CN106857113A - A kind of method for shortening watermelon period of crop-rotation prevention and control watermelon blight - Google Patents
A kind of method for shortening watermelon period of crop-rotation prevention and control watermelon blight Download PDFInfo
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- CN106857113A CN106857113A CN201611172291.8A CN201611172291A CN106857113A CN 106857113 A CN106857113 A CN 106857113A CN 201611172291 A CN201611172291 A CN 201611172291A CN 106857113 A CN106857113 A CN 106857113A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
- A61L2/23—Solid substances, e.g. granules, powders, blocks, tablets
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Abstract
The present invention relates to crops soil-borne disease prevention and control field, particularly a kind of method for shortening watermelon period of crop-rotation prevention and control watermelon blight：After i.e. stubble watermelon is harvested in the spring, plant residue is cleared up, fertilising rotary tillage soil, is spread fertilizer over the fields dazomet, rotary tillage soil, watered；It is then covered by plastic sheeting to be kept for 10 15 days, then takes off film drying, completes soil disinfection；In autumn, root system is planted in soil after sterilization can secrete excitant, the Liliaceae crop with Fungicidal substance；Watermelon is planted again, that is, complete one and take turns the watermelon period of crop-rotation；The present invention is carried out disinfection treatment in summer high temperature season using dazomet to the soil that spring stubble planted watermelon, at utmost kill withered germ of water-melon in soil, there is the Liliaceae crop of killing action by autumn stubble plantation to withered germ of water-melon again, further reduce pathogen quantity, the planting vegetable crop of greenhouse autumn continuation simultaneously, increase income, whole preventing control method process is simple, easily operated, meets agricultural production actual demand.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to crops soil-borne disease prevention and control field, particularly a kind of shortening watermelon period of crop-rotation prevention and control watermelon is withered
The method of disease of withering.
Background technology
Watermelon is a kind of fruit of Deep popular, and the annual growth of watermelon area of China is average at 17,000,000 mu, occupies generation
Boundary is the first.Constantly expand with cultivated area with continuous cropping continuous cropping, the generation of watermelon blight is also more and more universal and serious,
As one of destructive silborne fungal diseases in world wide.The pathogen of the disease is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum
（Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. niveum FON）, pathogen is with mycelia, conidium, chlamydospore and sclerotium etc.
Diversified forms can survive the winter in the fertilizer not become thoroughly decomposed, invalid strain, seed and soil, can also be survived in the case where host is left
5-6, small part germ even can be with Survival for 10 Years more than, be typically distributed across in 0-25cm soil layers, be first invading for coming year morbidity
Dye source, it has also become cause watermelon blight generally to occur, prevention and control difficulty is big and the principal element of the underproduction.
Paddy rice-watermelon crop rotation is one of method of effective prevention and control watermelon blight, but Planting household pursues economic benefit high
The shortage of target and much growing area Rice irrigation water so that this method is difficult spread in many watermelon seed growing areas.
Therefore, plant the high-yield and high-efficiency of watermelon to realize facility plastic greenhouse, many scholars carried out by watermelon with can secrete excitant, pungent
The Liliaceae crop of peppery material（Such as scallion garlic type crop）The research of crop rotation is carried out, rotation of crops reality is made to pass through watermelon and these
The maximization of growth of watermelon stubble time in the middle of the existing anniversary.Existing result of study shows, by watermelon and green onion garlic class under condition of pot
Shift of crops can almost reach 100% to the control effect of watermelon blight；And under field condition, due to edaphic condition
Complexity and environment polytropy, even if with 2-3 batch scallion garlic type crop wheel work to the preventive effect of watermelon blight after one batch of watermelon of plantation
Still it is relatively low and effect is unstable.Therefore, under facility condition, after one batch of watermelon of plantation, if wanting after drought ring is made again
Plantation watermelon, typically will plant other crops by least 3-5 even longer times, and for being with specialty plantation watermelon
For the peasant household of principal income, the wait of 3-5 is difficult to implement, therefore, in the situation that China's cultivated land resource is at full stretch
Under, occurred as soon as the growth of watermelon family of " guerrilla forces' formula ", i.e., place is just changed after one batch of greenhouse watermelon is planted in a place, not only consume
Expense human and material resources are torn open, build greenhouse, and bring production and the social stability sex chromosome mosaicism of many.
