CN106917519A - The Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method - Google Patents

The Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106917519A
CN106917519A CN201710264101.3A CN201710264101A CN106917519A CN 106917519 A CN106917519 A CN 106917519A CN 201710264101 A CN201710264101 A CN 201710264101A CN 106917519 A CN106917519 A CN 106917519A
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heat
solar
energy saving
design
building
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于海业
张雨晴
隋媛媛
刘爽
孔丽娟
关姝杰
王琳琳
赵红星
田东旭
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Jilin University
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Jilin University
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H1/00—Buildings or groups of buildings for dwelling or office purposes; General layout, e.g. modular co-ordination or staggered storeys
    • E04H1/02—Dwelling houses; Buildings for temporary habitation, e.g. summer houses

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Abstract

The invention discloses the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method, to overcome, winter rural area heating is hot standby simply, room air pollution is serious, grange electricity consumption is not convenient and the with serious pollution problem of living environment, and its step is：1) Preliminary design passive type building；2) internal space design：(1) horizontal layout；(2) heat-insulation and heat-preservation floor is set；(3) internal daylighting design；3) alien invasion design：(1) passive type attached sunspace is set；(2) design of door and window：Design energy saving building house door and window；Design energy saving building house skylight；4) enclosed structure energy-saving design:(1) insulation material selection；(2) exterior wall design；(3) roof layouts；5) courtyard pattern is afforested：In energy saving building house thing face, each line space of position kind two away from 5~10m of house wall is the fruit tree of 1~1.5m；6) solar thermal collector design of heating system；7) generation system designs；8) sewage disposal system design.

Description

The Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method
Technical field
The invention belongs to a kind of the Northwest's rural residence design method of construction engineering technical field, more precisely, The present invention relates to the method for designing that a kind of the Northwest's countryside energy saving builds house.
Background technology
In the existing residential housing of China, farm building accounts for the 60% of national total building, is the weight of China's residential housing Want part.With expanding economy and the continuous improvement of living standards of the people, people get over to the requirement of living environment comfortableness Come higher, farm building energy consumption is constantly increasing, and the energy consumption to China will cause tremendous influence.Therefore, in rural area It is very important to greatly develop energy-saving building technology.As the crisis of world energy sources is gradually serious, for how more effectively Using regenerative resource seem particularly urgently with it is important.Solar energy is using most commonly used in regenerative resource, in view of it takes Not to the utmost, it is nexhaustible the characteristics of, people for how effectively to obtain to still carried out at present using solar energy it is related Research.Passive solar house allows solar energy to directly act on the heating of building as more next by people by building construction and structure A kind of more well known Trend of Energy Saving.Existing grange is mainly by fixation type vacuum pipe heat collector for the utilization of solar energy Enter water-filling heating, the hot water for human lives' activity is used.And house architectural structure of making rational planning for is made too using attached sunspace Sun can most it is simple and effective be applied to heating mode then seldom, by solar photovoltaic cell panel generate electricity for single household build Electricity consumption, this mode is almost rarely used in grange, and for increasingly serious country sewage pollution problem, this problem Substantially do not solved effectively so that domestic sewage in rural areas is discharged on the spot, caused the waste of recoverable sewage, more polluted Environment.For more effectively solar energy is made full use of in grange, and solve domestic sewage in rural areas pollution problem, knot well The abundant solar energy resources in the Northwest is closed, we have proposed a kind of design side suitable for the Northwest's countryside energy saving house Method.
The content of the invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are to overcome the winter hot standby letter of rural area heating of prior art presence Single, room air pollution is serious, the problem that grange electricity consumption is not convenient and life in the countryside environmental pollution is serious, there is provided one Plant the method for designing that the Northwest's countryside energy saving builds house.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that realization：Described the Northwest rural area The step of energy saving building Residence Design method, is as follows：
1) Preliminary design passive type building；
2) internal space design；
3) alien invasion design；
4) enclosed structure energy-saving design；
5) courtyard pattern is afforested；
6) solar thermal collector design of heating system；
7) generation system designs；
8) sewage disposal system design.
Preliminary design passive type described in technical scheme is built and refers to：1) determine that passive type builds integral layout：
(1) local traditional residence layout characteristics and new inhabitation function demand, countryside energy saving building Residence Design side are combined Method takes semi open type horizontal layout, countryside energy saving building house outside Courtyard Space morphotype institute's formula, south orientation before and after Courtyard is generally life garden, and north orientation courtyard is odd job and raising farm；(2) in order to reduce the Shape Coefficient of building, radiating is reduced Amount, countryside energy saving building Residence Design method uses close-coupled rectangular layout；(3) it is in the south attached to ensure in whole Heating Period Plus sunspace (5) can have the sunshine of abundance, and summer avoids excessive Exposure to Sunlight, with reference to local building orientation, by whole building Towards being defined as towards 15 ° of south by east；2) shape coefficient of building is adjusted：
(1) influence for quantitative analysis Shape Coefficient to building energy consumption, designs a benchmark building areal model, no concave-convex Degree changes, and used as the building for possessing most preferable Shape Coefficient, its Shape Coefficient is 0.33；(2) change of Shape Coefficient can be with Cause building energy consumption to change, on the basis of benchmark building areal model, keep indoor each functional areas area to join with enclosed structure Number is constant, is only increased by the subregional position of north-south adjustment portion, making the concavo-convex degree of architectural plane, its Shape Coefficient difference It is 0.35,0.38,0.40,0.42,0.44；Its result is as follows：Heating energy consumption is by 25kW 〃 h/m2〃 a increase to 30kW 〃 h/m2〃 a, Heating air conditioning total energy consumption is from 38kW 〃 h/m2〃 a increase to 43kW 〃 h/m2〃 a, building energy consumption is by 39.30 〃 h/m2〃 a increase to 44.41〃h/m2〃 a, house is built for the countryside energy saving, and its Shape Coefficient is 0.36, corresponding heating energy consumption and building energy consumption All in normal consumption state.
Internal space design described in technical scheme refers to：1) horizontal layout：
Electric power storage room is arranged on the west side inside house, storeroom is arranged on the north side inside house, house Internal northwest corner space is set to open kitchen, and secondary bedroom is arranged on the northeast corner in house, and what its southern side abutted is to defend Between life, the southern side of toilet is principal bedroom, and the remaining space in house inside is open parlor；Main relaxing area is carried out Cut-off, according to requiring to carry out the heating of regional auxiliary thermal source, effectively completely cuts off the noise that public domain produces.2) heat-insulated guarantor is set Warm floor：
Floor takes heat-insulation and heat-preservation to design, and ground uses rammed earth first, and one layer of malthoid of paving is used for protection against the tide；Repave 150mm thick dry slag is used to be incubated；On this basis, paving 320mm thick rubble is used for heat accumulation；Finally, according to normal method Floor is done, floor color uses dark paint using light color, the wall of interior construction spacing.3) internal daylighting design
The countryside energy saving builds house by following a few place's daylightings：It is attached by glass sliding door between parlor and sunspace Plus large-area glass window is set on the wall between sunspace and principal bedroom；It is each on the east wall in toilet and time bedroom that a fan is set Window, the roof directly over secondary bedroom and kitchen sets arch skylight.
Alien invasion described in technical scheme designs and refers to：1) passive type attached sunspace is set：
It is that south elevation sets passive type attached sunspace positive facade is built, is built positioned at attached sunspace and countryside energy saving Heat-insulating wall between house main body is middle walls, from cement steel wire plus polystyrene filled board by middle walls with it is attached Plus sunlight is spaced apart, wherein polystyrene sandwich board thickness 170mm, middle walls do thickness and are again near attached sunspace interior side 100mm heat-insulation layers；The other parts of attached sunspace are built using glass, the top of the glass wall of middle walls opposite attached sunspace Ventilating opening is installed in portion and bottom；The glass wall of attached sunspace uses a kind of Low-e plated films；Do attached sunspace bottom Concrete 600mm high adds blockwork, attached sunspace flooring arrangement storage thermal capacity red flooring tile high, below red flooring tile Arrangement cobble, to weaken fluctuations in indoor temperature；The heat-reflecting heat-insulating curtain that surface is light color is arranged on additional sun by summer day Between light in internal whole face middle walls, night removes Thermal insulation curtain；Attached sunspace top layout rattan of plant posture is corniced, summer kind The trailing plants such as bracketplant are planted, natural external sunshade barrier together is formed；2) design of door and window：
(1) design countryside energy saving builds the door and window of house：A. on the heat-insulating wall between parlor and attached sunspace One sliding door is installed, arranges that one fans window on the heat-insulating wall between principal bedroom and glass sunlight house, in principal bedroom and additional sun Rational arrangement one fans window on heat-insulating wall between light room, a sect is set inside attached sunspace, by inner space Two parts are divided into for airing clothes or storing；B. the east in secondary bedroom and toilet is respectively installed one and fans window, its window-wall ratio Less than 0.35, the material of window uses the hollow Low-E glass of PA broken-bridge aluminum alloys, and to two fan windows using the outer of hard roller shutter form Sunshade design；
(2) design countryside energy saving building house skylight：Above the secondary bedroom and kitchen of countryside energy saving building house Each on flat roof to install a fan arch skylight, skylight uses bilayer Low-e glass materials.
Enclosed structure energy-saving design described in technical scheme refers to：1) insulation material selection：The countryside energy saving is built Using the air-entrained concrete building block commonly used and plus phenolic aldehyde heat preserving in residence method for designing, the heat insulating coatings of exterior wall are used RLHY-12 series thermostable heat-isolating coatings or composition silicate insulating moulding coating；
2) exterior wall design：East, west, north wall in this countryside energy saving building house are referred to as exterior wall, the construction of exterior wall by It is outer extremely interior：Mixed mortar is that 20mm, air-entrained concrete building block B07 are that 200mm, cement mortar are that 20mm, polymer mortar are 3mm, phenolic aldehyde are 20mm, polymer mortar is 3mm；
3) roof layouts：The roof structure of countryside energy saving building house is designed as：130mm thick prefabricated reinforced concrete Plate, upper berth 100mm thick cinder concrete, and the thick dirt of 150mm, roof energy saving are spread on cinder concrete 1.269w/m.k is reduced to by traditional 2.024w/m 〃 k.
Greening courtyard pattern described in technical scheme refers to：Described countryside energy saving building house is mostly only institute's formula one Layer house, preferably, courtyard greening cooling is mainly green plants can be absorbed and block the sun courtyard greening cooling in summer effect Radiant heat, green plants converts solar energy into new form of energy and consumes using photosynthesis and transpiration, and from week Heat is absorbed in collarette border, ambient temperature is reduced；In the west of countryside energy saving building house and in the east respectively apart from house wall Two line spaces are the fruit tree of 1~1.5m in the position kind of body 5-10m.
