CN106938020A - 一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于中药制剂领域,目的是根据中医治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的认识机理而提供的一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物,所述药物的各个组分及其质量份比如下:麻黄80g、独活80g、川芎95g、五味子70g、羌活230g、防己120g、甘草115g、麦冬200g、苦杏仁80g、肉桂42g、附子115g、茯苓220g、桂枝80g、升麻80g、细辛22g、人参120g、防风80g、生石膏480g、金牛草360g、白术140g、当归140g、赤芍115g、天麻140g、僵蚕80g、蛇根草420g、全蝎60g、半夏80g、橘红80g、紫菀95g、柴胡95g、牡丹皮140g、天花粉120g、薏苡仁360g、白芥子45g、前胡80g、白前80g、天竺黄80g、鸡屎藤120g、红景天120g、银杏叶115g、海风藤200g、黄芪260g、补骨脂140g;本发明提供的药物是一个标本兼治的中药组方。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于中药制剂领域,具体涉及一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物,特别是供慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者使用的丸剂药物及其制备方法的领域。
背景技术
祖国医学认为:慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases,COPD)是一种具有气流阻塞特征的慢性支气管炎和(或)肺气肿,可进一步发展为肺心病和呼吸衰竭的常见慢性疾病,与有害气体及有害颗粒的异常炎症反应有关,致残率和病死率很高,全球40 岁以上发病率已高达9%~10%。目前该病居全球死亡原因的第4 位,世界银行/ 世界卫生组织公布,至2020年慢阻肺将位居世界疾病经济负担的第5 位。在我国慢阻肺同样是严重危害人民身体健康的重要慢性呼吸系统疾病,其病死率达460/10万左右。
慢阻肺由于其患病人数多,死亡率高,社会经济负担重,已成为一个重要的公共卫生问题,至今尚无根治方法。慢阻肺以慢性咳嗽、咳痰,气短或呼吸困难为特点。慢阻肺的治疗主要是减轻症状、阻止病情发展,缓解或阻止肺功能下降,改善活动能力,提高生活质量,降低病死率为目的。目前治疗慢阻肺的西药主要有支气管扩张剂( 包括茶碱类、β-激动剂和抗胆碱能药物),配合氧疗、抗生素、激素及辅助通气等对症处理。但抗菌素长期使用易出现耐药和毒副反应。对反复感染的患者常选用高档抗菌素,价格昂贵,病者难以承受;而激素的副作用则更大。常规机械通气易引起容积伤和通气机肺炎,而无创正压通气(NPPV)的缺点易发生胃胀气,需要患者配合,病情严重患者较难以耐受;并可发生面罩破裂或患者呼吸与机器不同步,甚至导致呼吸突然恶化。
那么,就如何找到一种可有效治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的药物,是本领域技术人员亟待要解决的问题。
发明内容
随着我国中医中药学的不断发展,在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病上,人们逐渐意识到了中医治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的优点,且在治疗过程中疗效好、见效快、毒副作用小等优势,针对现有西医治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的现状,本发明的目的是在于提供一种治疗痰热阻肺型支气管炎的汤剂药物,以解决慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者早日恢复健康的问题。该药物是以常见的中药为原料,通过选择合理的药物及质量份比,可有效治疗上述慢性阻塞性肺疾病。
