有在工作台附近延伸并设置有用来固定刀具的工具的一端。这些固定工具是本身已知的。刀具例如通过螺钉/螺母连接固定在驱动轴的一端。
轴2安装成以便绕旋转轴线3枢转并沿旋转轴线3轴向移位。
轴2连接到两个电动旋转电机,即用于旋转驱动的第一电机10和用于轴向移位的第二电机20。更具体地,电机10具有旋转固定到联接件11的转子,联接件11设计成与轴2的槽段2.1滑动连接以驱动轴旋转。联接件11例如是内槽套筒。电机20具有旋转固定到接合在轴2的螺纹端2.2上的螺母21的转子,由此形成螺旋连接以当联接件11与螺母21之间施加相对速度时,即当两个元件以不同速度旋转时使轴2轴向移位。有利地,由于刀具至少部分是螺旋形,因此在这种情况下,钻头、螺旋连接和刀具具有在同一方向的节距。
电机10和电机20彼此同轴,这允许得到的结构比现有构型更紧凑并且惯性最小,并且电机连接到用4表示的设计成控制电机的至少一个控制单元。
更具体地参照图1并且根据本发明第一实施例,轴布置成使得槽段2.1和螺纹段2.2间隔开并沿旋转轴线连续布置。这里,两段通过固定到槽段2.1和螺纹段2.2的各自相邻端部的连接套筒连接在一起。工具的路径因此受限于长度,该长度等于联接件11与螺母21之间的距离减去连接套筒的长度。
电机10和电机20与轴2同轴并被轴穿过:电机10且更具体地说其转子,绕槽段2.1的一部分延伸,而电机20且更具体地说其转子,绕螺纹段2.2的一部分延伸。
两个独立电机的使用允许机床具有降低的空间要求和质量。机床因此能够设计成承载或安装在机械臂上。
机床还包括两个电机10、20的转子的位置传感器。在这种情况下,这些传感器是角编码器,更具体地说由两个分开部分构成的磁编码器,即与非接触型的读取头相关联的高精度磁环。环旋转连接到电机转子并且读取头固定到定子。传感器连接到控制单元4。磁环和读取头例如是由RLS销售的LR和MR系列的磁环和读取头。
轴和具有两个位置传感器的电机的非常刚性机械布置使得能够以精确的方式且实时地作用于电机的控制。为此,控制单元使用轨迹前馈回路或反馈回路乃至两者。控制单元设计成控制电机10和20,优选地根据加工条件实时调整轴向移位和/或旋转运动。加工条件(转速和行进速度)通过测量两轴的位置和速度来实时且连续确定:在与加工参考值矛盾的情况下,控制单元对其中一轴线乃至两轴线进行调整以获得加工参考值。
控制单元可有利地编程成控制电机10和20,以引起刀具振荡,具体地说沿其轴向振荡。这导致提高钻孔效率的振动形成。控制单元有利地布置成允许实时改变振荡的参数(振荡的振幅和频率)。根据加工相同材料的零件的第一实例,加工条件(振荡的振幅和频率)通过测量转轴相对于两轴线的位置和速度(角位置和角速度、线位置和线速度)来实时且连续确定:在与有利于材料中的切屑碎化的加工参考值矛盾的情况下,控制单元对其中一轴线乃至两轴线进行调整以获得加工参考值。在加工由连续布置并具有就切屑形成而言的不同行为的两种材料构成的零件的第二实例中,需要在材料变化时改变加工条件以继续切屑碎化。为此,控制单元改变电机的控制参数以使所述参数以最佳的方式适应于相关材料。这种改变要么通过编程、考虑轴在进给轴线上的线位置(在整个过程期间实时离开两轴线的位置并考虑两种材料在待加工零件中的相对位置)要么通过检测并处理电机电流(根据两种材料的物理特性增加或减小切削力)来进行,这将确定加工条件的改变。
更具体地说,控制单元设计成根据下列方法的至少一种控制驱动轴的轴向移位:
-以恒定速度轴向移位;
-具有以恒定值叠加的振荡的轴向移位。
振荡例如具有定义成促进切屑碎化的正弦曲线波形等。
控制单元还设计成确定电机的电气参数并从这些参数确定加工条件。确定例如通过测量或计算来进行。加工条件例如从由电机基于其供电电流提供的转矩推导出。因此不必求助于外部传感器以增加机床的功能性,即使这是可想到的。
控制单元进一步设计成确定并比较电机的速度:如果当刀具的向前运动在加工期间启动时,两个电机开始以相同速度旋转,则控制单元发出刀具断裂的信号(因为在这种情况下,刀具不再能够向前移动)。
控制单元设计成确定电机的电气参数并从其推导出待加工零件的有效位置。为此,两个电机的电流被测量并实时进行数学处理以将这些电流的增加与切削刀具的轴向位置进行关联。更具体地,当切削刀具碰到待加工零件时,抵抗刀具运动的力增加并导致供给电机所需的电流增加以保持切削刀具的运动。
当刀具通过螺钉/螺母连接安装在驱动轴的一端时,控制单元设计成当更换刀具时,控制电机以确保刀具相对于驱动轴2的安装或拆卸。
在图2的变型中,槽段和螺纹段至少部分在轴的共同长度上延伸并且更具体地说在这种情况下在轴2的整个长度上延伸。
机床的其余部分与上文已经相对于图1描述的相同。
因此,在这种情况下,刀具的路径受限于轴2的长度减去联接件11与螺母21的相反端之间的距离。与上述相同或相似的元件具有与参照图3的第二实施例的下列描述中的附图标记相同的附图标记。
在该实施例中,电机10和20不再与轴2同轴,而是沿轴线30保持彼此同轴,轴线30相对于旋转轴线2倾斜。在这种情况下,更具体地说,在所示具体实施例中,轴线30垂直于轴线2。
电机10的转子驱动输出轴12,输出轴12驱动与锥形齿轮14啮合的锥形齿轮13,接合在轴2的凹槽上的联接件11旋转地固定到其上。