Solar thermal collector design of heating system described in technical scheme refers to：1) selection of solar thermal collector：(1) In order to ensure good collecting efficiency, the distance of cover plate and absorber plate is 25mm~30mm；(2) the solar energy collection in terms of thermal insulation layer The surrounding of hot device and bottom set heat-insulation layer, and the material of heat-insulation layer uses rock cotton board, and surrounding insulation thickness is 20mm, bottom insulation Thickness is 40mm；
2) solar thermal collector area is determined：
(1) when carrying out solar thermal collector heating calculating, it is 58 (W/ that house does not take heating heating index during conservation measures m2), the average intensity of solar radiation of the Northwest's Heating Period is 15 (w/m2〃 h), sun heating duration is 6h, and data are brought into down Formula：
Q0=I0〃η〃η0〃F0〃ζ
Wherein：I0-The average intensity of solar radiation of Heating Period, unit is w/m2〃h；
η-heat collector the thermal efficiency, typically takes 20%-30%；
η0- heat collector effective rate of utilization, typically takes 80% or so；
F0-Heat collector effective area, duty gas gross collector area 65%-80%；
ζ-sun heating duration, unit is h；
(2) solar heating fraction SHF is calculated
Efficient heats of the SHF=from the sun/institute's calorific requirement=Q0/Q
Typically take SHF=0.6-0.8
Q0=SHF 〃 Q=I0〃η〃η0〃F0〃ζ
So F0=SHF 〃 Q/I0〃η〃η0〃ζ
So solar thermal collector area F1：
F1=F0/0.65-0.80
=SHF 〃 Q/ (0.65-0.80) I0〃η〃η0〃ζ；
3) setting angle of solar thermal collector is determined
(1) installation position of heat collector：
The installation position of heat collector can reach towards due south and maximally utilize, and such as be restricted by building condition, also optional Select southeasterly or inclined southwestward；
(2) mounted angle of heat collector can determine as the following formula：
Make heat collector annual heat it is maximum when, β=Φ；In formula：β heat collector mounted angles, Φ install the latitude on ground； When solar thermal collector stresses when using summer, its setting angle subtracts 10 ° equal to local latitude；When solar thermal collector stresses When using in the winter time, its setting angle adds 10 ° equal to local latitude；
4) mounting means of solar thermal collector
The solar thermal collector of countryside energy saving building is arranged on flat roof using support, by the linkage of support Determine the setting angle being best suitable for of heat collector, sun light direct beam direction is found on flat roof, in clear and definite solar thermal collector In the case of the inclination angle of horizon, adjustment sunray ajusts solar thermal collector with heat collector normal angle θ, installs and fixes It is good so that the air inlet of heat collector is connected to the top of Heating Room, and air outlet then in the bottom of Heating Room, using blower fan Realize that room air self-loopa is heated.
Generation system designs described in technical scheme refer to：
1) solar photovoltaic generation system design；2) determination of solar photovoltaic cell panel area；3) tracking control system Design：
(1) sensor tracking
When fine day is cloudless and during big Intensity of the sunlight, is originated using inductor sensing sunray, so as to control photovoltaic Cell panel vertical sunray rotation all the time；
(2) self-timing tracking
Timing tracking mode is used when Intensity of the sunlight is weaker, timing tracking is with rotation per hour using the earth 15 ° of rule.Single-chip microcomputer carries out an azimuth adjustment per 10min Driving Stepping Motors to solar collector, drives every time The time-consuming 1s of adjustment；
(3) when cloudy weather is run into, the tracking of light source inductor can not then work well；There is accumulation again in timing tracking Error, and itself can not eliminate.Effectively to overcome two kinds of shortcomings of tracking mode, two kinds of tracking modes are effectively combined. During fine day, tracked using sensor；When cloudy, the maximization that cannot get sunshine using sensor tracking is collected, using timing Tracking.
The determination of the solar photovoltaic cell panel area described in technical scheme refers to：
With 1kW power outputs, daily using as a example by 6 hours, calculating process is as follows：
(1) the watt-hour number of daily consumption should be calculated first, including the loss of inverter：The conversion of usual inverter Efficiency is 90%, then when power output is P1During=1kW, then it is actually needed power output and should be P2=1kW ÷ 90%= 1.11kW；If by using 6 hours daily, power consumption is W1=1.11kW × 6 hour=6.66kWh.
The maximum depth of discharge of battery is preferably kept within 70%, so input should be：W2=W1/ 0.7= 6.66kwh ÷ 0.7=9.51kWh.
(2) calculating of solar-electricity tankage is relevant with local geographical position, solar radiation, climatic factor, counts first Local annual sunshine time H (h) under calculation standard irradiance：
0.1W/cm in formula2It it is 25 DEG C, the irradiation level of AM1.5 light time spectrums is also the standard test condition of solar cell.
According to all kinds of regional solar energy year amount of radiation of China, year total radiation is substituted into formula, can obtain each department standard Local annual sunshine time H (h) under irradiation level, is to calculate for H hours by the daily effective sunshine time, considers further that charging effect Loss in rate and charging process, in charging process, the actually used power of solar panel is 70%.
The power output of solar panel should be P3=9.51kWh/H ÷ 70%=13.585/H (W)
Solar energy peak power WP is at the standard conditions：Radiation intensity 1000W/m2, air quality AM1.5, battery temperature Under the conditions of 25 DEG C of degree, the power output of solar cell；The rated output power of solar cell is relevant with conversion efficiency, the sun The current conversion efficiency of energy battery is general between 14%-17%, and every square metre of solar cell module power output is about 140WP-170WP；
(3) area Power x area=power
Common photovoltaic solar cell plate uses monocrystalline silicon and polysilicon material, at present, due to monocrystalline silicon battery Component is typically packaged using safety glass and waterproof resin, sturdy and durable.Therefore we are using mono-crystalline silicon solar electricity Pond component, its photoelectric transformation efficiency is 15%, it is assumed that now the general power of sunshine is 1000W/m2；
The power of solar cell panel assembly is P3=13.585/H (kW)
Solar panel area power P0=1000W/m2× 15%=150W/m2
Then solar cell plate suqare S=P3/P0=(13585/H) ÷ 150=90.57/H (m2)
The different above formulas that substitute into according to various regions daily effective sunshine time H can calculate the use of various regions solar panel Area.
Sewage disposal system described in technical scheme designs and refers to：Sewage disposal system uses three lattice buried septic ponds Processing system, this sewage disposal system is made up of three ponds being connected, middle to be connected by entering soil pipe；Using anaerobic fermentation, in Layer crosses excrement and parasitic ovum proportion is more than the principle for generally mixing with liquor ratio weight and being easy to precipitation, and excrement is in pond by more than 30d Fermentation decompose, middle level liquid manure flow to 3 ponds by 1 pond successively, to reach precipitation or kill parasitic ovum and enteropathic in excrement The purpose of bacterium, the 3rd pond liquid manure turns into fertilizer.
Compared with prior art the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
1. the energy of building and heating all comes in the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method of the present invention Solar energy is come from, additional auxiliary thermal source, effective energy-conservation is not required to.
2. the air on flat roof is arranged in the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method of the present invention Heat collector uses the solar energy of optimum inclination angle, absorption to be used to winter indoor heating.
3. the sun of house roof is arranged in the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method of the present invention Energy photovoltaic battery panel can provide all electricity consumptions of the house, be not required to outside electric power network.
Brief description of the drawings
The present invention is further illustrated below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings：
Fig. 1 is the FB(flow block) that the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention builds Residence Design method；
Fig. 2 is building house global design in the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method of the present invention Planar structure schematic diagram；
Fig. 3 is the passive type attached sunspace winter in the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention building Residence Design method Ji Baowen schematic diagrames；
Fig. 4 is the passive type attached sunspace summer in the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention building Residence Design method Ji Tongfeng schematic diagrames；
Fig. 5 is the positive facade (south of building in the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method of the present invention Facade) structural representation；
Fig. 6 is the knot of the east elevation of building in the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method of the present invention Structure schematic diagram；
Fig. 7 be the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention building Residence Design method in skylight winter sunlight irradiation and Strengthen the schematic diagram of illumination using reflecting plate；
Fig. 8 be the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention building Residence Design method in skylight summer sunlight irradiation and The schematic diagram of direct projection is blocked using reflecting plate；
Fig. 9-1 be in the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention building Residence Design method in solar thermal collector too Positive incidence angle schematic diagram；
Fig. 9-2 is solar thermal collector installation in the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention building Residence Design method Schematic diagram；
Fig. 9-3 is multi-disc solar thermal collector in the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention building Residence Design method Scheme of installation；
Fig. 9-4 is multi-disc solar thermal collector in the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention building Residence Design method Structural representation；
Figure 10-1 is solar-energy photo-voltaic cell in the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention building Residence Design method The front view of plate mounting bracket；
Figure 10-2 is solar-energy photo-voltaic cell in the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention building Residence Design method The left view of plate mounting bracket；
Figure 11 is solar energy tracking control system in the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention building Residence Design method The structural principle block diagram of system；
Figure 12 is that solar energy integrally tracks dress during the Northwest's countryside energy saving of the present invention builds Residence Design method Put operational flow diagram；
In figure：1. exterior wall, 2. middle walls, 3. electric power storage room, 4. door socket, 5. attached sunspace, 6. principal bedroom, 7. toilet, 8. time bedroom, 9. storeroom, 10. parlor, 11. kitchens, 12. sunrays, 13. normals, 14. heat collector planes, 15. heat collectors Angle of inclination beta, 16. horizontal planes, 17. briquettings, 18. bolts, 19. heat collectors, 20. ventilating openings, 21. sealing joint strips, 22. frames, 23. glass Glass cover plate, 24. fixed supports, 25. telescope supports, 26. solar panels, 27. hinges, 28.T type screw transmissions, 29. motor.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is explained in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings：
According to the Northwest's weather conditions, with reference to available clean energy resource-solar energy, it is proposed that a kind of the Northwest's agriculture Village's energy saving building Residence Design method, and from Preliminary design passive type building, solar thermal collector heating, solar powered and raw Four aspects of the unpowered treatment of sewage living are designed.
Preliminary design passive type is built, by the rational deployment to passive type building orientation and surrounding environment, will be internal empty Between and the ingenious combination of external body, select reasonable construction material, it gathered in the winter time, keep, store, distributed solar energy, So as to solve the problems, such as the heating of building.Solar radiation can be covered in summer, the indoor heat of dissipation reduces building temperature.Quilt The features such as dynamic formula building has simple structure, pipeline ventilating system that is cheap and not needing complexity.The present invention is in passive type Building aspect, using one layer of flat roof structure, its wall uses heat collecting and accumulating wall, is rationally set in house positive facade (south elevation) Meter attached sunspace so that winter absorbs solar energy for heating to greatest extent, summer then has good performance of ventilation and heat dispersion Energy.
Solar thermal collector is arranged on a flat roof row southernmost, by reference to local area winter solar energy elevation angle etc. Parameter, heat collector optimum setting angle reasonable in design makes it to greatest extent to absorb solar energy in the winter time, ensures building Heating rate.