Soil disinfection be it is a kind of by killing or suppressing harmful organism and then the method that reaches prevention and control soil-borne disease in soil,
Also there is preferable effect in the prevention and control of watermelon blight, physical disinfection, chemical disinfection and biological antiseptic method is specifically included,
Sterilization wherein with chemical fumigant dazomet to soil is most widely used.Dazomet（dazomet）, also known as must speed go out, diformazan thiophene
Diazine, is a kind of safe efficient, noresidue new chemical disinfectant, and it meets water decomposition generation methyl-isorhodanate gas, can
Diffuse to rapidly in material, kill various pathogens and weed seed, it can effectively kill wilt, pine root fungus, stand withered
Silk core germ, hyphal cluster germ, anthrax bacteria, ash arrhizus bacteria, early late disease bacteria, verticillium wilt pathogen, root-knot nematode and common weed kind
Various harmful organisms such as son（But there is no inhibitory action to most of bacterium in environment）.Current dazomet strawberry, watermelon, kind
Extensive use in the various crop soil-borne disease prevention and control such as eggplant, cucumber, but multiple spot application for many years exposes an identical
Problem, that is, when the soil moisture is less than 15 DEG C, the soil disinfection poor effect of dazomet（" dazomet soil disinfection is used will
Point ", Wu Renfeng, Hubei plant protection, 2012,）Killing rate not only to pathogen is low, and the germicide of residual is not decomposed in part
Matter easily causes poisoning to crop.Such case is showed most substantially, because after having facility plastic greenhouse and heliogreenhouse on watermelon
In, income higher is obtained in order to list in advance, present watermelon has advanceed to the plantation of 1,2 months, and at this
Between, except South China, most of soil moisture be less than 10 DEG C, if this season using dazomet not only to soil in cause of disease
Bacterium almost can also cause poisoning without Fungicidal substance remaining after killing effect, and the rising of later stage soil temperature to watermelon plant.
Though there is the report to soil disinfection prevention and control watermelon blight using dazomet at present, preventive effect is not high and unstable；Have
Report uses garlic-watermelon-late rice tillage and cultivation pattern（Liu Shanchen, 1996）, it is to finish watermelon followed by plant paddy rice and big
Garlic, the 3rd batch is planted watermelon again, and the suitable application region of this pattern is very small, can't resolve the problem of most of watermelon seed growing area.
In view of problem above, if can make to combine with allium vegetables drought drought ring by soil disinfection and watermelon, not only
The period of crop-rotation being shortened, realizing that same facility plastic greenhouse annual spring can plant watermelon without there is droop, while can also
For huge economic benefit is brought at growth of watermelon family, there is great impetus to watermelon industry development.
The content of the invention
Regarding to the issue above, there is provided one kind dazomet soil is carried out disinfection after plantation one batch can continue cut down soil in
The vegetable crop of withered germ of water-melon, the generation of droop when planting watermelon for prevention and control Second Year spring, the present invention is so
Realize：
A kind of method for shortening watermelon period of crop-rotation prevention and control watermelon blight, it is comprised the following steps that：
A）First Year, after stubble watermelon is harvested in the spring（By the end of May to during mid-June）, clear up watermelon plant residue, apply chemical fertilizer and
Organic fertilizer, general organic fertilizer（Organic commercial fertilizer）Usage amount be 600-800kg/ mu, fertilizer amount for routine composite fertilizer (wherein N,
P2O5、K2The mass percent of O is 15%；) 50-60kg/ mus；20-25 centimetres of soil rotary tillage is deep, even spread fertilizer over the fields 25- per per mu
30 kilograms of chemical contents are 98% dazomet pulvis, then by soil rotary tillage, the moisture that waters rapidly to 20 centimetres of topsoils of soil is satisfied
With；
B）Cladding thickness is not less than 0.04 millimeter of plastic sheeting, and plastic sheeting edge buries method using counter, places into the soil
Depth is not less than 30 centimetres, after overlay film is kept for 10-15 days, takes off film and dries 2-3 days, that is, complete soil disinfection；
C）In First Year autumn, root system is planted in soil after sterilization can secrete excitant, the Liliaceae work with Fungicidal substance
Thing, Second Year by the end of January-or so mid or late Febuary harvests these has the Liliaceae crop of Fungicidal substance；D）Second Year by the end of February-
Spring stubble watermelon is planted at the beginning of 3 months, that is, is completed one and is taken turns the watermelon period of crop-rotation.
