CN1070594A - 催化剂处理 - Google Patents
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/80—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with zinc, cadmium or mercury
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Abstract
一种关于在将合成气生成烃的费一托法反应中
所使用的钴催化剂,该催化剂通过用含一氧化碳的气
体对含钴催化剂进行处理而被活化和再生,所说的气
体含有少于30%V的氢,该所得到的催化剂提高了
活性并且提高了生产C5 +烃的选择性。
Description
本发明涉及费一托法的催化剂处理。
在含铁或钴的催化剂上,将合成气体转化为烃的费一托法是众所周知的。或者活化新鲜的催化剂,或者将使用过的催化剂再生的各种不同的方法,已经被推荐了。较优选的是用氢,特别是只用氢来处理催化剂。而用氢与少量一氧化碳的混合物也已经被公开了(见例如USP 4626552)。DE977498公开了有关一氧化碳的氢化反应,周期表第Ⅷ族,特别是铁催化剂的含一氧化碳气体的预处理。
我们已经发现了一种对于含钴催化剂的处理方法,该催化剂结合于费一托反应中以提高催化剂的活性和/或提高制备C5+烃的选择性。
因此本发明提供了一种对于含钴催化剂的处理方法,它包括用含有一氧化碳的气体,在提高的温度下处理催化剂,所说的气体含有少于30%体积的氢。
该提高的温度一般在100至500℃的范围,优选的是200至350℃,详细地说在随后的费一托方法中,高于平均温度至少10℃,例如10~60℃或特别是25~55℃以上;特别优选的升高的温度是220~260℃,尤其是250℃左右。
所使用的气体,基本上全部由一氧化碳、或者由只含有少量其它材料的一氧化碳所组成,该其它材料,例如可高达10%v/v(如1~10%),但如果需要,该气体可以含占气体总体积的高达95%V(例如10-95%),例如高达60%V,(如20-50%V)的其它的组分,例如可以是氮或氩惰性气体。这些气体可以作为惰性载气。包含一氧化碳的气体最好基本上不含氢。如果该气体含有某些氢。该气体的氢含量基本上应少于一氧化碳体积的30%V,特别是小于20%V,优选的为少于10%V,更为优选的是少于5%V;该气体可以含有1-30%或5-20%V/V的氢(以一氧化碳为基准来计量)。可以在任意需要的压力下,例如50-1000KPa(0.5-10巴)下进行处理,优选的是在大气压力下进行。处理时间并不关键,当然优选的处理时间取决于严格的条件,例如温度和气体的流速。适宜的处理时间至少为10分钟,而优选的为1至12小时。在所说的处理过程之前,在含钴催化剂中的钴,一般至少部分是以氧化的形态来存在,例如,自由的钴氧化物、或者是与某种氧化的载体相混合的氧化物;在处理之前,作为催化剂的钴,主要部分是氧化物形式,至多不过少部分是钴金属;而实际上,所用的新鲜的催化剂基本上是氧化的形态。在优选的处理条件下,含钴的催化剂可以与一氧化碳相互作用,从而避免了明显的沉积作用,特别是基本上避免了任何难熔碳残余物的沉积作用;因此可以使用在大气压力下,在230-270℃,时间为10至1小时的条件。温度越高,所需要的时间越短。可以认为,其相互作用是氧化钴催化剂的还原作用;特别是还原了钴,以得到某种产品,其中,大量的钴以钴金属存在,例如,51~99%,如80~90%(通过处理时,由所流出的气体中的氢的分析或一氧化碳的分析来测定),少量的钴作为钴的氧化物存在,例如1-49%,如10-20%。
该处理作用可以用来作为对于新鲜的含钴催化剂的活化作用。或者,可以被用来对含钴催化剂进行部分再生程序,而后者的催化剂是已经在费一托法反应中用过的了。在任何一种情况下,该处理过程均导致改进随后的费一托法反应性能。该改进用通常的活化作用或再生处理(例如在升高温度下用氢处理)是难以见到的。因此,在另外的实施方案中,本发明提供了一种提高费一托法含钴催化剂的活性和/或生成C5+烃选择性的方法,其中,该催化剂用本发明的方法进行处理,并且本发明也提供了所说的处理过的催化剂对于所说目的的应用。