Solar photovoltaic cell panel is tracked by light source sensor and self-timing tracks two kinds of effective means and combines so that Sunray on photovoltaic battery panel, can remain that the power output of electricity generation system is maximum by vertical irradiation in real time.For winter At night, when lower limit of the indoor temperature less than design temperature, information is just transmitted to control room by the temperature inductor of heating room, is stored Electric room then automatically by the electricity auxiliary heating opening of device in room, for room provides heat；When the heat of electricity auxiliary heating equipment supply Amount make indoor temperature higher than design temperature the upper limit when, corresponding information is transmitted to control room by the temperature inductor in room, makes electricity Ancillary heating equipment is closed, and is run so forth, and interior is remained comfort temperature while effectively save electric energy.Only The electric energy that the photovoltaic battery panel installed by countryside energy saving building house itself is produced is powered for countryside energy saving building house, effectively Solar energy is carried out into recycling.
Treatment that sanitary sewage is unpowered, using the three lattice underground powerless septic tanks suitable for rural sewage treatment, will Sanitary sewage is effectively converted into organic fertilizer with cultivation liquid manure, for field irrigation.
1. Preliminary design passive type is built
1) determine that passive type builds integral layout
(1) local traditional residence layout characteristics and new inhabitation function demand, countryside energy saving building Residence Design are combined Method takes semi open type horizontal layout, countryside energy saving building house outside Courtyard Space morphotype institute's formula before and after, south It is generally life garden to courtyard, north orientation courtyard is odd job and raising farm；
(2) in order to reduce the Shape Coefficient of building, heat dissipation capacity is reduced, countryside energy saving building house uses close-coupled rectangle Layout.
(3) to ensure in whole Heating Period, sunspace in the south can have the sunshine of abundance, and summer avoids excessive day Shine, with reference to local building orientation, the direction that whole passive type is built is defined as towards 15 ° of south by east.
2) shape coefficient of building is adjusted
(1) Shape Coefficient refers to the ratio between volume that the external surface area of building and outer surface are wrapped, and is to characterize building size Parameter.Building size be influence building energy consumption key factor, therefore select suitable Shape Coefficient it is critical that.For Influence of the quantitative analysis Shape Coefficient to building energy consumption, designs a benchmark building areal model, and no concave-convex degree changes, as Possesses the building of most preferable Shape Coefficient, its Shape Coefficient is 0.33.
(2) change of Shape Coefficient can cause building energy consumption to change, and building energy consumption is the operation energy consumption of building, is exactly people Day it is conventional can, such as heating, air-conditioning, illumination, cooking, laundry energy consumption, it is the leading part in building energy consumption.Built in benchmark Build on the basis of areal model, keep indoor each functional areas area and enclosed structure parameter constant, only adjusted by north-south The position of subregion, increases the concavo-convex degree of architectural plane.Analyze by inquiry, Shape Coefficient is respectively 0.35,0.38, 0.40th, 0.42,0.44 when, every energy consumption can also change therewith, such as when Shape Coefficient is when 0.35 increases to 0.44, phase Heating energy consumption is answered by 25kW 〃 h/ (m2〃 a) increase to 30kW 〃 h/ (m2〃 a), heating air conditioning total energy consumption is by 38kW 〃 h/ (m2〃 a) increase To 43kW 〃 h/ (m2〃 a), building energy consumption is by 39.30 〃 h/ (m2〃 a) increase to 44.41 〃 h/ (m2〃 a), then corresponding building energy consumption increases 5.11kW 〃 h/ (m are added2〃 a), increase by 13%.For this energy saving building house, the Shape Coefficient of selection should be 0.35 Between~0.38, corresponding heating energy consumption and building energy consumption are in normal consumption state, meet the theory of energy-conservation.
2. internal space design
1) horizontal layout
With reference to local traditional residence layout characteristics and new inhabitation function demand, countryside energy saving building house takes the modern times Life room (primary and secondary bedroom, parlor, kitchen etc.) is the size and layout of the semi open type horizontal layout of main body, parlor and bedroom The habits and customs such as central room, living room with reference to Traditional Agricultural inhabitation residence are designed.Refering to Fig. 2, electric power storage room 3 is arranged in house Portion west side, storeroom 9 is arranged on the north side inside house, is close to time bedroom 8, and house inside northwest corner space is It is open kitchen 11.Secondary bedroom 8 is arranged on the northeast corner in house, what southern side abutted is toilet 7, the southern side of toilet Set principal bedroom 6 (adjacent attached sunspace 5), the remaining space in house inside is open parlor 10.By heat convection Mode make uniform heat distribution, also cause public domain space seem to seem bigger than actual size.To mainly rest Region is separated, and according to requiring to carry out the heating of regional auxiliary thermal source, effectively completely cuts off the noise that public domain produces.
2) heat-insulation and heat-preservation floor is set
Floor takes heat-insulation and heat-preservation to design, and ground uses rammed earth first, and one layer of malthoid of paving is used for protection against the tide；Repave 150mm thick dry slag is used to be incubated；On this basis, paving 320mm thick rubble is used for heat accumulation；Finally, according to normal method Floor is done, ground color is so reflexed to solar energy on the heat collecting and accumulating wall in house, building interior well using light color The wall in space uses dark paint, can more fully absorb solar energy, enables the secondary utilization of solar energy, reaches more Good heat insulation effect.
3) internal daylighting design
The countryside energy saving builds house by following a few place's daylightings：Pushed away by glass between parlor 10 and attached sunspace 5 Sliding door connection, sets large-area glass window on the wall between attached sunspace 5 and principal bedroom 6, parlor 10 and principal bedroom 6 is had good Good daylighting effect；Each fan window that sets carries out direct daylighting, secondary bedroom 8 and kitchen on the east wall in toilet 7 and time bedroom 8 Roof directly over 11 sets arch skylight, kitchen 11 and time bedroom 8 is also had good daylighting.
3. alien invasion design
1) passive type attached sunspace is set
Passive type attached sunspace is set in the positive facade (south elevation) of countryside energy saving building house, positioned at additional sunlight Between with the heat-insulating wall (former south big-wall) between house inside be middle walls.This middle walls selects cement steel wire addition polymerization benzene second Alkene filled board separates energy saving building house main body and attached sunspace, wherein polystyrene sandwich board thickness 170mm, and middle walls are leaned on Near addition sunspace interior side does thickness for 100mm heat-insulation layers again.Attached sunspace other parts are all built using glass wall, The glass wall top and bottom selection rational position of middle walls opposite attached sunspace installs air vent, summer is reached more Good result of ventilating heat dissipation.The glass wall of attached sunspace uses a kind of Low-e plated films, and this Low-e plated film is one layer of thin oxygen Change silver coating and AR coatings and be plated in glass surface through vacuum deposition method, reduce radiation loss, increase solar energy and be benefited.Additional sunlight Between bottom do 600mm concrete plus blockwork high, attached sunspace flooring arrangement red flooring tile storage thermal capacity material high Material, earth material is disposed below cobble, to weaken fluctuations in indoor temperature.
Refering to Fig. 3, the absorption as much as possible on daytime of winter attached sunspace 5 simultaneously preserves solar energy, is that this energy saving building is lived Residence supplies more solar thermal energies, heating indoor air, while energy saving building premises can be reduced as a buffering area again Heat loss in each room of portion, makes countryside energy saving build the house part adjacent with attached sunspace 5 and obtains a gentle ring Border.Daytime, when air themperature is more than adjacent indoor room temperature in attached sunspace 5, opens the door or window is by attached sunspace 5 Heat passes through the incoming adjacent inner room of convection current.Close attached sunspace door and window in the evening, it is to avoid outdoor cold air gets in, The solar energy preserved by daytime, reaches the effect of heat insulation warming.
Refering to Fig. 3, the heat-reflecting heat-insulating curtain that surface is light color is arranged on the inside of attached sunspace 5 whole by summer day Face middle walls.The air vent of the outer glass top of attached sunspace 5 and bottom is opened, the air in attached sunspace 5 receives sun spoke Penetrate heating to rise by top portion ventilation mouthful outflow, cold air is then flowed into by bottom vent, constantly circulation, in time by solar radiant heat Take outdoor out of, air themperature in attached sunspace 5 is not had obvious rising.Night removes Thermal insulation curtain, by wall from room Systemic heat radiation is to outdoor, while windowing, is outwards radiated in time in the way of gravity-flow ventilation.The top of attached sunspace 5 Arrangement rattan of plant posture is corniced, the trailing plant such as summer plantation bracketplant, forms natural external sunshade barrier together, can effectively be blocked Summer day solar radiation heat, reduces attached sunspace indoor temperature on 5 daytime.
2) design of door and window
(1) energy saving building house door and window is designed
A. refer to Fig. 5, installed on the heat-insulating wall between parlor 10 and attached sunspace 5 together with sliding door A, it is ensured that The zone of action in parlor 10 is increased while heating.On heat-insulating wall between principal bedroom 6 and additional glass sunlight house 5 rationally Arrangement one fan window, the inner space of attached sunspace 5 rational position set a sect B inner space is divided into two parts, For airing clothes or storing；
B. Fig. 6 is referred to, one is respectively installed in the east of secondary bedroom 8 and toilet 7 and is fanned window, its window-wall ratio is less than 0.35, tool There are enough heat-insulating properties.The material of window uses the hollow Low-E glass of PA broken-bridge aluminum alloys, and uses hard roller shutter to two fan windows The external sunshade design of form.Summer energy preferably sunshading and heat-insulating, and winter has good heat-insulating property；
(2) energy saving building house skylight is designed
Refering to Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, respectively pacify on the flat roof of countryside energy saving building house north side time bedroom 8 and the top of kitchen 11 A fan arch skylight is filled, skylight uses bilayer Low-e glass materials.The effect of this skylight is exactly in order to winter can reflex to room The more sunlight in the inside, and summer can reflect away more sunlight, can so make solar energy obtain fully rationally utilizing；
4. enclosed structure energy-saving design
1) insulation material selection
Using the air-entrained concrete building block commonly used and plus phenolic aldehyde heat preserving in countryside energy saving building Residence Design method.Outward The heat insulating coatings of wall are subtracted using RLHY-12 series thermostable heat-isolating coatings or composition silicate insulating moulding coating Few extra heat dissipation, abundant energy-conservation.
2) exterior wall design
East, west in this countryside energy saving building house, north wall are referred to as exterior wall, and the construction of exterior wall is from outside to inside：Mixing Mortar is that 20mm, air-entrained concrete building block B07 are that 200mm, cement mortar are that 20mm, polymer mortar are that 3mm, phenolic aldehyde are 20mm, polymer mortar are 3mm.
3) roof layouts
The roof structure of this energy saving building house is designed as：130mm thick precast rc slab, upper berth 100mm is thick Cinder concrete, and the thick dirt of 150mm is spread on cinder concrete.Structure design so makes its thermal property than passing System roof layouts improve a lot, and roof energy saving is reduced to 1.269w/ (m.k) by traditional 2.024w/ (m 〃 k).
5. courtyard pattern is afforested
Energy saving building house designed by the present invention is mostly one layer of house of only institute's formula, courtyard greening cooling in summer effect compared with It is good.Courtyard greening cooling is mainly green plants can be absorbed and block solar radiant heat, green plants using photosynthesis and Transpiration converts solar energy into new form of energy and consumes, and heat is absorbed from surrounding environment, reduces surrounding environment Temperature.It is in each two line spaces in the position kind of 5~10m of house wall in west and the east of countryside energy saving building house The fruit tree of 1~1.5m.