为达到上述发明的目的,本发明所采用的技术方案为:提供一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物及其制备方法,其特征在于,所述药物的各个组分及其质量份比如下所示:
麻黄30~100g、独活30~100g、川芎50~120g、五味子30~90g、羌活100~300g、防己80~160g、甘草30~150g、麦冬100~250g、苦杏仁50~100g、肉桂20~60g、附子30~150g、茯苓150~300g、桂枝30~100g、升麻30~100g、细辛10~30g、人参30~160g、防风50~100g、生石膏150~650g、 金牛草250~500g、白术80~180g、当归80~180g、赤芍60~150g、天麻80~180g、僵蚕50~100g、蛇根草250~500g、全蝎40~80g、半夏30~100g、橘红30~100g、紫菀50~120g、 柴胡30~120g、牡丹皮80~180g、天花粉100~160g、薏苡仁150~500g、白芥子30~60g、前胡30~100g、白前30~100g、天竺黄30~100g、鸡屎藤100~160g、红景天50~160g、银杏叶90~150g、海风藤100~260g、黄芪100~360g、补骨脂60~180g,淀粉适量。
一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物及其制备方法,其特征在于,所述药物的各个组分及其质量份比如下所示:
麻黄40~90g、独活40~90g、川芎60~105g、五味子40~80g、羌活115~260g、防己90~140g、甘草40~130g、麦冬115~220g、苦杏仁60~90g、肉桂30~50g、附子40~130g、茯苓170~250g、桂枝40~90g、升麻40~90g、细辛12~25g、人参40~140g、防风60~90g、生石膏170~550g、 金牛草280~420g、白术90~160g、当归90~160g、赤芍70~130g、天麻90~160g、僵蚕60~90g、蛇根草220~480g、全蝎50~70g、半夏40~90g、橘红40~90g、紫菀60~105g、 柴胡40~105g、牡丹皮90~160g、天花粉115~140g、薏苡仁170~420g、白芥子40~50g、前胡40~90g、白前40~90g、天竺黄40~90g、鸡屎藤115~140g、红景天60~140g、银杏叶100~130g、海风藤115~230g、黄芪115~310g、补骨脂70~160g,淀粉适量。
一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物及其制备方法,其特征在于,所述“最佳方案”的药物的各个组分及其质量份比如下所示:
麻黄80g、独活80g、川芎95g、五味子70g、羌活230g、防己120g、甘草115g、麦冬200g、苦杏仁80g、肉桂42g、附子115g、茯苓220g、桂枝80g、升麻80g、细辛22g、人参120g、防风80g、生石膏480g、 金牛草360g、白术140g、当归140g、赤芍115g、天麻140g、僵蚕80g、蛇根草420g、全蝎60g、半夏80g、橘红80g、紫菀95g、 柴胡95g、牡丹皮140g、天花粉120g、薏苡仁360g、白芥子45g、前胡80g、白前80g、天竺黄80g、鸡屎藤120g、红景天120g、银杏叶115g、海风藤200g、黄芪260g、补骨脂140g,淀粉适量。