在用一氧化碳进行处理之前,该含钴催化剂在升高的温度下,使用含分子氧的气体,例如空气进行预处理,这种预处理对于在费一托法使用过的催化剂特别有效,该催化剂通过处理被氧化生成氧化态的含钴催化剂。该用于预处理的升高的温度一般在大约200至600℃的范围,特别是在300至500℃或280至550℃的范围。这种处理可以在任意需要的压力下进行,优选的是大气压力。优选的处理时间将取决于催化剂的变化、取决于所使用的气体中的氧含量及处理条件。一般处理时间应足够长,以除去存在于催化剂上的,特别是再生反应中的催化剂上的任何含碳的残余物。处理时间为至少30分钟,优选的为1至48小时。
费一托法反应的已知的问题是起始步骤。为了得到稳定的条件,需要非常长的起始时间,温度不稳定导致了主要的困难。美国专利US4626552,说明了这些问题,指出,为了使费一托反应器开始通气需要8至18天。并且,讨论了由于过热和/或在开始时的压力所造成的温度失去控制的问题。本发明提出了避免这些问题的方法,因此,在另外的实施方案中,本发明提供了一种将合成气转化为烃的方法,它包括在费一托法条件下,将合成气通过一含钴的催化剂,其特征在于,该方法包括下列顺序的步骤:(ⅰ)在升高的温度下,用含一氧化碳的气体处理含钴的催化剂,所说的气体含有占一氧化碳体积的少于30%V的氢;
(ⅱ)将合成气通过含钴催化剂,该催化剂是在一定温度下进行处理过的,该温度至少比在费一托法条件下的所进行的随后的步骤中所达到的最高温度高出10℃;及(ⅲ)在所说的费一托法条件下,将合成气通过含钴的催化剂。步骤(ⅱ)的优点是可以缩短达到均匀地进行费一托法操作的起始时间,催化剂活性越高,生成C5+烃选择性就越好。
按照本发明的处理步骤(ⅰ)之后,该含钴的催化剂用于进行起始步骤,步骤(ⅱ),步骤(ⅱ)包括将合成气在某一温度下通过含钴的催化剂,该温度至少比随后的费一托法反应时(步骤(ⅲ)所达到的最高温度要高出10℃,优选的为至少高出20℃,例如,10-150℃,特别是50-110℃。对于步骤(ⅱ),其适宜的温度在220至330℃的范围,例如,230至300℃,特别是240°至300℃,优选的压力为100至10,000KPa(至100巴)的范围,较优选的为100至5,000KPa(至50巴),特别优选的为1,000至5,000KPa(10至50巴)。
在步骤(ⅱ),可以观察到温升通过整个催化剂床,特别是固定床。对于该步骤的优选的所需要的时间恰好是通过该床用于温升所需要的时间。这一点一旦达到,则就需要结束起始步骤(ⅱ)。优选的步骤(ⅱ)的持续时间将取决于一氧化碳的流动速率。优选的步骤(ⅱ)的持续时间为大于15分钟,例如,为0.5至12小时。
在费一托法方法中,起始步骤(ⅱ)是不适用的,通常的知识是,为了避免温度失去控制和损害催化剂,在开始时,应该避免高温和高压。
起始步骤(ⅱ)之后,在步骤ⅲ)进行所希望的费一托法反应。费一托法反应条件,对于本技术领域的人来说是已知的了。优选的温度在150至300℃的范围,特别是180至240℃,特别优选的是180至230℃,和平均温度为190至235℃,特别是195~220℃,其压力在100至10,000KPa(至100巴)的范围,较优选的是100至5000KPa(至50巴),特别优选的为1,000至5,000KPa(10至50巴)。优选的是在步骤(ⅱ)和(ⅲ)之间,不间断地加入合成气,如果需要,该催化剂在步骤(ⅱ)完成之后,可以加以储存,当需要时用于随后的步骤(ⅲ)中。步骤(ⅱ)之后,该温度可以降低至费一托法所需要的温度,而优选的是,在再次提高到费一托法的平均操作温度之前,可以将温度降低到小于200℃的温度,特别是150~190℃。
合成气是氢和一氧化碳的混合物。二种组分的相对用量可以变化,不过,一般氢与一氧化碳的摩尔比在1∶1至3∶1的范围。优选的氢与一氧化碳的摩尔比在1.8∶1至2.2∶1的范围。如果需要,在步骤ⅱ)或步骤ⅲ)所用的原料气体可以包括其它的组分,例如氮气、脂肪烃、烯烃和/或二氧化碳。氮气可以作为载气或共同加入的气体而存在,如果这样的话,优选的是以小于40%V,例如由10至40%V的用量而存在。其它的组份,优选的是以较少的用量而存在,一般为小于20%,特别是小于15%V。
在本发明中所用的钴催化剂,优选的是包括在某种载体上的钴。可以使用非常适用的许多载体,例如二氧化硅、氧化铝、二氧化钛、二氧化铈、氧化锆、或氧化锌,该载体自身可以具有某些催化活性。优选的是,催化剂含有2至35%W,特别是5至25%W的钴。另外,可以使用不带载体的钴催化剂,在这种情况下,该催化剂通常被制备成氧化钴形式。如果需要,除了钴之外,也可以含有活性金属催化剂组分或助催化剂。