6 solar thermal collector design of heating system
1) solar thermal collector selection
Flat-plate solar heat collector is the basic element of character of solar low-temperature heat utilization, is connect in Solar Energy Heat Utilization System Receive solar radiation and the non-concentrating type part of heat is transmitted to its heat-transfer working medium.Flat-plate solar heat collector is main by absorbing heat A few part compositions such as plate, transparent cover plate, thermal insulation layer and shell.When flat-plate solar heat collector works, solar radiation is passed through After transparent cover plate, it is incident upon on absorber plate, is absorbed by absorber plate and be converted into heat energy, then transfers heat in absorber plate Heat-transfer working medium, raises the temperature of heat-transfer working medium, is exported as the useful energy of heat collector.Daytime, daylight was arrived by transparent cover plate Up to after heat collector, absorber plate absorbs solar radiation first, converts light energy into heat energy, and heat absorption plate temperature is raised.Room air is passed through Blower fan flows through absorber plate, by fully heat exchange, interior is flowed back to after intensification, so that room temperature is improved.
(1) absorber plate of flat-plate solar heat collector is galvanized sheet, is that the sun is absorbed in flat-plate solar heat collector Radiation energy simultaneously transmits the part of heat to heat-transfer working medium, substantially writing board shape.The metallic sieve of air space is folded into ripple Line shape, angle is 90 °, and solar irradiation is mapped on this absorber plate and causes solar heat utilization rate after the refraction and reflection of this angle It is maximum.Apply that last layer acrylic acid is pitch-dark on absorber plate, this is pitch-dark absorptivity higher to shortwave radiation, and to long-wave radiation There is low emissivity, almost sunray can all be absorbed.
(2) transparent cover plate of solar thermal collector is using double-deck HSG high-strength heat-resistant glass, can allow sun visible ray Passed through through without the infrared ray for allowing absorber plate to produce, make to obtain temperature rise higher in heat collector, its efficiency is up to 85-91%. In order to ensure good collecting efficiency, the distance determination of cover plate and absorber plate is between 25mm~30mm.
(3) surrounding of solar thermal collector and bottom set heat-insulation layer in terms of thermal insulation layer, and the material of heat-insulation layer uses rock Cotton plate, surrounding insulation thickness is 20mm, and bottom insulation thickness is 40mm, it is possible to reduce heat collector improves its work to function of environment heat emission Make efficiency.
2) solar thermal collector area F is determined1
It is as shown in the table to select from《City thermal net design specification》Heating heating index recommendation qf (W/m2), number in table Value is applied to NORTHWEST CHINA area.
The heating index value table of table 1.
Before not taking conservation measures, every square metre of heating heat of house in 58W~64W, after taking conservation measures Heating heat is in 40W~45W.As can be seen that after conservation measures is taken, the heat needed for building maintenance people's normal life Amount is reduced, and can reach effective energy-conservation.
The average intensity of solar radiation of the Northwest's Heating Period is 15 (w/m2〃 h), sun heating duration is 6h, by data Bring following formula into：
Q0=I0〃η〃η0〃F0〃ζ
Wherein：I0-The average intensity of solar radiation of Heating Period, unit is w/m2〃h；
η-heat collector the thermal efficiency, (typically taking 20%-30%)；
η0- heat collector effective rate of utilization, (typically taking 80% or so)；
F0-Heat collector effective area, (accounting for gross collector area 55%-80%)；
ζ-sun heating duration, unit is h.
Unit heating area heat can be obtained needs 0.23 solar thermal collector effective area.
Solar heating fraction (supply rate) SHF
Efficient heats of the SHF=from the sun/institute's calorific requirement=Q0/Q
Typically take SHF=0.6-0.8
Q0=SHF 〃 Q=I0〃η〃η0〃F0〃ζ
So F0=SHF 〃 Q/I0〃η〃η0〃ζ
So, solar thermal collector collector area F1：
F1=F0/0.65-0.80
=SHF 〃 Q/ (0.65-0.80) I0〃η〃η0〃ζ；
3) setting angle of solar thermal collector is determined
(1) installation position of heat collector：The installation position of heat collector can reach towards due south and maximally utilize, and such as be built The restriction of thing condition, also may be selected southeasterly or inclined southwestward.
(2) mounted angle of heat collector can determine as the following formula：
When making the annual acquisition heat of heat collector maximum, β=Φ；In formula：β heat collector mounted angles, Φ install the latitude on ground Degree.Collection of the inclination angle of heat collector to solar radiation quantity can produce certain influence, consider beam radia and scattering The influence of radiation.When heat collector inclination angle is approximately equal to local latitude, most big year solar radiation quantity is can obtain.So, solar energy collection Hot device inclination angle may be selected in the range of local latitude ± 10 °.Refering to Fig. 9-1, solar thermal collector is arranged on flat roof Top.Sunray and solar thermal collector normal angle θ, solar thermal collector incline with horizon angle of inclination beta by derived above Angle beta sets.
4) mounting means of solar thermal collector
The solar thermal collector for being generally used for heating is required for being combined in itself with building, and common is using inclined roof South orientation face combines local latitude, the roofing inclination angle in reasonable selection south orientation face.The countryside energy saving builds the solar thermal collector of house It is arranged on flat roof using support, the setting angle being best suitable for of heat collector is determined by the linkage of support.Install too It is positive can heat collector refering to Fig. 9-1 to Fig. 9-4, sun light direct beam direction is found on flat roof, clear and definite solar thermal collector with In the case of the inclination angle of horizon, adjustment sunray ajusts solar thermal collector with heat collector normal angle θ, and installation is fixed. So that the air inlet of heat collector is connected to the top of Heating Room, and air outlet then in the bottom of Heating Room, by blower fan reality Existing room air self-loopa heating.
7. generation system designs
Countryside energy saving building residential electric power derives from photovoltaic generating system, and photovoltaic cell group is lived installed in energy saving building On the flat roof of residence.Specially it be furnished with an electric power storage room 3, the electricity of the batteries savings of the inside in the interior of energy saving building house By for the whole all daily electricity consumption of energy saving building house.And for night in winter, when indoor temperature is less than under design temperature In limited time, information is just transmitted to electric power storage room 3 by the temperature inductor of heating room, so as to control centre is automatic add the electricity auxiliary in room Hot opening of device, for room provides heat；When the heat of electricity auxiliary heating equipment supply makes indoor temperature higher than design temperature During the upper limit, be transmitted to corresponding information in electric power storage room 3 by the temperature inductor of heating room, closes electricity auxiliary heating equipment, such as This back and forth runs, and interior is remained comfort temperature while effectively save electric energy.Rely solely on energy saving building house certainly The electric energy that the photovoltaic battery panel that body is installed is produced is powered for energy saving building house, and solar energy effectively is carried out into recycling.
1) solar photovoltaic generation system design
The solar photovoltaic generation system of countryside energy saving building house is by solar cell photovoltaic square formation, solar energy charge and discharge Electric controller, batteries, off-network type inverter, DC load and AC load etc. are constituted.Solar cell photovoltaic square formation exists Electric energy is converted the solar into the case of having illumination, by solar charging discharging controller powering load, while giving electric power storage Pond group charges；In no light, powered to DC load by batteries by solar charging discharging controller, while battery Also to be powered directly to separate inverter unit, alternating current is reverse into by separate inverter unit, powered to AC load.In rural area section Can build in Residential Energy Efficiency Design for the strict Land_use change for adhering to energy-conservation thought and idea, improving rural area monomer horse Rate, solar photovoltaic cell panel is arranged on the flat roof of countryside energy saving building house, its mounting support structure schematic diagram ginseng Figure 10-1, Figure 10-2 are read, two pairs of fixed supports 24 and telescope support 25 are vertically fixedly mounted on flat roof, two are stretched The upper end of support 25 connects the lower end of solar panel 26 using hinges 27, has vertically fixedly mounted motor 29 and T Type screw transmission 28, upper end and the upper end of solar panel 26 of T-shaped screw transmission 28 are hinged, and connect circuit connection Guarantee of power mechanism normally runs.
2) determination of solar photovoltaic cell panel area
With 1kW power outputs, daily using as a example by 6 hours, calculating process is as follows：
(1) the watt-hour number (including loss of inverter) of daily consumption should be calculated first：The conversion effect of usual inverter Rate is 90% (the high-power photovoltaic inverter highest conversion ratio that domestic enterprise develops is up to 98.8%), then when power output is P1 During=1kW, then it is actually needed power output and should be P2=1kW ÷ 90%=1.11kW；If being used 6 hours by daily, power consumption It is W to measure1=1.11kW × 6 hour=6.66kWh.
The maximum depth of discharge of battery is preferably kept within 70%, so input should be：W2=W1/ 0.7= 6.66kwh ÷ 0.7=9.51kWh.
(2) calculating of solar-electricity tankage and the factor such as geographical position, solar radiation, climate of locality are relevant.First Local annual sunshine time H (h) under calculating standard irradiance：
0.1W/cm in formula2It it is 25 DEG C, the irradiation level of AM1.5 light time spectrums is also the standard test condition of solar cell.
All kinds of regional solar energy year amount of radiation of the China of table 2, formula is substituted into by year total radiation, can obtain each department standard spoke Local annual sunshine time H (h) under illumination, is to calculate for H hours by the daily effective sunshine time as a result such as table 1, is considered further that Loss in charge efficiency and charging process, in charging process, the actually used power of solar panel is 70%.
The power output of solar panel should be P3=9.51kWh/H ÷ 70%=13.585/H (W)
Solar energy peak power WP is at the standard conditions：Radiation intensity 1000W/m2, air quality AM1.5, battery temperature Under the conditions of 25 DEG C of degree, the power output of solar cell.The rated output power of solar cell is relevant with conversion efficiency, the sun The current conversion efficiency of energy battery is general between 14%-17%, and every square metre of solar cell module power output is about 140WP-170WP。
(3) area Power x area=power
Common photovoltaic solar cell plate uses monocrystalline silicon and polysilicon material, at present, due to monocrystalline silicon battery Component is typically packaged using safety glass and waterproof resin, sturdy and durable.Therefore we are using mono-crystalline silicon solar electricity Pond component, its photoelectric transformation efficiency is 15%, it is assumed that now the general power of sunshine is 1000W/m2；
The power of solar cell panel assembly is P3=13.585/H (kW)
Solar panel area power P0=1000W/m2× 15%=150W/m2
Then solar cell plate suqare S=P3/P0=(13585/H) ÷ 150=90.57/H (m2)
The different above formulas that substitute into according to various regions daily effective sunshine time H can calculate the use of various regions solar panel Area, specific data are shown in Table 2
3) tracking control system design
Disc type biaxial tracker is used in countryside energy saving building Residence Design method, is to receive solar radiation energy at present One of most tracker, belongs to Two dimensional control, and the parameter for controlling is elevation angle and azimuth.The sun is promoted by link gear Energy battery pack does elevating movement, tracks the height of the sun, and angle adjustment scope is 0~90 °.The positive north is azimuth motor, is led to The orientation that the whole plate of gear driven rotates the tracking sun from east orientation west is crossed, angle adjustment scope is -110 °~120 °.Tracker During work, tracker travelling mechanism drives tracking system to enter horizontal deflection according to solar azimuth moving law, drives tracking system Trunnion axis carry out elevating movement according to sun altitude moving law, make solar components track the sun Azimuth And Elevation, Ensure on sunray vertical irradiation solar photovoltaic cell panel.Two kinds of track sides are tracked using sensor tracking and self-timing Formula, tracker is placed on twin shaft rotating disk, is connected by wire with twin shaft rotating disk, and twin shaft rotating disk passes through wire and indoor power supply phase Connection.Tracker carries out real time rotation tracking according to the change in altitude of the sun and orientation, makes the sunshine being collected at most, makes to obtain Obtain solar energy utilization ratio maximum.Two kinds of tracking modes be all by tracker inside the structure such as inductor, chip sensed And transmission information, it is operated by connecting indoor power supply.