在这种情况下,电机20的转子具有绕输出轴12同轴延伸的管状轴22的形状。电机10的转子驱动与锥形齿轮24啮合的锥形齿轮23,接合在轴2的螺纹上的螺母21旋转地固定到其上。
当然,本发明不限于所述实施例而是涵盖在落入如由权利要求书限定的本发明的范围内的任何变型。
具体地说,轴可具有与所述的结构不同的结构:螺纹段与槽段可由相同材料制成或彼此附连。
滑动连接可通过与所述的不同的方法得到,并且具体地说,棱形轴可滑动地接纳在形成于联接件中的互补形状的壳体中。
轴可在其端部的一个或另一个间接地连接到刀具。
仅已经描述了涉及本发明的机床的部件:机床还可包括,具体地说,刀具中心中的润滑工具、更换刀具的工具、装卸待加工零件的工具等。
本发明可应用于与钻孔机床不同类型的机床并且例如是铣床。
作为变型,螺旋连接和刀具具有在相反方向上的节距,以便于实现刀具的快速返回周期。
与上述传感器或检测工具不同的传感器或检测工具能够被使用并且具体是光学编码器。
Claims (9)
1.一种用于钻孔的机床,包括框架,刀具的驱动轴安装在所述框架中以便绕旋转轴线枢转并沿所述旋转轴线轴向移动,其特征在于,所述轴连接到两个旋转电机,即,第一电机和第二电机,所述第一电机连接到通过滑动连接与所述轴的第一段联接的构件以驱动所述轴旋转,所述第二电机连接到通过与所述轴的第二段螺旋连接的螺母以使所述轴轴向移动,其中,所述第一电机和所述第二电机彼此同轴电机并且连接到控制单元,所述控制单元连接到所述电机的转子的位置传感器并设计成控制所述电机,以便产生在所述驱动轴的恒定速度的轴向移位并将具有能够切屑碎化的振幅和频率的轴向振荡叠加到该轴向移位上,所述控制单元设计成允许实时改变其振荡的振幅和频率,并且根据通过实时且连续测量所述轴的角和线位置以及角和线速度来确定的加工条件改变所述振荡。
2.如权利要求1所述的机床,其特征在于,所述振荡具有正弦曲线、梯形、锯齿形等的波形。
3.如权利要求1所述的机床,其特征在于,所述控制单元设计成确定所述电机的电气参数并从这些参数确定加工条件。
4.如权利要求1所述的机床,其特征在于,所述控制单元设计成确定电机的电气参数并从其推导出待加工零件的有效位置。
5.如权利要求1所述的机床,其特征在于,所述控制单元设计成确定和比较所述电机的速度以检测所述机床或切削刀具中的错误。
6.如权利要求1所述的机床,其特征在于,因为所述刀具具有至少部分螺旋形的形状,所述螺旋连接和所述刀具具有在相反方向上的节距,以便于实现所述刀具的快速返回周期。
7.如权利要求1所述的机床,对于加工由连续布置并具有就切屑形成而言的不同行为的两种材料构成的零件,其中,所述控制单元设计成当所述材料变化时改变所述振荡,以通过改变所述电机的控制参数以使所述参数以最佳的方式适应于所加工的材料来继续所述切屑碎化。
8.如权利要求7所述的机床,其特征在于,通过编程、考虑所述轴在旋转轴线上的线位置和所述两种材料在待加工零件中的相对位置进行所述改变。
9.如权利要求7所述的机床,其特征在于,通过检测和处理电机电流进行所述改变,以引起控制参数根据表示切削力的增加或减小的所述电机电流的增加或减小进行改变。
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PCT/EP2015/056021 WO2015140334A1 (fr) | 2014-03-20 | 2015-03-20 | Machine-outil notamment de perçage |
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CN102548690A (zh) * | 2009-04-28 | 2012-07-04 | Arts公司 | 具有轴向振动的钻床头 |
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JP6363787B2 (ja) | 2018-07-25 |
FR3018712A1 (fr) | 2015-09-25 |
US20200215652A1 (en) | 2020-07-09 |
US11219977B2 (en) | 2022-01-11 |
CN107073667A (zh) | 2017-08-18 |
PT3119556T (pt) | 2018-10-11 |
FR3018712B1 (fr) | 2016-12-30 |
EP3119556A1 (fr) | 2017-01-25 |
US11344985B2 (en) | 2022-05-31 |
EP3119556B1 (fr) | 2018-06-06 |
JP2017512667A (ja) | 2017-05-25 |
CA2943259C (fr) | 2018-11-20 |
CA2943259A1 (fr) | 2015-09-24 |
US20170095897A1 (en) | 2017-04-06 |
PL3119556T3 (pl) | 2018-11-30 |
WO2015140334A1 (fr) | 2015-09-24 |
ES2685298T3 (es) | 2018-10-08 |
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