本发明的方法可以在流化床或固定床或者在液体的浆料中(例如液态烃产品)进行,本发明的用一氧化碳的处理方法,例如,上述的步骤(ⅰ)可以在与进行起始步骤或费一托法步骤(例如上述的(ⅱ)或(ⅲ))相同或不同的反应器中进行。
下列的实施例1和3-5说明了本发明。
实施例1
催化剂的制备
在氧化锌上含有10%wt钴的催化剂,其制备方法如下:
在搅拌下,将去离子水(3.35kg)加入到ZnO(10.00kg)中,5分钟之后,将溶解在去离子水(4.15kg)中的Co(NO3)2·6H2O(5.55kg),使用Z-叶片混合器,在搅拌下加入其中,混合之后,在120℃空气中干燥15小时以除去水,分离出产品,该产品再被加热到500℃(在50℃/小时的速率),然后再在500℃保持5小时,将所得到的煅烧的催化剂(9.23kg)用2wt%的硬脂酸润滑,并形成3.175mm的小块(1/8英寸 直径×2mm),该小块接着被加热至500℃(在100℃/小时的速率下),然后在空气中在500℃保持1小时,该小块在空气中冷却至室温,磨碎及筛分至250-500μm的筛目大小。
实施例2(比较例)
在原处用H2预处理
将在实施例1中所制备的10克(250-500μm)催化剂装入小型反应器中,以1000h-1的GHSV(每小时的气体间隔速率)导入氢气,以10℃/分将温度由30℃提高到320℃。在320℃下保持此温度10小时,然后将反应器以10℃/分钟冷却至室温。
实施例3
在原处还原反应中导入3小时一氧化碳
将在实施例1中所制备的10克(250-500μm)催化剂装入小型反应器中,在GHSV=1000h-1下导入氮气,并在10℃/分钟下将温度由30℃升高到250℃,然后关闭氮气,并且在GHSV=900h-1下导入一氧化碳,时间为3小时,然后将反应器在10℃/分钟下,冷却到30℃。
实施例4
通过3小时一氧化碳还原反应后,在原处进行空气预处理
将在实施例1中所制备的10克(250-500μm)的催化剂装入小型反应器中,在GHSV=6000h-1下导入空气。在10℃/分钟下将温度由30℃提高到500℃,在500℃下,保持此温度,时间为44小时,然后冷却到250℃,在GHSV=900h-1下,导入一氧化碳,在250℃、时间为3小时之后,该反应器在10℃/分钟下被冷却到30℃。
由实施例2、3及4中所得到的催化剂全部利用下列的方法进行实验。
起始反应和费一托法反应
由实施例2、3、4所用的小型反应器在其温度降低至30℃以下之后,用含有20%V氮气和摩尔比为2.07∶1的氢和一氧化碳的气体混合物进行吹扫。然后将压力提高到3000KPa(30巴)。将所通过的气体混合物调节到1250h-1。将温度在2℃/分钟下,提高到250℃,然后在250℃保持1小时,然后将床的温度降低到180℃,然后再慢慢地升温,直到达到大约80%的一氧化碳转化。用氮作标样,通过出口气体的气相色谱分析来测量该转化率,其结果示于表1至4。C5+的生产率是每小时、每升催化剂生成的C5+产品的总的克数。
由于该试验被按排在恒定的转化反应中进行操作,因此所观测到的床的温度显示出了进行实验的催化剂的活性大小,从而,较高活性的催化剂比较小活性的催化剂在较低的温度下能够达到80%的一氧化碳的转化。
比较表1和表2可以看出,按照本发明,用一氧化碳处理的催化剂比通常用氢处理的催化剂表现出较高的初始活性,此外,不受欢迎的C1产品的产量明显降低而所需要的C5+产品的产量则明显的高。
表3表明,用一氧化碳处理之后,再用空气处理所增加的效果:产量明显地提高了。
实施例5
用实施例1的一般方法制备的氧化锌上的占10%钴的催化剂,该催化剂的一部分用空气在500℃下处理6小时,然后在320℃用氢处理9小时,而其第二部分的催化剂在500℃用空气处理50小时,然后在250℃用一氧化碳处理3小时,然后将二部分的催化剂用上述方法进行试验。结果表示在下列的表4,该表表明用一氧化碳处理有明显的优越性。
表 4
催 化 剂处 理 | 在气体流量下的小时 数 | 床的平均温度(℃) | C O转化(%) | %碳的克分子数选择性 | ||
C H4 | C O2 | C5 + | ||||
Air/H2(比较)Air/C O | 214213 | 214212 | 8787 | 7.54.6 | 2.51.9 | 76.891.0 |
实施例6
一种没有载体的催化剂的制备