(1) sensor tracking
Refering to Figure 11, when fine day is cloudless and during big Intensity of the sunlight, is originated using inductor sensing sunray, so that The vertical sunray rotation all the time of control photovoltaic battery panel.Photo resistance is the photoelectric device being made based on inner photoeffect, light Quick diode and phototriode are then the photoelectric devices that the photovoltaic effect based on semi-conducting material is made.Phototriode Remolding sensitivity photodiode is high, and phototriode inherently has enlarging function, therefore in the weaker ring of illumination Can also normal work under border.What is selected in countryside energy saving building Residence Design method is phototriode as tracks of device Optical signal sensor.This control system uses high performance C8051F020 single-chip microcomputers, and the C8051F020 single-chip microcomputers are complete Integrated mixed-signal system level MCU chip, its cross bar switch mode realizes the flexible configuration of I/O.The 8 of real 12 100kbps Passage ADC, the need for signal acquisition being met.Band PGA and analog multichannel switch, 64k bytes can in-system programming FLASH Memory, the ram in slice of 4352 bytes carries JTAG debugging circuit, can meet completely for being done on civilian sun tracker Master control chip.
(2) self-timing tracking
Timing tracking mode is used when Intensity of the sunlight is weaker.Timing tracking is with rotation per hour using the earth 15 ° of rule.Single-chip microcomputer carries out an azimuth adjustment per 10min Driving Stepping Motors to solar collector, drives every time The time-consuming 1s of adjustment.In a dormant state, the time point for rising sunset according to the sun throughout the year is different for remaining time single-chip microcomputer, The beginning and ending time of timing tracking is adjusted respectively per the first quarter, so that motor driving solar collector carries out angle tune It is whole.Because within one day, the change of sun altitude can be ignored substantially, therefore an azimuthal is adjusted during the cloudy day.
(3) when cloudy weather is run into, the tracking of light source inductor can not then work well；There is accumulation again in timing tracking Error, and itself can not eliminate.Effectively to overcome two kinds of shortcomings of tracking mode, two kinds of tracking modes are effectively combined. During fine day, tracked using sensor；When cloudy, the maximization that cannot get sunshine using sensor tracking is collected, using timing Tracking.So when the sun is reappeared, then sensor tracking is switched to again, you can be optimally controlled effect.Processor Read clock chip information, when at dusk (16:When 00-18: 30) when tracks of device is resetted, refering to Figure 12.
8. sewage disposal system design
Sewage disposal system design uses three lattice buried septic pond processing systems, and this sewage disposal system is by connected three Individual pond composition, it is middle to be connected by entering soil pipe.Excrement and parasitic ovum proportion are crossed more than generally mixing with liquid using anaerobic fermentation, middle level Proportion and be easy to the principle of precipitation, excrement is decomposed in pond by the fermentation of more than 30d, and middle level liquid manure flow to 3 by 1 pond successively Pond, with the purpose for reaching precipitation or killing parasitic ovum and pathogenic entero becteria in excrement, the 3rd pond liquid manure turns into fertilizer.Three Lattice buried septic pond not only has the effect for killing parasitic ovum and pathogenic entero becteria, during the fermentation to the drop of organic matter Solution effect is more better than general septic tank.
Embodiment
The step of the Northwest's countryside energy saving Residence Design, is as follows：
1. Preliminary design passive type is built
1) determine that passive type builds integral layout
(1) local traditional residence layout characteristics and new inhabitation function demand, this energy saving building Residence Design method are combined Take semi open type horizontal layout, this energy saving building house outside Courtyard Space morphotype institute's formula, south orientation courtyard before and after Mostly life garden, north orientation courtyard is odd job and raising farm.
(2) in order to reduce the Shape Coefficient of building, heat dissipation capacity is reduced, countryside energy saving building house uses close-coupled rectangle Layout.
(3) to ensure in whole Heating Period, sunspace in the south can have the sunshine of abundance, and summer avoids excessive day Shine, and combine local building orientation, most the direction of whole passive type building is defined as towards 15 ° of south by east at last.
2) shape coefficient of building is adjusted
(1) Shape Coefficient refers to the ratio between volume that the external surface area of building and outer surface are wrapped, and is to characterize building size Parameter.Building size be influence building energy consumption key factor, therefore select suitable Shape Coefficient it is critical that.For Influence of the quantitative analysis Shape Coefficient to building energy consumption, designs a benchmark building areal model, and no concave-convex degree changes, as Possesses the building of most preferable Shape Coefficient, its Shape Coefficient is 0.33.
(2) change of Shape Coefficient can cause building energy consumption to change, and building energy consumption is the operation energy consumption of building, is exactly people Day it is conventional can, such as heating, air-conditioning, illumination, cooking, laundry energy consumption, it is the leading part in building energy consumption.Built in benchmark Build on the basis of areal model, keep indoor each functional areas area and enclosed structure parameter constant, only adjusted by north-south The position of subregion, increases the concavo-convex degree of architectural plane.Analyze by inquiry, Shape Coefficient is respectively 0.35,0.38, 0.40th, 0.42,0.44 when, every energy consumption can also change therewith, such as when Shape Coefficient is when 0.35 increases to 0.44, phase Heating energy consumption is answered by 25kW 〃 h/ (m2〃 a) increase to 30kW 〃 h/ (m2〃 a), heating air conditioning total energy consumption is by 38kW 〃 h/ (m2〃 a) increase To 43kW 〃 h/ (m2〃 a), building energy consumption is by 39.30 〃 h/ (m2〃 a) increase to 44.41 〃 h/ (m2〃 a), then corresponding building energy consumption increases 5.11kW 〃 h/ (m are added2〃 a), growth ratio is 13%.For this energy saving building house, selection Shape Coefficient is 0.36, Corresponding heating energy consumption and building energy consumption are in normal consumption state, meet the theory of energy-conservation.
2. internal space design
1) horizontal layout
It is the half-open of main body that countryside energy saving building house takes modern life room (primary and secondary bedroom, parlor, kitchen etc.) The size in open form horizontal layout, parlor and bedroom and layout set with reference to the habits and customs such as central room, living room of Traditional Agricultural inhabitation residence Meter is formed.Physically in order to reduce the Shape Coefficient of building, heat dissipation capacity is more preferably reduced, it is overall using close-coupled rectangular layout Indoor life area is chosen to be 96m2(removing the floor space of sunspace and door socket).Refering to Fig. 2, electric power storage room 3 is arranged on room Portion west side within doors, storeroom 9 is arranged on the north side inside house, is close to time bedroom 8, and house inside northwest corner is empty Between be open kitchen 11.Secondary bedroom 8 is arranged on the northeast corner in house, the southern side in secondary bedroom 8 is close to toilet 7, defends Opposite side between life is provided that principal bedroom 6 (being close to attached sunspace 5), and the remaining space in house inside is open visitor The Room 10.
2) heat-insulation and heat-preservation floor is set
Floor takes heat-insulation and heat-preservation to design, and ground uses rammed earth first, and one layer of malthoid of paving is used for protection against the tide；Repave 150mm thick dry slag is used to be incubated；On this basis, paving 320mm thick rubble is used for heat accumulation；Finally, according to normal method Floor is done, ground color is so reflexed to solar energy on the heat collecting and accumulating wall in house, building interior well using light color The wall in space uses dark paint, can more fully absorb solar energy, enables the secondary utilization of solar energy, reaches more Good heat insulation effect.
3) internal daylighting design
The countryside energy saving builds house by following a few place's daylightings：Pushed away by glass between parlor 10 and attached sunspace 5 Sliding door connection, sets large-area glass window on the wall between attached sunspace 5 and principal bedroom 6, parlor 10 and bedroom 6 is had well Daylighting effect；Each fan window that sets carries out direct daylighting, secondary bedroom 8 and kitchen 11 on the east wall in toilet 7 and time bedroom 8 The roof of surface sets arch skylight, kitchen 11 and time bedroom 8 is also had good daylighting.
3. alien invasion design
1) passive type attached sunspace is set
Passive type attached sunspace is set in the positive facade (south elevation) of countryside energy saving building house, positioned at additional sunlight Between heat-insulating wall (former south big-wall) between (5) and house inside be middle walls.This middle walls selects cement steel wire addition polymerization Styrene filled board separates energy saving building house main body and attached sunspace, wherein polystyrene sandwich board thickness 170mm, middle Wall does thickness for 100mm heat-insulation layers again near attached sunspace interior side.Attached sunspace other parts all use glass wall Build, the glass wall top and bottom selection rational position of middle walls opposite attached sunspace installs air vent, enables summer Reach more preferable result of ventilating heat dissipation.The glass wall of attached sunspace uses a kind of Low-e plated films, and this Low-e plated film is one The thin oxidation silver coating of layer and AR coatings are plated in glass surface through vacuum deposition method, reduce radiation loss, increase solar energy and are benefited.It is attached Plus 600mm concrete plus blockwork high, attached sunspace flooring arrangement red flooring tile storage thermal capacity are done in sunspace bottom Material high, earth material is disposed below cobble, to weaken fluctuations in indoor temperature.
Refering to Fig. 3, the absorption as much as possible on daytime of winter attached sunspace 5 simultaneously preserves solar energy, is energy saving building house More solar thermal energies, heating indoor air are supplied, while can be reduced inside energy saving building house as a buffering area again Heat loss in each room, makes the building house part adjacent with attached sunspace 5 obtain a gentle environment.Daytime works as When air themperature is more than adjacent indoor room temperature in attached sunspace 5, opens the door or the heat of attached sunspace 5 is passed through right by window Spread into adjacent inner room.Close the door and window of attached sunspace 5 in the evening, it is to avoid outdoor cold air gets in, by daytime The solar energy of preservation, reaches the effect of heat insulation warming.
Refering to Fig. 3, the heat-reflecting heat-insulating curtain that surface is light color is arranged on the inside of attached sunspace 5 whole by summer day Face middle walls.The air vent of the glass wall of attached sunspace 5 top and bottom is opened, the air in attached sunspace 5 receives sun spoke Penetrate heating to rise by top portion ventilation mouthful outflow, cold air is then flowed into by bottom vent, constantly circulation, in time by solar radiant heat Take outdoor out of, air themperature in attached sunspace 5 is not had obvious rising.Night removes Thermal insulation curtain, by wall from room Systemic heat radiation is to outdoor, while windowing, is outwards radiated in time in the way of gravity-flow ventilation.Attached sunspace top cloth Put rattan of plant posture to cornice, the trailing plant such as summer plantation bracketplant forms natural external sunshade barrier together, can effectively block the summer Ji Baitian solar radiation heats, reduce attached sunspace indoor temperature on 5 daytime.