一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物及其制备方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括如下步骤制备而成:
A、除淀粉外,将上述原料中药拣去杂质、粉尘及干燥后,按照质量份比共研为极细末待用;
B、按照传统制备中药水丸剂的方法,将研磨好的极细末药物和淀粉过筛后,放入药器中混合拌均,然后制备成水丸剂(其水丸的粒度为:3.8mm~4.0mm),进而晒干,分装密封即可。
一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物及其制备方法,其特征在于,所述服用方法为:将制备好的水丸剂药物以每日三次服用,早中晚各服一次,给药量5g/次,温开水送服。15天为一个疗程,服药3~5个疗程,症状消失,病获痊愈。
本发明组方中的各原料中药在中国药典、中国辞典以及中华本草中均有详细的记载。本发明选用其中最常见的中药为原料,充分发挥各组分的药理功效:
麻黄,性味:辛苦、温,具有发汗、平喘、利水之功效,用于治疗伤寒表实、发热恶寒无汗、头痛鼻塞、骨节疼痛、咳嗽气喘、风水浮肿、小便不利、风邪顽痹、皮肤不仁、风疹瘙痒;
独活,性味:辛、苦、微温,具有祛风除湿、通痹止痛之功效,用于治疗风寒湿痹、腰膝疼痛、少阴伏风头痛;
川芎,性味:辛、温,具有行气开郁、法风燥湿、活血止痛之功效,用于治疗风冷头痛旋晕、胁痛腹疼、寒痹筋挛、经闭、难产、产后瘀阻块痛、痈疽疮疡、月经不调、瘕腹痛、胸胁刺痛、跌扑肿痛、风湿痹痛;
五味子,性味:酸、甘、温,具有收敛固涩、益气生津、补肾宁心的功效,用于久泻不止、久咳虚喘、心悸、失眠、多梦、自汗、盗汗、津伤口渴、消渴、遗精、滑精;
羌活,性味:辛苦、温,具有散表寒、祛风湿、利关节的功效,用于感冒风寒、头痛无汗、风寒湿痹、项强筋急、骨节酸疼、风水浮肿、痈疽疮毒;
防己,性味:苦、寒,具有利水消肿、祛风止痛之功效,用于治疗水肿脚气、小便不利、湿疹疮毒、风湿痹痛、高血压;
甘草,性味:甘、平,具有益气补中、缓急止痛、润肺止咳、泻火解毒、调和诸药之功效,用于治疗倦怠食少、肌瘦面黄、心悸气短、腹痛便溏、四肢挛急疼痛、脏躁、咳嗽气喘、咽喉肿痛、痈疮肿痛、小儿胎毒及药物、食物中毒;
麦冬,性味:甘、微苦、微寒,具有养阴生津、润肺清心之功效,用于治疗肺燥干咳、虚痨咳嗽、津伤口渴、心烦失眠、内热消渴、肠燥便秘、咽白喉等症;
苦杏仁,性味:苦、微温,有小毒,具有降气止咳平喘、润肠通便之功效,用于治疗咳嗽气喘、胸满痰多、血虚津枯、肠燥便秘;
肉桂,性味:性大热、味辛、甘,具有补火助阳、引火归源、散寒止痛、活血通经之功效,用于治疗阳痿、宫冷、心腹冷痛、虚寒吐泻、经闭、痛经;
附子,性味:辛、甘、大热,有毒,具有回阳救逆、补火助阳、逐风寒湿邪之功效,用于治疗亡阳虚脱、肢冷脉微、阳萎、宫冷、心腹冷痛、虚寒吐泻、阴寒水肿、阳虚外感、寒湿痹痛;
茯苓,性味:甘、淡、平,具有渗湿利水、健脾和胃、宁心安神之功效,用于治疗小便不利、水肿胀满、痰饮咳逆、呕吐、脾虚食少、泄泻、心悸不安、失眠健忘、遗精白浊;
桂枝,性味:辛、甘、温,具有发汗解肌、温通经脉、助阳化气、平冲降气之功效,用于治疗风寒感冒、脘腹冷痛、血寒经闭、关节痹痛、痰饮、水肿、心悸、奔豚等症;
升麻,性味:辛、微甘、微寒,具有发表透疹、清热解毒、升举阳气之功效,用于治疗风热头痛、齿痛、口疮、咽喉肿痛、麻疹不透、阳毒发斑、脱肛、子宫脱垂;
细辛,性味:辛、温,具有祛风散寒、通窍止痛、温肺化饮之功效,用于治疗风寒感冒、头痛、牙痛、鼻塞鼻渊、风湿痹痛、痰饮喘咳;
人参,性味:甘微苦、温,具有大补元气、固脱生津、安神之功效,用于治疗劳伤虚损、食少、倦怠、反胃吐食、大便滑泄、虚咳喘促、自汗暴脱、惊悸、健忘、眩晕头痛、阳痿、尿频、消渴、妇女崩漏、小儿慢惊、及久虚不复、一切气血津液不足等症;
防风,性味:辛、甘、温,具有解表祛风、胜湿、止痉之功效,用于治疗感冒头痛、风湿痹痛、风疹瘙痒、破伤风;