将碳酸氢铵(1145克)溶于去离子水中(10.4dm3),将500cm3的该溶液加入到连续沉降的杯中,在第二个容器中,将硝酸钴(450.6克)溶解到去离子水中(2.8dm3)。将该二种溶液同时泵入在沉降杯中已存在的溶液中。其速率应保证氧化钴的完全沉降(在沉降杯中需要快速搅拌)。沉淀物不断地通过一出口除去并用瓷漏斗进行过滤。完全的沉淀反应在2小时之内完成,滤饼在150℃空气中干燥过夜,然后在空气中,在350℃下干燥6小时,得到114.4克Co3O4。
试验
一部分上述催化剂按实施例2所说的用氢处理,并用上述的起始反应方法进行试验。所得到的结果列在表5的第一行。然后,再将如上所说的经过试验的催化剂用1% O2/99%N2,在500℃处理23小时,然后将温度降低至250℃,用CO将该催化剂处理3小时,用相同的起始反应方法再对催化剂进行试验。在表5的第2行可以得到大大改进了的结果。
表 5
催 化 剂处 理 | 在气体流量下的小时数 | 床的平均温度(℃) | C O转化(%) | %碳的克分子数选择性 | ||
C H4 | C O2 | C5 + | ||||
H2(比较)1% O2/C O | 2525 | 257231 | 3369 | 37.414.1 | 1.31.5 | 28105 |
Claims (10)
1、一种处理含钴催化剂的方法,其特征在于,为了得到经过处理的含钴催化剂,将所说的催化剂在升高的温度下与含一氧化碳的气体相接触,所说的气体包括少于30%体积的氢气。
2、一种按照权利要求1所说的方法,其特征在于所说的含氧化物的催化剂包括在某种载体上的钴。
3、一种按照权利要求1或2所说的方法,其特征在于,该催化剂与基本上不含氢的一氧化碳接触。
4、一种按照权利要求1-3的任意一项所说的方法,其特征在于,催化剂与气体在200-350℃接触,优选的是在230-260℃。
5、一种按照前述任意一项权利要求所说的方法,其特征在于,含钴催化剂是由含钴催化剂在升高的温度下,优选的温度为380-600℃,与含有分子氧的气体相接触来得到的。
6、一种在费一托法条件下,在经过处理的含钴催化剂上,将合成气转化成烃的方法,其特征在于,所说的催化剂由权利要求1-5的任一权利要求所说的方法来得到。
7、一种按照权利要求1-5的任一权利要求所说的方法,该方法通过在费一托法条件下,将合成气通过处理的含钴催化剂生成烃类。
8、一种按照权利要求6或7的方法,其特征在于,首先,在某一温度下将合成气通过所说的经处理的催化剂,该温度比在费一托法条件下在随后的接触步骤中的最高温度至少高出10℃。
9、提高费一托法含钴催化剂活性和/或生成C5+烃类的选择性的方法,其特征在于,所说的催化剂由按照权利要求1-5的任一权利要求所说的方法来得到。
10、一种按照权利要求1-5的任一权利要求所说的方法而得到的催化剂对于提高费一托法含钴催化剂的活性和/或生成C5+烃类选择性的应用。
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-
1991
- 1991-07-02 GB GB919114314A patent/GB9114314D0/en active Pending
-
1992
- 1992-06-24 EP EP92912787A patent/EP0593522B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-06-24 AU AU21531/92A patent/AU671257B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-06-24 UA UA94005352A patent/UA39925C2/uk unknown
- 1992-06-24 WO PCT/GB1992/001141 patent/WO1993000993A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1992-06-24 CA CA002112372A patent/CA2112372C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-06-24 GE GEAP19922693A patent/GEP19991740B/en unknown