2) design of door and window
(1) energy saving building house door and window is designed
A. refer to Fig. 5, installed on the heat-insulating wall between parlor 10 and attached sunspace 5 together with sliding door A, it is ensured that The zone of action in parlor is increased while heating.It is rational on heat-insulating wall between principal bedroom 6 and additional glass sunlight house 5 Arrangement one fans window, and the rational position in attached sunspace inner space sets a sect B and inner space is divided into two parts, is used for Airing clothes or storing.
B. Fig. 6 is referred to, one is respectively installed in the east of secondary bedroom 8 and toilet 7 and is fanned window, its window-wall ratio is less than 0.35, tool There are enough heat-insulating properties.The material of window uses the hollow Low-E glass of PA broken-bridge aluminum alloys, and uses hard roller shutter to two fan windows The external sunshade design of form.Summer energy preferably sunshading and heat-insulating, and winter has good heat-insulating property.
(2) energy saving building house skylight is designed
It is each on the flat roof of countryside energy saving building house north side time bedroom 8 and the top of kitchen 11 refering to Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 Install one and fan arch skylight, skylight uses bilayer Low-e glass materials.The effect of this skylight is exactly in order to winter can reflex to room The sub- more sunlight in the inside, and summer can reflect away more sunlight, can so make solar energy obtain fully rationally utilizing.
4. enclosed structure energy-saving design
1) insulation material selection
Using the air-entrained concrete building block commonly used and plus phenolic aldehyde heat preserving in countryside energy saving building Residence Design method.Outward The heat insulating coatings of wall are subtracted using RLHY-12 series thermostable heat-isolating coatings or composition silicate insulating moulding coating Few extra heat dissipation, abundant energy-conservation.
2) exterior wall design
East, west in this energy saving building house, north wall are referred to as exterior wall, and the construction of exterior wall is from outside to inside：Mixed mortar For 20mm, air-entrained concrete building block B07 are that 200mm, cement mortar are that 20mm, polymer mortar are that 3mm, phenolic aldehyde are 20mm, poly- Compound mortar is 3mm.
3) roof layouts
The roof structure of countryside energy saving building house is designed as：130mm thick precast rc slab, upper berth 100mm Thick cinder concrete, and in precast slab upper berth 150mm thickness dirt.Structure design so makes its thermal property than passing System roof layouts improve a lot, and roof energy saving is reduced to 1.269w/ (m.k) by traditional 2.024w/ (m 〃 k).
5. courtyard pattern is afforested
Countryside energy saving building house designed by the present invention is mostly one layer of house of only institute's formula, courtyard greening cooling in summer effect Fruit is preferably.Courtyard greening cooling is mainly green plants can be absorbed and block solar radiant heat, and green plants utilizes light cooperation With and transpiration convert solar energy into new form of energy and consume, and heat is absorbed from surrounding environment, reduce around Environment temperature.It is in each two line spaces in the position kind of house wall 5m in west and the east of countryside energy saving building house Totally 6 plants of the peach of 1.5m and osmanthus fragrans.
6 solar thermal collector Heating Designs
1) selection of solar thermal collector
Flat-plate solar heat collector is the basic element of character of solar low-temperature heat utilization, in being Solar Energy Heat Utilization System, Receive solar radiation and the non-concentrating type part of heat is transmitted to its heat-transfer working medium.Flat-plate solar heat collector mainly has heat absorption A few part compositions such as plate, transparent cover plate, thermal insulation layer and shell.Wherein absorber structure is essentially writing board shape.When it is plate too When positive energy heat collector works, after solar radiation passes through transparent cover plate, it is incident upon on absorber plate, is absorbed by absorber plate and be converted into heat Can, the heat-transfer working medium in absorber plate is then transferred heat to, raise the temperature of heat-transfer working medium, as the available energy of heat collector Amount output.Daytime, daylight was by the way that after transparent cover plate arrival heat collector, absorber plate absorbs solar radiation first, converts light energy into heat Can, heat absorption plate temperature is raised.Room air flows through absorber plate through blower fan, by fully heat exchange, interior is flowed back to after intensification, so that Room temperature is improved.
(1) absorber plate of flat-plate solar heat collector is galvanized sheet, is that the sun is absorbed in flat-plate solar heat collector Radiation energy and to heat-transfer working medium transmit heat part.The metallic sieve of air space is folded into corrugated, and angle is 90 °, too Sunlight is irradiated on this absorber plate and causes that solar heat utilization rate is maximum after the refraction and reflection of this angle.Applied on absorber plate Last layer acrylic acid is pitch-dark, and this is pitch-dark absorptivity higher to shortwave radiation, and has low emissivity to long-wave radiation, almost Sunray can all be absorbed.
(2) transparent cover plate of solar thermal collector is using double-deck HSG high-strength heat-resistant glass, can allow sun visible ray Passed through through without the infrared ray for allowing absorber plate to produce, make to obtain temperature rise higher in heat collector, its efficiency is up to 85-91%. To ensure good collecting efficiency, the distance determination of cover plate and absorber plate is in 25mm.
(3) surrounding of solar thermal collector and bottom set heat-insulation layer in terms of thermal insulation layer, and the material of heat-insulation layer uses rock Cotton plate, surrounding insulation thickness is 20mm, and bottom insulation thickness is 40mm, reduces heat collector to function of environment heat emission, improves its work effect Rate.
2) solar thermal collector area is determined
It is as shown in the table to select from《City thermal net design specification》Heating heating index recommendation qf (W/m2), number in table Value is applied to NORTHWEST CHINA area.
The heating index value table of table 1.
The heating index value table of table 1.
Before not taking conservation measures, every square metre of heating heat of house in 58W~64W, after taking conservation measures Heating heat is in 40W~45W.As can be seen that after conservation measures is taken, the heat drop needed for maintaining people's normal life It is low, effective energy-conservation can be reached.
When carrying out solar thermal collector heating calculating, heating heating index is 64 (W/m2), the Northwest's Heating Period it is average Intensity of solar radiation is 15 (w/m2H), sun heating duration is 6h.Bring data into following formula
Q0=I0·η·η0·F0·ζ
Wherein：I0-The average intensity of solar radiation of Heating Period.(w/m2·h)
η-heat collector the thermal efficiency.(general 20%-30%)
η0- heat collector effective rate of utilization.(general 80% or so)
F0- heat collector effective area.(accounting for gross collector area 55%-80%)
ζ-sun heating duration (h).
Solar heating fraction (supply rate) SHF
Efficient heats of the SHF=from the sun/institute's calorific requirement=Q0/Q
Typically take SHF=0.6-0.8
Q0=SHFQ=I0·η·η0·F0·ζ
So F0=SHFQ/I0·η·η0·ζ
So, solar thermal collector collector area：
F1=F0/0.55
=SHFQ/0.55I0·η·η0·ζ
=0.8 × 64 ÷ (0.55 × 15 × 0.2 × 0.8 × 6)
=6.47
The single-block area for selecting solar thermal collector is 1.04m2, in order to fully ensure heating, on the flat roof of the building 7 pieces of standard solar thermal collectors of upper installation.
3) setting angle of solar thermal collector is determined
(1) installation position of heat collector：The installation position of heat collector is towards due south.
(2) mounted angle of heat collector can determine as the following formula：Make heat collector annual heat it is maximum when, in β=Φ formulas：β： Thermal-arrest mounted angle Φ：The latitude on ground is installed.By the solar thermal collector that countryside energy saving building house is installed more stresses In heat supply in winter, to obtain optimal solar radiation quantity, inclination angle should about 10 ° bigger than local latitude or so.Our selected meters Calculate foundation and use Lanzhou, therefore the fixed installation angle at heat collector inclination angle should be bigger than 36 ° 10 °, as 46 °.Refering to Fig. 9, will Solar thermal collector is arranged on the top on flat roof.Sunray and solar thermal collector normal angle θ, solar thermal collector with Horizon angle of inclination beta is set by angle of inclination beta derived above.
4) mounting means of solar thermal collector
The solar thermal collector for being generally used for heating is required for being combined in itself with building, and common is using inclined roof South orientation face combines local latitude, the roofing inclination angle in reasonable selection south orientation face.The countryside energy saving builds the solar thermal collector of house It is arranged on flat roof using support, setting angle is best suitable for by what the linkage of support determined heat collector.The sun is installed Energy heat collector, to Fig. 9-4, finds sun light direct beam direction refering to Fig. 9-1 on flat roof, on clear and definite solar thermal collector and ground In the case of horizontal line inclination angle, adjustment sunray ajusts solar thermal collector with heat collector normal angle θ, and installation is fixed.Make The air inlet for obtaining heat collector is connected to the top of Heating Room, and air outlet is realized then in the bottom of Heating Room by blower fan Room air self-loopa is heated.
7. generation system designs
Energy saving building residential electric power derives from photovoltaic generating system, and photovoltaic cell group is arranged on the flat of energy saving building house On roof.Specially it is furnished with an electric power storage room 3 in the interior of energy saving building house, the electricity of the batteries savings of the inside will be for whole The all daily electricity consumption of energy saving building house.And for night in winter, when lower limit of the indoor temperature less than design temperature, adopt Information is just transmitted to electric power storage room 3 by the temperature inductor between greenhouse, so that the electricity auxiliary heating equipment in room is automatically opened in electric power storage room 3 Open, for room provides heat；When it is higher than the upper limit of design temperature that the heat of electricity auxiliary heating equipment supply makes indoor temperature, adopt Corresponding information is transmitted to electric power storage room 3 by the temperature inductor between greenhouse, closes electricity auxiliary heating equipment, is run so forth, Interior is set to remain comfort temperature while effectively save electric energy.Rely solely on the photovoltaic of energy saving building house itself installation The electric energy that cell panel is produced is powered for energy saving building house, and solar energy effectively is carried out into recycling.
1) solar photovoltaic generation system design
The solar photovoltaic generation system of countryside energy saving building house is by solar cell photovoltaic square formation, solar energy charge and discharge Electric controller, batteries, off-network type inverter, DC load and AC load etc. are constituted.Photovoltaic arrays are having the feelings of illumination Electric energy is converted the solar under condition, by solar charging discharging controller powering load, while giving battery charging； During no light, powered to DC load by batteries by solar charging discharging controller, while battery will also be directly to Separate inverter unit is powered, and alternating current is reverse into by separate inverter unit, is powered to AC load.House is built in the countryside energy saving For the strict land utilization ratio for adhering to energy-conservation thought and idea, improving rural area monomer horse in method for designing, by solar energy Volt cell panel is arranged on the flat roof of energy saving building house, and its mounting support structure schematic diagram refers to Figure 10-1, Figure 10-2, will Two pairs of fixed supports 24 are vertically fixedly mounted on flat roof with telescope support 25, and two upper ends of telescope support 25 are using work Dynamic hinge 27 connects the lower end of solar panel 26, has vertically fixedly mounted motor 29 and T-shaped screw transmission 28, T-shaped The upper end of screw transmission 28 is hinged with the upper end of solar panel 26, connect circuit switch on power guarantee mechanism normally transport OK.
