CN1068407C - 用后接氧化催化转换器减少柴油机有害物质排放的方法 - Google Patents

用后接氧化催化转换器减少柴油机有害物质排放的方法 Download PDF

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CN1068407C
CN1068407C CN94194336A CN94194336A CN1068407C CN 1068407 C CN1068407 C CN 1068407C CN 94194336 A CN94194336 A CN 94194336A CN 94194336 A CN94194336 A CN 94194336A CN 1068407 C CN1068407 C CN 1068407C
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electric heating
catalytic converter
oxidation catalytic
heating district
temperature
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沃尔夫冈·毛斯
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Vitesco Technologies Lohmar Verwaltungs GmbH
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Emitec Gesellschaft fuer Emissionstechnologie mbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/025—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
    • F01N3/0253—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F01N3/2026—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means directly electrifying the catalyst substrate, i.e. heating the electrically conductive catalyst substrate by joule effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2250/00—Combinations of different methods of purification
    • F01N2250/02—Combinations of different methods of purification filtering and catalytic conversion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2260/00—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for
    • F01N2260/04—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for regeneration or reactivation, e.g. of catalyst
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/36—Arrangements for supply of additional fuel
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    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用后接氧化催化转换器(4)减少内燃机(1)在冷却动、部分载荷或空载时有害物质排放的方法，其中氧化催化转换器(4)在进气端至少具有一个电加热区(3)，同时这个电加热区(3)在内燃机(1)起动前或后加热到一个能烧毁积聚的炭黑的温度，特别是到一个高于约600℃的温度。加热进行得非常快，最好是在不到10秒钟之内，其中接着可以将额外的燃料(5)和/或空气(6)送入排气系统(2)，以便通过放热反应燃毁氧化催化转换器位于出氧端的表面上的炭黑。利用这种方法确保即使内燃机在不适合的运行条件下也能消除废气中的有害物质。