生石膏,性味:味甘、辛、性大寒,具有清热泻火、除烦止渴的功效,煅用:具有敛疮生肌、收湿、止血之功效,用于治疗外感热病、高热烦渴、肺热喘咳、胃火亢盛、头痛、牙痛等症;
金牛草,性味:辛、平,具有活血散瘀、止痛镇咳之功效,用于治疗胸痛咳嗽、百日咳、小儿麻痹后遗症,鲜品捣烂醋调外敷治角膜云翳、角膜溃疡、急性结膜炎;
白术,性味:味苦、甘、性温,具有健脾益气、燥湿利水、止汗、安胎之功效,用于治疗脾气虚弱、神疲乏力、食少少腹胀、大便溏薄、水饮内停、小便不利、水肿、痰饮眩晕、温痹酸痛、气虚自汗、胎动不安等症;
当归,性味:性温、味甘辛, 具有补血和血、调经止痛、润燥滑肠之功效,用于治疗血虚、面色萎黄、眩晕心悸、血虚、或兼有瘀滞的月经不调、经闭、痛经、虚寒性腹痛、冠心病心绞痛、风湿痹痛、跌打损伤;
赤芍,性味:苦、微寒,具有清热凉血、活血祛瘀之功效,用于治疗温毒发斑、吐血衄血、肠风下血、目赤肿痛、痈肿疮疡、闭经、痛经、崩带淋浊、瘀滞胁痛、疝瘕积聚、跌扑损伤;
天麻,性味:甘、平,具有息风、定惊之功效,用于治疗眩晕眼黑、头风头痛、肢体麻木、半身不遂、语言蹇涩、小儿惊痫动风;
僵蚕,性味:咸、辛、平,具有祛风定惊、化痰散结之功效,用于治疗惊风抽搐、咽喉肿痛、皮肤瘙痒、颌下淋巴结炎、面神经麻痹等症;
蛇根草,性味:淡、平,具有止渴祛痰,活血调经之功效,用于治疗肺结核咯血、气管炎、月经不调,外用治扭挫伤;
全蝎,性味:味辛、性平,有毒,具有祛风止痉、通络止痛、玫毒散结之功效,用于治疗小儿惊风、抽搐痉挛、中风口、半身不遂、破伤风、风湿顽痹、偏正头痛、牙痛、耳聋、痈肿疮毒、瘰疬痰核、蛇咬、烧伤、风疹、顽癣等症;
半夏,性味:辛、温,有毒,具有燥湿化痰、降逆止呕、消痞散结之功效,用于治疗痰多咳喘、痰饮眩悸、风痰眩晕、痰厥头痛、呕吐反胃、胸脘痞闷、梅核气,生用外治痈肿痰核,姜半夏多用于降逆止呕;
橘红,性味:辛、苦、温,具有散寒、燥湿、利气、消痰之功效,用于治疗风寒咳嗽、喉痒痰多、食积伤酒、呕恶痞闷;
紫菀,性味:味苦、辛、性温,具有润肺下气、化痰止咳之功效,
用于治疗咳嗽、肺虚劳嗽、肺痿肺痈、咳吐脓血、小便不利;
柴胡,性味:味苦、辛、性微寒,具有解表退热、疏肝解郁、升
举阳气之功效,用于治疗外感发热、寒热往来、疟疾、肝郁胁痛乳胀、头痛头眩、月经不调、气虚下陷之脱肛、子宫脱垂、胃下垂;
牡丹皮,性味:辛苦、凉、微寒,具有清热、活血散瘀之功效,用于治疗温热病热入血分、发斑、吐衄、热泪盈眶病菌后期热伏阴分发热、阴虚骨蒸潮热、血滞经闭、痛经、痈肿疮毒、跌扑伤痛、风湿热痹;
天花粉,性味:甘、微苦、微寒,具有清热生津,消肿排脓之功效,用于治疗热病烦渴、肺热燥咳、内热消渴、疮疡肿毒;
薏苡仁,性味:甘淡,具有健脾、补肺、清热、利湿之功效,用于治疗泄泻、湿痹、筋脉拘挛、屈伸不利、水肿、脚气、肺痿、肺痈、肠痈、淋浊、白带等病症;
白芥子,性味:无臭、味辛、辣,具有温肺豁痰利气、乳腺散结通络止痛之功效,用于治疗寒痰喘咳、胸胁胀痛、痰滞经络、关节麻木、疼痛、痰湿流注、阴疽肿毒;
前胡,性味:苦、辛、微寒,具有散风清热,降气化痰之功效,用于治疗风热咳嗽痰多、痰热喘满、咯痰黄稠;
白前,性味:辛、苦、微温,具有降气、消痰、止咳之功效,用于治疗肺气壅实、咳嗽痰多、胸满喘急;
天竺黄,性味:甘、寒,具有清热豁痰,凉心定惊之功效,用于治疗热病神昏、中风痰迷、小儿痰热惊痫、抽搐、夜啼等症;
鸡屎藤,性味:甘酸、平,具有祛风除湿、消食化积、解毒消肿、活血止痛之功效,用于治疗风湿痹痛、食积腹胀、小儿疳积、腹泻、痢疾、中暑、黄疸、肝炎、肝脾肿大、咳嗽、瘰疬、肠痈、无名肿毒、脚湿肿烂、烫火伤、湿疹、皮炎、跌打损伤、蛇蛟蝎螫;
红景天,性味:甘、涩、寒,具有清肺止咳、止血、止带之功效,用于治疗肺热咳嗽、咯血、白带,外用治跌打损伤、烧烫伤;
银杏叶,性味:甘、苦、涩、平,具有敛肺、平喘、活血化瘀,止痛之功效,用于治疗肺虚咳喘、冠心病、心绞痛、高血脂;
海风藤,性味:辛苦、微温,具有祛风湿、通经络、理气之功效,用于治疗风寒湿痹、关节疼痛、筋脉拘挛、跌打损伤、哮喘、久咳等病症;