2) determination of solar photovoltaic cell panel area
With 1kW power outputs, daily using as a example by 6 hours, calculating process is as follows：
(1) the watt-hour number (including loss of inverter) of daily consumption should be calculated first：The conversion effect of usual inverter Rate is 90% (the high-power photovoltaic inverter highest conversion ratio that domestic enterprise develops is up to 98.8%), then when power output is P1 During=1kW, then it is actually needed power output and should be P2=1kW ÷ 90%=1.11kW；If being used 6 hours by daily, power consumption It is W to measure1=1.11kW × 6 hour=6.66kWh.
The maximum depth of discharge of battery is preferably kept within 70%, so input should be：
W2=W1/ 0.7=6.66kwh ÷ 0.7=9.51kWh.
(2) calculating of solar-electricity tankage and the factor such as geographical position, solar radiation, climate of locality are relevant.First Local annual sunshine time H (h) under calculating standard irradiance：
0.1W/cm in formula2It is 25 DEG C, the irradiation level of AM1.5 light time spectrums, is also the standard test condition of solar cell.
Year total radiation is substituted into formula by all kinds of regional solar energy year amount of radiation of the China of table 2, can obtain each department standard spoke Local annual sunshine time H (h) under illumination, it is to calculate for H hours as a result to press the daily effective sunshine time such as table 1, is considered further that Loss in charge efficiency and charging process, in charging process, the actually used power of solar panel is 70%.
The power output of solar panel should be P3=9.51kWh/H ÷ 70%=13.585/H (W)
(3) area Power x area=power
We use monocrystaline silicon solar cell component, and its photoelectric transformation efficiency is 15%., it is assumed that now sunshine is total Power is 1000W/m2；
The power of solar cell panel assembly is P3=13.585/H (kW)
Solar panel area power P0=1000W/m2× 15%=150W/m2
Then solar cell plate suqare S=P3/P0=(13585/H) ÷ 150=90.57/H (m2)
It is West Part of Gansu Lanzhou that house designed by this is located at, with reference to year local under the Plays irradiation level of table 2 Average sunshine time, selection H (h) is equal to 8.5, then solar cell plate suqare S=P3/P0=(13585/H) ÷ 150=13858 The ÷ 150=10.5m2 of ÷ 8.5
In order to ensure to allow the mistake surplus of power supply can meet the startup of the electrical heating auxiliary equipment in night in winter room, intend flat Roof top erection space is 20m2Photovoltaic battery array, be used to provide all power consumptions that the countryside energy saving builds house.
Table 2
3) tracking control system design
Countryside energy saving building house uses disc type biaxial tracker, is to receive the most tracking of solar radiation energy at present One of device, belongs to Two dimensional control, and the parameter for controlling is elevation angle and azimuth.Solar battery group is promoted to do by link gear Elevating movement, tracks the height of the sun, and angle adjustment scope is 0~90 °.The positive north is azimuth motor, by gear driven Whole plate rotates the orientation of the tracking sun from east orientation west, and angle adjustment scope is -110 °~120 °.When tracker works, with Track mechanism drives tracking system vertical axis to enter horizontal deflection according to solar azimuth moving law, drive the trunnion axis of tracking system according to Elevating movement is carried out according to sun altitude moving law, solar components is tracked the Azimuth And Elevation of the sun, it is ensured that sunshine On line vertical irradiation cell panel.Two kinds of tracking modes are tracked using sensor tracking and self-timing, tracker is placed on twin shaft On rotating disk, it is connected by wire with twin shaft rotating disk, twin shaft rotating disk is connected by wire with indoor power supply.Tracker is according to the sun The change of height and orientation carries out real time rotation tracking, makes the sunshine being collected at most, makes acquisition solar energy utilization ratio maximum. Two kinds of tracking modes be all by tracker inside the structure such as inductor, chip sensed and transmission information, by connecting Indoor power supply is operated.
(1) sensor tracking
Refering to Figure 11, when fine day is cloudless and during big Intensity of the sunlight, is originated using inductor sensing sunray, so that The vertical sunray rotation all the time of control photovoltaic battery panel.Photo resistance is the photoelectric device being made based on inner photoeffect, light Quick diode and phototriode are then the photoelectric devices that the photovoltaic effect based on semi-conducting material is made.Phototriode Remolding sensitivity photodiode is high, and phototriode inherently has enlarging function, therefore in the weaker ring of illumination Can also normal work under border.What is selected in this energy saving building Residence Design method is light of the phototriode as tracks of device Signal transducer.This control system uses high performance C8051F020 single-chip microcomputers, the C8051F020 single-chip microcomputers to be completely integrated Mixed-signal system level MCU chip, its cross bar switch mode realizes the flexible configuration of I/O.8 passages of real 12 100kbps ADC, the need for signal acquisition being met.Band PGA and analog multichannel switch, 64k bytes can in-system programming FLASH storage Device, the ram in slice of 4352 bytes carries JTAG debugging circuit, can meet completely for doing master control on civilian sun tracker Coremaking piece.
(2) self-timing tracking
Timing tracking mode is used when Intensity of the sunlight is weaker.Timing tracking is with rotation per hour using the earth 15 ° of rule.Single-chip microcomputer carries out an azimuth adjustment per 10min Driving Stepping Motors to solar collector, drives every time The time-consuming 1s of adjustment.In a dormant state, the time point for rising sunset according to the sun throughout the year is different for remaining time single-chip microcomputer, The beginning and ending time of timing tracking is adjusted respectively per the first quarter, so that motor driving solar collector carries out angle tune It is whole.Because within one day, the change of sun altitude can be ignored substantially, therefore an azimuthal is adjusted during the cloudy day.
(3) when cloudy weather is run into, the tracking of light source inductor can not then work well, and timing tracking has accumulation again Error, and itself can not eliminate.Effectively to overcome two kinds of shortcomings of tracking mode, two kinds of tracking modes are effectively combined. During fine day, tracked using sensor；When cloudy, the maximization that cannot get sunshine using sensor tracking is collected, using timing Tracking.So when the sun is reappeared, then sensor tracking is switched to again, you can be optimally controlled effect.Processor Clock chip information is read, tracks of device is resetted when to (18: 30) at dusk, refering to Figure 12.
8. sewage disposal system design
Sewage disposal system design uses three lattice buried septic pond processing methods, and this sewage disposal system is by connected three Individual pond composition, it is middle to be connected by entering soil pipe.Excrement and parasitic ovum proportion are crossed more than generally mixing with liquid using anaerobic fermentation, middle level Proportion and be easy to the principle of precipitation, excrement is decomposed in pond by the fermentation of more than 30d, and middle level liquid manure flow to 3 by 1 pond successively Pond, with the purpose for reaching precipitation or killing parasitic ovum and pathogenic entero becteria in excrement, the 3rd pond liquid manure turns into fertilizer.Three Lattice buried septic pond not only has the effect for killing parasitic ovum and pathogenic entero becteria, during the fermentation to the drop of organic matter Solution effect is more better than general septic tank.
Summarize：
Countryside energy saving building Residence Design method is abundant suitable for solar energy resources and winter needs to carry out the west of heating Northern rural area.It is used for the aspects such as heating, the electricity consumption of grange with reference to different Solar use modes, the agriculture can be caused Energy saving building house in village's has good heat insulation effect in the winter time, and summer has good result of ventilating heat dissipation.By to the sun The improvement of the energy equipment such as heat collector and solar panel, realizes the personal maximization of solar energy.Simultaneously once mounting using just The unpowered anaerobism mode of energy long-term use processes sanitary sewage, reduces grange in heating, electricity consumption and sewage discharge side The environmental pollution that face is caused, with good energy-conservation and environment protecting and certain application value.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of the Northwest's countryside energy saving builds Residence Design method, it is characterised in that described the Northwest's countryside energy saving The step of building Residence Design method, is as follows：
1) Preliminary design passive type building；
2) internal space design；
3) alien invasion design；
4) enclosed structure energy-saving design；
5) courtyard pattern is afforested；
6) solar thermal collector design of heating system；
7) generation system designs；
8) sewage disposal system design.
2. according to the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that described is first Step design passive type is built and refers to：
1) determine that passive type builds integral layout
(1) local traditional residence layout characteristics and new inhabitation function demand are combined, countryside energy saving building Residence Design method is adopted Take semi open type horizontal layout, countryside energy saving building house outside Courtyard Space morphotype institute's formula, south orientation courtyard before and after Mostly life garden, north orientation courtyard is odd job and raising farm；
(2) in order to reduce the Shape Coefficient of building, heat dissipation capacity is reduced, countryside energy saving building Residence Design method uses close-coupled square Shape is laid out；
(3) to ensure in whole Heating Period, attached sunspace (5) in the south can have abundance sunshine, and summer avoid it is excessive Exposure to Sunlight, with reference to local building orientation, the direction of whole building is defined as towards 15 ° of south by east；
2) shape coefficient of building is adjusted
(1) influence for quantitative analysis Shape Coefficient to building energy consumption, designs a benchmark building areal model, no concave-convex degree Change, used as the building for possessing most preferable Shape Coefficient, its Shape Coefficient is 0.33；
(2) change of Shape Coefficient can cause building energy consumption to change, and on the basis of benchmark building areal model, keep indoor Each functional areas area and enclosed structure parameter constant, only by the subregional position of north-south adjustment portion, making architectural plane recessed Convex degree is increased, and its Shape Coefficient is respectively 0.35,0.38,0.40,0.42,0.44；Its result is as follows：Heating energy consumption by 25kW·h/m2A increases to 30kWh/m2A, heating air conditioning total energy consumption is from 38kWh/m2A increases to 43kWh/ m2A, building energy consumption is by 39.30h/m2A increases to 44.41h/m2A, house, its body are built for the countryside energy saving Shape coefficient is 0.36, and corresponding heating energy consumption and building energy consumption are all in normal consumption state.
3. according to the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that described is interior Portion's spatial design refers to：
1) horizontal layout
Electric power storage room (3) are arranged on the west side inside house, storeroom (9) is arranged on the north side inside house, room Portion northwest corner space is set to open kitchen (11) within doors, and secondary bedroom (8) are arranged on the northeast corner in house, and its southern side is tight What is leaned on is toilet (7), and the southern side of toilet (7) is principal bedroom (6), and the remaining space in house inside is open parlor (10)；Main relaxing area is separated, according to requiring to carry out the heating of regional auxiliary thermal source, is effectively completely cut off public domain The noise of generation；
2) heat-insulation and heat-preservation floor is set
Floor takes heat-insulation and heat-preservation to design, and ground uses rammed earth first, and one layer of malthoid of paving is used for protection against the tide；Repave 150mm thick Dry slag be used for be incubated；On this basis, paving 320mm thick rubble is used for heat accumulation；Finally, floor is done according to normal method, Floor color uses dark paint using light color, the wall of interior construction spacing；
3) internal daylighting design
The countryside energy saving builds house by following a few place's daylightings：By glass sliding door between parlor (10) and sunspace (5), Large-area glass window is set on the wall between attached sunspace (5) and principal bedroom (6)；Toilet (7) and the east in time bedroom (8) Each on wall to set a fan window, the roof directly over secondary bedroom (8) and kitchen (11) sets arch skylight.