In the present invention, step c）One batch is planted in soil after sterilization can continue to cut down withered germ of water-melon in soil
Vegetable crop, refer to that root system can secrete excitant, the Liliaceae crop with Fungicidal substance, in referring generally to green onion, ginger or garlic
Deng the planting patterns of these crops is general planting and management.
The present invention be the spring stubble watermelon results after, i.e., after typically annual 5-6 months, greenhouse lie fallow during it is right
Soil carries out dazomet and disinfects, under the double action of dazomet medicament and high temperature, almost can be complete by the pathogen in soil
It is complete to kill；Then autumn followed by plantation allium vegetables, not only can by the crops such as green onion garlic secrete Fungicidal substance enter one
Walk the very small amount watermelon blight that will be remained to kill, to ensure the normal plantation of next spring watermelon, and greenhouse can be realized
Long-term planting vegetable, the target that better results（Compared with rice cultivation）.
Compared with prior art, the present invention is using novel environment friendly, noresidue, the chemical fumigant dazomet being widely accepted
The soil that spring stubble planted watermelon is carried out disinfection treatment in summer high temperature season, at utmost watermelon blight in killing soil
Bacterium；Secondly, there is the Liliaceae crop of killing action by autumn stubble plantation to withered germ of water-melon, pathogen quantity is being entered one
While step is reduced, facility plastic greenhouse autumn continuation planting vegetable crop is realized, the coming year is not resulted in while increasing income yet
The generation of droop during spring growth of watermelon, whole preventing control method process is simple, easily operated, and multiple ecosystem produce reality is needed
Ask, be that watermelon blight and other soil-borne disease prevention and control are opened up new approach and provide new thinking.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is different dazomet consumptions to withered germ of water-melon（Fusarium oxysporum）Growth inhibition effect picture.
Specific embodiment
The culture medium being related in embodiment：
PDA plate：10 grams of 100 grams of potato, glucose or sucrose, 10 grams of agar, 500 milliliters of water, pH natures.Potato goes
Skin, is cut into block and boils half an hour, and then with 2 layers of filtered through gauze, then sugaring and agar, heating is boiled to agar and dissolved, and supplies body
Product is averagely dispensed into 2 1000 milliliters of triangular flasks, 121 DEG C of autoclaving 15min to 500 milliliters, and pressure cooker is cooled down after taking out
Poured into superclean bench in the sterile petri dish of 9 centimetres of diameter to 50 DEG C or so, each culture dish falls 20 milliliters, waits to cultivate
It is standby after base cooling；
PDB culture mediums：10 grams of 100 grams of potato, glucose or sucrose, 500 milliliters of water, pH natures.Peeling potatoes, are cut into block
Boil half an hour, then with 2 layers of filtered through gauze, add glucose, heating is boiled, and supplies volume to 500 milliliters, appropriate cooling
After be dispensed into triangular flask, liquid amount be 80 ml/250 ml triangular flasks, be stoppered bottleneck, 121 DEG C of autoclavings with tampon
15min, it is standby after cooling；
Withered germ of water-melon（Fusarium oxysporum）Selective medium：The method of selective medium reference Komada H used,
Its specific compound method is：By 1.0g K2HPO4、0.5g MgSO4·7H2O、0.5g KCl、0.01gFe-Na-EDTA、2.0g
L- asparagines (L-asparagine), 20gD- galactolipins (D-galactose) are dissolved in about 300ml water, are settled to
1000ml, adds the bottling sterilizing of 20g agar；Less than 60 DEG C are cooled to Deng culture medium, 1.0g pentachloronitrobenzenes is rapidly added (every
1000ml culture medium additions, similarly hereinafter), 0.5g fel bovis, 1g Na2B4O7·10H2O, 0.3g streptomycin sulphate, then use concentration
For pH is adjusted to 3.8-4.0 by 10% phosphoric acid, plate is then down flat standby；
Reagent, the strain being related in embodiment：
Dazomet：Buy in Nantong Shi Zhuan Chemical Co., Ltd.s, formulation is the fine granule of 98-100%；
Withered germ of water-melon（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum FON）：By in Chinese Academy of Sciences's Microbiological Culture Collection
The heart is provided；
The dazomet of embodiment 1 is tested the inhibitory action of withered germ of water-melon mycelial growth
Withered germ of water-melon is inoculated into PDA plate, 28-30 DEG C of culture is punched with card punch after 5 days and obtain 4 millimeters of diameter
Mycelia block is standby.