黄芪,性味:甘、微温,具有补气固表、利尿托毒、排脓、敛疮生肌之功效,用于治疗气虚乏力、食少便溏、中气下陷、久泻脱肛、便血崩漏、表虚自汗、气虚水肿、痈疽难溃、久溃不敛、血虚痿黄、内热消渴、慢性肾炎蛋白尿、糖尿病;
补骨脂,性味:味辛、苦、性温,具有补肾助阳、纳气平喘、温脾止泻之功效,用于治疗肾阳不足、下元虚冷、腰膝冷痛、阳痿精、尿频、遗尿、肾不纳气、虚喘不止、脾肾两虚、大便久泻、白癜风、斑秃、银屑病等症。
本发明药物是基于中医治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的原则,从依据慢性阻塞性肺疾病的病理机制及药理作用认为:就慢性阻塞性肺疾病,本发明所提供的药物中的各原料中药药效共奏,对上述疾病有很好的治疗效果。
具体实施方式
本发明就是针对上述慢性阻塞性肺疾病的治疗而提出的一种中药配方,采用该配方制备的药物药效好,见效快,是一个标本兼治的中药组方,特别适合临床使用。下面结合本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细的描述:
实施例1:
一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物,其特征在于,所述药物的各个组分及其质量份比如下所示:
麻黄80g、独活80g、川芎95g、五味子70g、羌活230g、防己120g、甘草115g、麦冬200g、苦杏仁80g、肉桂42g、附子115g、茯苓220g、桂枝80g、升麻80g、细辛22g、人参120g、防风80g、生石膏480g、 金牛草360g、白术140g、当归140g、赤芍115g、天麻140g、僵蚕80g、蛇根草420g、全蝎60g、半夏80g、橘红80g、紫菀95g、 柴胡95g、牡丹皮140g、天花粉120g、薏苡仁360g、白芥子45g、前胡80g、白前80g、天竺黄80g、鸡屎藤120g、红景天120g、银杏叶115g、海风藤200g、黄芪260g、补骨脂140g,淀粉适量。
实施例2:
一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物,其特征在于,所述药物的各个组分及其质量份比如下所示:
麻黄90g、独活90g、川芎105g、五味子80g、羌活260g、防己140g、甘草130g、麦冬220g、苦杏仁90g、肉桂50g、附子130g、茯苓250g、桂枝90g、升麻90g、细辛25g、人参140g、防风90g、生石膏550g、 金牛草420g、白术160g、当归160g、赤芍130g、天麻160g、僵蚕90g、蛇根草480g、全蝎70g、半夏90g、橘红90g、紫菀105g、 柴胡105g、牡丹皮160g、天花粉140g、薏苡仁420g、白芥子50g、前胡90g、白前90g、天竺黄90g、鸡屎藤140g、红景天140g、银杏叶130g、海风藤230g、黄芪310g、补骨脂160g,淀粉适量。
实施例3:
一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物,其特征在于,所述药物的各个组分及其质量份比如下所示:
麻黄100g、独活100g、川芎120g、五味子90g、羌活300g、防己160g、甘草150g、麦冬250g、苦杏仁100g、肉桂60g、附子150g、茯苓300g、桂枝100g、升麻100g、细辛30g、人参160g、防风100g、生石膏650g、 金牛草500g、白术180g、当归180g、赤芍150g、天麻180g、僵蚕100g、蛇根草500g、全蝎80g、半夏100g、橘红100g、紫菀120g、 柴胡120g、牡丹皮180g、天花粉160g、薏苡仁500g、白芥子60g、前胡100g、白前100g、天竺黄100g、鸡屎藤160g、红景天160g、银杏叶150g、海风藤260g、黄芪360g、补骨脂180g,淀粉适量。