Description

用后接氧化催化转换器减少柴油机有害物质排放的方法
本发明涉及一种用后接氧化催化转换器减少柴油机在冷起动、部分载荷和/或空载时有害物质排放的方法。
按现有技术状况有很多种减少柴油机有害物质排放的方法。这里人们必须区分两种不同的有害物质，也就是气态有害物质和颗粒。对于柴油机车辆长期以来把炭黑颗粒看作最有害的成份，因此开发了很多种装置，以便从废气中去除炭黑颗粒。其中例如由US-PS 4,404,795已知一种过滤体，它允许气体通过，但是把炭黑颗粒滤掉。为了避免由于炭黑颗粒的积聚堵塞过滤器，过滤体经常在它的前面部分用一个电热器加热，使积聚的炭黑层点燃并烧毁。为了促进这个过程在这种情况下可以在过滤体前面送入额外的空气。
柴油机减少有害物质的另一种方案出发点在于：必须使在柴油机废气中的碳氢化合物和一氧化碳氧化，以便排除这一部分有害物质。为了这个目的对于柴油机采用和强制点火发动机中一样的氧化催化转换器，也就是带许多让废气通过的带氧化剂活性涂层的通道的蜂窝体，它有利于碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的氧化作用。有一部分流过蜂窝体的炭黑颗粒被点燃并通过烧毁而从废气中去除，但这不是氧化催化转换器的主要目的。
还有另一种减少在高温下形成的废气中的氧化氮的方案，例如可以通过在排气系统中额外提供碳氢化合物来达到。原则上考虑上述三种可能性的综合(方案)，但是在技术上和经济性方面难以实现。
对于强制点火发动机大家知道，例如由EP-B-0 412103在柴油机起动前和/或后对废气催化转换器的前置部分进行加热，以便在冷起动阶段(这个阶段排放的有害物质特别多)就达到催化反应。按现有技术状况有大量可以用作这种前置部分的电加热蜂窝体的实施例。
在柴油机中可以通过燃烧室的结构措施和改进的柴油机管理减少炭黑排出以后，为了减少不可避免的碳氢化合物成分一种优先采用的用来降低有害物质排放的方案是使用氧化催化转换器。但是这里出现一个至今还不太引起注意的和无法解决的问题，也就是氧化催化转换器原则上也不能设计成过滤器，而是具有可自由通过的通道，尽管如此在比较低的温度时在它的表面上也会较快地积聚一层炭黑，渗入通气孔内，减少催化活性表面或者甚至完全履盖住该表面。其结果是：带有这样一薄层炭黑的氧化催化转换器实际上不可能再发挥催化活性作用。
当一个没有炭黑积聚层的催化转换器在约300-350℃时开始它的催化活性时，而炭黑层在这个温度下则丝毫不起变化。这个炭黑层只有在超过约600℃时才被烧毁。这将导致，一旦氧化催化转换器积聚了炭黑它就不再具有活性，(即使)它的温度达到350℃以上。因为对于柴油机车辆其运行状态，例如最常出现的冷起动、部分载荷和/或空转时，在催化转换器区域的废气温度明显低于600℃，在这种情况下氧化催化转换器的功能无法发挥。
本发明的目的在于：创造一种用后接氧化催化转换器减少柴油机在冷起动、部分载荷和/或空转时有害物质排放的方法，它能确保提前催化反应。
为了实现这个目的按照本发明在柴油机的排气系统内装一个氧化催化转换器，它在进气一侧至少具有一个可电加热的局部区域，这里电加热区域在柴油机起动前和/或后一直加热到能使积聚的炭黑烧毁的温度。这个电加热区可以是一个小的单独的蜂窝体或者一个集成在大蜂窝体内的局部区域。通常这个电加热区的轴向长度为10至50mm，其直径在氧化催化转换器的半径和直径之间并具有约50至200cpsi(每平方英寸蜂窝数)。它的电气功率例如可以在500和2000瓦之间，但是也可以更小或更大。
如果氧化催化转换器具有两个或多个顺序设置的电加热区也可能特别有利，它们可以被一个接一个地加热，使得不超过最大的电功率，这样也能使整个催化转换器的表面逐步消除炭黑。有关这方面的情况例如在EP-B-0 412103中叙述了一种合适的蜂窝体结构。
和已知的首先应该减少强制点火发动机冷起动时的有害物质排放的加热催化转换器不同，本发明在于：使可电加热区迅速加热到可烧毁积聚炭黑的温度。这个温度明显地高于对于自由的催化表面碳氢化合物的催化反应时所采用的温度。因此电加热区必须加热到特别是超过600℃的温度。因为应该正是在冷起动时减少有害物质排放，电加热区必须尽可能快地加热，例如在20秒钟以内，最好在10秒钟以内。
只要电加热区内积聚的炭黑一点燃，就会产生发热反应，但是因为通常炭黑层很薄，因此绝对不会释放很大的能量。因此不能保证，炭黑的燃烧扩展到后接蜂窝体的整个表面，特别是在电加热区单独设置时更不能。但是因为整个表面应该尽快地用来使碳氢化合物氧化，在本发明的另一个实施例中建议：在柴油机的排气系统中输入额外的燃料和/或空气，以使它在温度已经很高的电加热区内转化(成热量)并利用由此而形成的大量的释放出的热能使后接蜂窝体表面上的炭黑完全烧毁。如果柴油机在这个时刻以过量的空气运行，额外输入燃料就可以了，否则还应该额外输入空气。当炭黑层较厚或者废气中含有丰富的燃料时可以仅仅输入空气就够了。通过测量或者由其他测量值推导出氧化催化转换器上的压降在必要时可以作出判断，是否需要加热，输入燃料或空气。
对于柴油机加热方案有一系列选择的可能性。对于预加热柴油机，电加热区可以在柴油机预加热时就加热了，如果额外的能量由汽车发电机提供的话，只要对此提供足够的电能。在能量供应受车辆电池限制的情况下，在柴油机起动后开始电加热更合适一些。对此可以用很大的电流很快地进行加热。
为了控制或调节整个方法，这样做特别有利：温度在或靠近电加热区测量，并由测量值确定加热的结束或开始以及额外燃料喷入的结束。一个在加热区内内置的或固定在它外面的温度传感器可以承担这个任务。从由温度传感器测量出的温度曲线的分布可以确定，是否在350℃时已经进行碳氢化合物的催化反应。在这种情况下不存在干扰炭黑层，不需要对氧化催化转换器加热。如果在这个温度下还没有开始反应，那么必须对可加热区继续加热，其中当到达约600℃时炭黑层开始燃烧时必然出现一个温度的突然升高。利用这种信号可以控制额外燃料和/或空气的输入。温度测量结果的判定也使得能对电加热区的工作性能和它的催化活性涂层作出评定。
本发明当然也可以和减少柴油机有害物质排放的其他方法和装置，特别是炭黑过滤器联合运用。其中在氧化催化转换器中由放热反应产生的能量可以例如用来点燃后接炭黑过滤器中的炭黑层。根据本发明的接有一个炭黑过滤器的氧化催化转换器也有利于在炭黑过滤器同期燃烧时还可能形成的有害物质几乎完全催化地转化。
(下面)借助于示意图对本发明的一个实施例作一说明：
从一个柴油机1排出的废气到达排气系统2，它具有一个带一个在进气端的电加热区3的氧化催化转换器4。电加热区可以和强制点火发动机的已知加热催化转换器一样，并可以由一个具有例如50到200安培电流的电源7供电。一个温度测头8测量电加热区内或旁边的温度，由此可以对这个方法进行有目的的调节和监控。但是基本上这种方法也可以用一个不带温度测头的纯时间控制装置进行。柴油机1和电加热区3之间可以设置一个喷入燃料5或者输入额外空气6的装置，以便在电加热区升温以后在那里引起一个燃料和空气之间的放热反应，用这个反应可以将整个氧化催化转换器上的炭黑烧掉。在烧掉炭黑时氧化催化转换器已经很快地达到并远远超过催化氧化所必须的温度，使得这以后立即产生碳氢化合物的氧化。
按照本发明的方法可以达到，在柴油机起动以后10秒或20秒后氧化催化转换器就能起完全的催化作用，在这以后可只向周围环境排放无毒的废气，即使柴油机在冷起动、部分载荷和/或空载的运行条件时不能保证氧化催化转换器有足够高的温度。