The mycelia block of a diameter of 5 mm is inoculated with the middle of PDA plating mediums, toward culture dish（8.5 centimetres of diameter）Ware lid
Center is separately added into 0.01 gram, 0.015 gram, 0.02 gram, 0.025 gram, 0.03 gram of dazomet, with sterilized water with mass ratio 1:1
Quick mixing, often processes 3 repetitions, while setting up control group（It is not added with dazomet）；Then the half training of mycelia block will be vaccinated with
Foster ware is tipped upside down on culture dish lid, is sealed with sealed membrane, and 28 DEG C incubated, and cultivation results after 72h are as shown in figure 1, measurement
The colony diameter of pathogen, calculates inhibiting rate of the dazomet to mycelial growth：
Inhibiting rate (%)=[(control bacterium colony increases diameter-treatment bacterium colony and increases diameter)/(control bacterium colony increases diameter
) ] × 100%。
In Fig. 1, A is compareed for expression（There is no dazomet）, B-F represents that dazomet consumption is followed successively by 0.01 gram, 0.015 gram, 0.02
Gram, 0.025 gram, 0.03 gram；As seen from Figure 1, dazomet catabolite has significant inhibitory action to wilt mycelial growth,
And with the increase of dazomet consumption, inhibitory action strengthens, when dazomet consumption is 0.025-0.03 grams, the suppression to mycelial growth
Effect reaches more than 95%.
The dazomet of embodiment 2 in facility plastic greenhouse to soil in withered germ of water-melon killing action
Experiment is carried out in Huai'an watermelon continuous cropping greenhouse, and for many years, droop serious the greenhouse continuous cropping watermelon occurs.Greenhouse area is
8 meters（It is wide）* 40 meters（It is long）, test and be divided to two groups：
1st, control group, is left intact；
2nd, dazomet treatment group, dazomet is fumigated；
Every group has 3 cells, per 22 square metres of plot area（It is wide 2.2 meters, it is long 10 meters）.
Test operation is as follows：First Year at the end of May to mid-June, the watermelon residuum of spring stubble plantation in greenhouse is removed
Totally, 20 kilograms of organic commercial fertilizers and 2 kilograms of NPK composite fertilizers (15-15-15) are spread fertilizer over the fields per cell, by 20-25 centimetres of soil rotary tillage
It is deep；
Dazomet treatment group uniformly spreads fertilizer over the fields 0.99 kilogram of dazomet（Control group does not spread fertilizer over the fields dazomet, and remaining operation is identical）, then soil is revolved
Plough, moisture of watering rapidly to 20 centimetres of topsoils of soil is 30-35%, the plastics that cladding thickness is not less than 0.04 millimeter are thin
After film, and plastic sheeting edge is not less than 30 centimetres using the anti-method of burying depth of placing into the soil, overlay film holding 15 days, open and hang
Soil 3-4 days, each cell gathers soil sample according to S types soil basketing method, using selective medium to carrying out withered germ of water-melon
Count.Result is as shown in table 1：
Withered germ of water-melon in different disposal soil under the conditions of the greenhouse of table 1（Fusarium oxysporum）Quantity
| Control group | Dazomet treatment group | |
| Quantity before on-test（CFU/ grams of soil） | 100000 | 100000 |
| Quantity (CFU/ grams of soil at the end of dazomet is stifling） | 40000-50000 | 500-700 |
From table 1, soil treatment is after 15 days, in dazomet treatment group pathogen quantity in 500-700 CFU/ grams of soil, and
Pathogen quantity is 40000-50000CFU/ grams of soil in control group soil, is shown under the conditions of facility plastic greenhouse, and dazomet is fumigated
Although soil has had good bactericidal effect（Close to 100%）, but still with the presence of certain pathogen, still with potential
Disease occurrence risk.
After the soil disinfection of embodiment 3 autumn plantation garlic in soil watermelon blight bacterium number amount reduction effect and
The control effect occurred to spring stubble watermelon blight
Experiment is carried out in the greenhouse of the control group of embodiment 2 and dazomet treatment group.
In mid or late September, respectively in the cell for drying 3-4 days after control group and dazomet are disinfected, conventional method is planted
Plant and management garlic（Specific management method may be referred to document " Cultivate administration of garlic ", Li Chunmei, the friend of farmer richness,
2016）.