典型病例
经临床诊断治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者共1740例,年龄为35岁以上的935例,只有805例为35岁以下。1740例患者痊愈的1595例,有效的145例,总有效率达100%。
Claims (3)
1.一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物,其特征在于,所述药物的各个组分及其质量份比如下所示:
麻黄30~100g、独活30~100g、川芎50~120g、五味子30~90g、羌活100~300g、防己80~160g、甘草30~150g、麦冬100~250g、苦杏仁50~100g、肉桂20~60g、附子30~150g、茯苓150~300g、桂枝30~100g、升麻30~100g、细辛10~30g、人参30~160g、防风50~100g、生石膏150~650g、 金牛草250~500g、白术80~180g、当归80~180g、赤芍60~150g、天麻80~180g、僵蚕50~100g、蛇根草250~500g、全蝎40~80g、半夏30~100g、橘红30~100g、紫菀50~120g、 柴胡30~120g、牡丹皮80~180g、天花粉100~160g、薏苡仁150~500g、白芥子30~60g、前胡30~100g、白前30~100g、天竺黄30~100g、鸡屎藤100~160g、红景天50~160g、银杏叶90~150g、海风藤100~260g、黄芪100~360g、补骨脂60~180g,淀粉适量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物,其特征在于,所述药物的各个组分及其质量份比如下所示:
麻黄40~90g、独活40~90g、川芎60~105g、五味子40~80g、羌活115~260g、防己90~140g、甘草40~130g、麦冬115~220g、苦杏仁60~90g、肉桂30~50g、附子40~130g、茯苓170~250g、桂枝40~90g、升麻40~90g、细辛12~25g、人参40~140g、防风60~90g、生石膏170~550g、 金牛草280~420g、白术90~160g、当归90~160g、赤芍70~130g、天麻90~160g、僵蚕60~90g、蛇根草220~480g、全蝎50~70g、半夏40~90g、橘红40~90g、紫菀60~105g、 柴胡40~105g、牡丹皮90~160g、天花粉115~140g、薏苡仁170~420g、白芥子40~50g、前胡40~90g、白前40~90g、天竺黄40~90g、鸡屎藤115~140g、红景天60~140g、银杏叶100~130g、海风藤115~230g、黄芪115~310g、补骨脂70~160g,淀粉适量。
3.根据权利要求1至2所述的治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的丸剂药物,其特征在于,所述药物的各个组分及其质量份比如下所示:
麻黄80g、独活80g、川芎95g、五味子70g、羌活230g、防己120g、甘草115g、麦冬200g、苦杏仁80g、肉桂42g、附子115g、茯苓220g、桂枝80g、升麻80g、细辛22g、人参120g、防风80g、生石膏480g、 金牛草360g、白术140g、当归140g、赤芍115g、天麻140g、僵蚕80g、蛇根草420g、全蝎60g、半夏80g、橘红80g、紫菀95g、 柴胡95g、牡丹皮140g、天花粉120g、薏苡仁360g、白芥子45g、前胡80g、白前80g、天竺黄80g、鸡屎藤120g、红景天120g、银杏叶115g、海风藤200g、黄芪260g、补骨脂140g,淀粉适量。
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