- 1992-07-01 MY MYPI92001216A patent/MY109626A/en unknown
- 1992-07-02 ZA ZA924937A patent/ZA924937B/xx unknown
- 1992-07-02 MX MX9203906A patent/MX9203906A/es not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-07-02 CN CN92108893A patent/CN1039974C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-12-29 NO NO934880A patent/NO304177B1/no unknown
-
1994
- 1994-05-17 US US08/245,067 patent/US5585316A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-11-12 US US08/747,234 patent/US5728918A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-06-27 CN CN97114025A patent/CN1064660C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN1079701C (zh) * | 1994-12-07 | 2002-02-27 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 催化剂的活化及再活化方法 |
CN101688125B (zh) * | 2007-05-11 | 2015-07-01 | 沙索技术有限公司 | 催化剂 |
CN102006920A (zh) * | 2008-04-07 | 2011-04-06 | 鲁道夫·W·贡纳曼 | 将生物气转化为液体燃料的方法 |
CN110494533A (zh) * | 2017-02-10 | 2019-11-22 | 英国石油有限公司 | 费-托法的启动程序 |
JP2020507655A (ja) * | 2017-02-10 | 2020-03-12 | ビーピー ピー・エル・シー・ | フィッシャー―トロプシュプロセスのための始動プロセス |
CN114929382A (zh) * | 2020-01-10 | 2022-08-19 | 英国石油有限公司 | 用于生产费-托合成催化剂的方法和费-托启动方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
UA39925C2 (uk) | 2001-07-16 |
EP0593522B1 (en) | 1997-11-05 |
AU2153192A (en) | 1993-02-11 |
US5728918A (en) | 1998-03-17 |
NO934880L (no) | 1994-02-22 |
GEP19991740B (en) | 1999-09-10 |
MY109626A (en) | 1997-03-31 |
GB9114314D0 (en) | 1991-08-21 |
EP0593522A1 (en) | 1994-04-27 |
AU671257B2 (en) | 1996-08-22 |
NO304177B1 (no) | 1998-11-09 |
CA2112372C (en) | 2002-10-08 |
MX9203906A (es) | 1993-04-01 |
NO934880D0 (no) | 1993-12-29 |
CN1064660C (zh) | 2001-04-18 |
CN1039974C (zh) | 1998-09-30 |
WO1993000993A1 (en) | 1993-01-21 |
CA2112372A1 (en) | 1993-01-21 |
CN1176243A (zh) | 1998-03-18 |
ZA924937B (en) | 1994-05-04 |
US5585316A (en) | 1996-12-17 |
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