Second Year by the end of January-or so mid or late Febuary harvests garlic sprouts, garlic harvest home, each cell fetches earth according to S types
Method gathers soil sample, and using selective medium to carrying out withered germ of water-melon counting, then at the beginning of -3 months by the end of February, each is small
60 watermelons are transplanted in area, using conventional field management（Routine Management method bibliography " growth of watermelon technology）", Wang Xingguo etc.,
Jilin vegetables, 2016）.
Watermelon being harvested in 5-6 months and counting the incidence of disease and the yield of watermelon of watermelon blight, specific data are shown in Table 2.
The quantity of the different disposal Fusarium oxysporum of table 2, the watermelon blight incidence of disease and the yield of watermelon
From table 2, planting garlic terminates, the 40000-50000 CFU/ before watermelon blight bacterium number amount is by planting in control group
Gram soil（Table 1）6000-7000 CFU/ gram soil is reduced to, and the quantity of withered germ of water-melon is then by planting in dazomet treatment group
500-700 CFU/ gram soil before plant（Table 1）It is reduced to flat board culture to be not detected by, it is seen then that garlic can substantially reduce for plantation
The quantity of withered germ of water-melon, and planting garlic again after soil is sterilized through dazomet can then be completely eliminated pathogen.Watermelon is received
When obtaining, the incidence of disease is 60% in control, and the incidence of disease is 0% in dazomet suffocating treatment, and the yield of watermelon is 2 times of control group.
Claims (4)
1. it is a kind of shorten watermelon period of crop-rotation prevention and control watermelon blight method, its spy is to comprise the following steps that：
A）By the end of May to mid-June, after stubble watermelon is harvested in the greenhouse spring, watermelon plant residue is cleared up, applies chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer,
20-25 centimetres of soil rotary tillage is deep, spread fertilizer over the fields dazomet, 25-30kg/ mus；Then rotary tillage soil, waters to 20 centimetres of topsoils of soil
Water saturation；
B）Cladding thickness is not less than 0.04 millimeter of plastic sheeting, and plastic sheeting edge uses the anti-depth buried method, place into the soil
30 centimetres, after overlay film is kept for 10-15 days are not less than, film are taken off and is dried 2-3 days, that is, complete soil disinfection；
C）In autumn, root system is planted in soil after sterilization can secrete excitant, the Liliaceae crop with Fungicidal substance；
D）The coming year by the end of February to plantation spring stubble watermelon at the beginning of 3 months, that is, completes one and takes turns the watermelon period of crop-rotation.
2. the method for shortening watermelon period of crop-rotation prevention and control watermelon blight according to claim 1, its spy is, step C）Institute
State root system and can secrete excitant, the Liliaceae crop with Fungicidal substance and refer to, the one kind in green onion, ginger or garlic.
3. the method for shortening watermelon period of crop-rotation prevention and control watermelon blight according to claim 2, its spy is, step A）Institute
State and apply chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer, specifically refer to：Fertilizer amount is 50-60kg/ mus, and organic fertilizer usage amount is 600-800kg/ mus.
4. the method for shortening watermelon period of crop-rotation prevention and control watermelon blight according to claim 3, its spy is, the chemical fertilizer
It is conventional composite fertilizer, wherein N, P2O5、K2The mass percent of O is 15%.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109997587A (en) * | 2019-03-22 | 2019-07-12 | 台州市农业科学研究院 | The replanting disease in southern warm-wetness region continuous cropping sweet cherry garden |
| CN110432091A (en) * | 2019-08-09 | 2019-11-12 | 河北省农林科学院经济作物研究所 | A kind of cultural method of prevention and control own-rooted tree watermelon soil-borne disease |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109997587A (en) * | 2019-03-22 | 2019-07-12 | 台州市农业科学研究院 | The replanting disease in southern warm-wetness region continuous cropping sweet cherry garden |
| CN110432091A (en) * | 2019-08-09 | 2019-11-12 | 河北省农林科学院经济作物研究所 | A kind of cultural method of prevention and control own-rooted tree watermelon soil-borne disease |
| CN110432091B (en) * | 2019-08-09 | 2023-07-21 | 河北省农林科学院经济作物研究所 | Cultivation method for preventing and controlling soil-borne disease of self-rooted seedling watermelon |
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