4. according to the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that described is outer Vertical design refers to：
1) passive type attached sunspace is set
It is that south elevation sets passive type attached sunspace positive facade is built, is built positioned at attached sunspace (5) and countryside energy saving Heat-insulating wall between house main body is middle walls, from cement steel wire plus polystyrene filled board by middle walls with it is attached Plus sunspace (5) separates, wherein polystyrene sandwich board thickness 170mm, middle walls are done again near attached sunspace (5) interior side Thickness is 100mm heat-insulation layers；
The other parts of attached sunspace (5) are built using glass, the glass coping on middle walls opposite attached sunspace (5) Ventilating opening is installed with bottom；The glass wall of attached sunspace (5) uses a kind of Low-e plated films；
Do 600mm concrete plus blockwork high, the arrangement storage of attached sunspace (5) flooring in attached sunspace (5) bottom Thermal capacity red flooring tile high, red flooring tile is disposed below cobble, to weaken fluctuations in indoor temperature；
Be arranged on the heat-reflecting heat-insulating curtain that surface is light color in the internal whole face middle walls of attached sunspace (5) by summer day, Night removes Thermal insulation curtain；
Attached sunspace (5) top layout rattan of plant posture is corniced, the trailing plant such as summer plantation bracketplant, forms natural outer together Sunshade barrier；
2) design of door and window
(1) design countryside energy saving builds the door and window of house
A. sliding door (A) together with being installed on the heat-insulating wall between parlor (10) and attached sunspace (5), in principal bedroom (6) on the heat-insulating wall and between glass sunlight house (5) arrangement one fan window, between principal bedroom (6) and additional glass sunlight house (5) every Rational arrangement one fans window on hot insulated wall, and a sect (B) is set inside attached sunspace (5), and inner space is divided into two Part is used for airing clothes or storing；
B. the east in secondary bedroom (8) and toilet (7) is respectively installed one and fans window, and its window-wall ratio is less than 0.35, the material of window Using the hollow Low-E glass of PA broken-bridge aluminum alloys, and two fan windows are designed using the external sunshade of hard roller shutter form；
(2) design countryside energy saving building house skylight
It is each on flat roof above the secondary bedroom (8) and kitchen (11) of countryside energy saving building house that a fan arch day is installed Window, skylight uses bilayer Low-e glass materials.
5. according to the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that described dimension Protection structure energy-saving design refers to：
1) insulation material selection
Using the air-entrained concrete building block commonly used and plus phenolic aldehyde heat preserving, exterior wall in countryside energy saving building Residence Design method Heat insulating coatings using RLHY-12 series thermostable heat-isolating coatings or composition silicate insulating moulding coating；
2) exterior wall design
East, west in this countryside energy saving building house, north wall are referred to as exterior wall, and the construction of exterior wall is from outside to inside：Mixed mortar For 20mm, air-entrained concrete building block B07 are that 200mm, cement mortar are that 20mm, polymer mortar are that 3mm, phenolic aldehyde are 20mm, poly- Compound mortar is 3mm；
3) roof layouts
The roof structure of countryside energy saving building house is designed as：130mm thick precast rc slab, upper berth 100mm thickness Cinder concrete, and the thick dirt of 150mm is spread on cinder concrete, roof energy saving is by traditional 2.024w/ Mk is reduced to 1.269w/m.k.
6. according to the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that described is green Changing courtyard pattern refers to：
Described countryside energy saving building house is mostly one layer of house of only institute's formula, and courtyard greening cooling in summer effect is preferable, garden Green cooling is mainly green plants can be absorbed and block solar radiant heat, and green plants utilizes photosynthesis and transpiration Convert solar energy into new form of energy and consume, and heat is absorbed from surrounding environment, reduce ambient temperature；
The west of countryside energy saving building house and in the east each two line spaces in the position kind of house wall 5-10m be 1~ The fruit tree of 1.5m.
7. according to the Northwest countryside energy saving building Residence Design method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that it is described too It is positive can heat collector design of heating system refer to：
1) selection of solar thermal collector
(1) in order to ensure good collecting efficiency, the distance of cover plate and absorber plate is 25mm~30mm；
(2) surrounding of solar thermal collector and bottom set heat-insulation layer in terms of thermal insulation layer, and the material of heat-insulation layer uses rock cotton board, Surrounding insulation thickness is 20mm, and bottom insulation thickness is 40mm；
2) solar thermal collector area is determined
(1) when carrying out solar thermal collector heating calculating, it is 58 (W/m that house does not take heating heating index during conservation measures2), The average intensity of solar radiation of the Northwest's Heating Period is 15 (w/m2H), sun heating duration is 6h, and data are brought into down Formula：
Q0=I0·η·η0·F0·ζ
Wherein：I0-The average intensity of solar radiation of Heating Period, unit is w/m2·h；
η-heat collector the thermal efficiency, typically takes 20%-30%；
η0- heat collector effective rate of utilization, typically takes 80% or so；
F0-Heat collector effective area, duty gas gross collector area 65%-80%；
ζ-sun heating duration, unit is h；
(2) solar heating fraction SHF is calculated
Efficient heats of the SHF=from the sun/institute's calorific requirement=Q0/Q
Typically take SHF=0.6-0.8
Q0=SHFQ=I0·η·η0·F0·ζ
So F0=SHFQ/I0·η·η0·ζ
So solar thermal collector area F1：
F1=F0/0.65-0.80
=SHFQ/ (0.65-0.80) I0·η·η0·ζ；
3) setting angle of solar thermal collector is determined
(1) installation position of heat collector：
The installation position of heat collector can reach towards due south and maximally utilize, and such as be restricted by building condition, also may be selected inclined The southeast or inclined southwestward；
(2) mounted angle of heat collector can determine as the following formula：
Make heat collector annual heat it is maximum when, β=Φ；In formula：β heat collector mounted angles, Φ install the latitude on ground；When too It is positive can heat collector stress when using summer, its setting angle subtracts 10 ° equal to local latitude；When solar thermal collector stressed in the winter When season uses, its setting angle adds 10 ° equal to local latitude；
4) mounting means of solar thermal collector
The solar thermal collector of countryside energy saving building is arranged on flat roof using support, is determined by the linkage of support The setting angle being best suitable for of heat collector, finds sun light direct beam direction on flat roof, on clear and definite solar thermal collector and ground In the case of horizontal line inclination angle, adjustment sunray ajusts solar thermal collector with heat collector normal angle θ, and installation is fixed, and is made The air inlet for obtaining heat collector is connected to the top of Heating Room, and air outlet is realized then in the bottom of Heating Room using blower fan Room air self-loopa is heated.
8. according to the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that described hair Electric system is designed：
1) solar photovoltaic generation system design；
2) determination of solar photovoltaic cell panel area；
3) tracking control system design；
(1) sensor tracking
When fine day is cloudless and during big Intensity of the sunlight, is originated using inductor sensing sunray, so as to control photovoltaic cell Plate vertical sunray rotation all the time；
(2) self-timing tracking
Timing tracking mode is used when Intensity of the sunlight is weaker, timing tracking is using the earth with 15 ° of rotation per hour Rule.Single-chip microcomputer carries out an azimuth adjustment per 10min Driving Stepping Motors to solar collector, and adjustment consumption is driven every time When 1s；
(3) when cloudy weather is run into, the tracking of light source inductor can not then work well；Timing tracking has accumulation again to be missed Difference, and itself can not eliminate.Effectively to overcome two kinds of shortcomings of tracking mode, two kinds of tracking modes are effectively combined, it is fine It when, using sensor track；When cloudy, using sensor tracking cannot get sunshine maximization collect, using timing with Track.
9. according to the Northwest countryside energy saving building Residence Design method described in claim 8, it is characterised in that it is described too It is positive can the determination of photovoltaic cell plate suqare refer to：
With 1kW power outputs, daily using as a example by 6 hours, calculating process is as follows：
(1) the watt-hour number of daily consumption should be calculated first, including the loss of inverter：The conversion efficiency of usual inverter It is 90%, then when power output is P1During=1kW, then it is actually needed power output and should be P2=1kW ÷ 90%=1.11kW；If By using daily 6 hours, then power consumption is W1=1.11kW × 6 hour=6.66kWh；
The maximum depth of discharge of battery is preferably kept within 70%, so input should be：W2=W1/ 0.7=6.66kwh ÷ 0.7=9.51kWh；
(2) calculating of solar-electricity tankage is relevant with local geographical position, solar radiation, climatic factor, and mark is calculated first Local annual sunshine time H (h) under quasi- irradiation level：
0.1W/cm in formula2It it is 25 DEG C, the irradiation level of AM1.5 light time spectrums is also the standard test condition of solar cell；
According to all kinds of regional solar energy year amount of radiation of China, year total radiation is substituted into formula, can obtain each department standard irradiation Lower local annual sunshine time H (h) of degree, is to calculate for H hour by the daily effective sunshine time, consider further that charge efficiency with Loss in charging process, in charging process, the actually used power of solar panel is 70%；
The power output of solar panel should be P3=9.51kWh/H ÷ 70%=13.585/H (W)；
Solar energy peak power WP is at the standard conditions：Radiation intensity 1000W/m2, air quality AM1.5,25 DEG C of battery temperature Under the conditions of, the power output of solar cell；The rated output power of solar cell is relevant with conversion efficiency, solar cell Current conversion efficiency is general between 14%-17%, every square metre of solar cell module power output about 140WP- 170WP；
(3) area Power x area=power
Common photovoltaic solar cell plate uses monocrystalline silicon and polysilicon material, at present, due to monocrystalline silicon battery component It is general to be packaged using safety glass and waterproof resin, it is sturdy and durable, therefore we use monocrystaline silicon solar cell group Part, its photoelectric transformation efficiency is 15%, it is assumed that now the general power of sunshine is 1000W/m2；
The power of solar cell panel assembly is P3=13.585/HkW；
Solar panel area power P0=1000W/m2× 15%=150W/m2；
Then solar cell plate suqare S=P3/P0=(13585/H) ÷ 150=90.57/H m2；
The different above formulas that substitute into according to various regions daily effective sunshine time H can calculate the use face of various regions solar panel Product.
10. according to the Northwest's countryside energy saving building Residence Design method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that described Sewage disposal system is designed：
Sewage disposal system uses three lattice buried septic pond processing systems, and this sewage disposal system is by three connected pond groups Into centre is connected by entering soil pipe；
The principle that excrement and parasitic ovum proportion are easy to precipitation more than liquor ratio weight is generally mixed with, excrement are crossed using anaerobic fermentation, middle level Just the fermentation by more than 30d in pond is decomposed, and middle level liquid manure flow to 3 ponds by 1 pond successively, in reaching precipitation or killing excrement Parasitic ovum and the purpose of pathogenic entero becteria, the 3rd pond liquid manure turn into fertilizer.
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