Claims (10)

1．用后接氧化催化转换器(4)减少内燃机(1)在冷起动、部分载荷或空载时有害物质的排放方法，其中氧化催化转换器(4)具有一个自由通道和在进气端至少具有一个电加热区(3)，同时这个电加热区(3)在内燃机(1)起动前或后可以加热到一个能烧毁积聚的炭黑的温度，所有的废气流经所述的氧化催化转换器(4)。
2．按权利要求1的方法，其特征在于：
电加热区(3)能加热到高于约600℃的温度。
3．按权利要求1的方法，其特征在于：电加热区(3)可以在不到20秒的时间内加热。
4．按权利要求1的方法，其特征在于：在电加热区(3)达到将炭黑层烧毁的温度时或以后，将额外的燃料(5)或空气(6)输入内燃机(1)的排气系统(2)内，以便通过放热反应将下游的氧化催化转换器表面的炭黑烧毁。
5．按权利要求1的方法，其特征在于：
电加热区(3)在内燃机(1)预加热时加热。
6．按权利要求1的方法，其特征在于：
电加热区(3)在内燃机(1)起动以后立即加热。
7．按权利要求1的方法，其特征在于：
氧化催化转换器(4)具有多个，在气流方向顺次排列的电加热区，它们一个接一个用电加热。
8．按权利要求1的方法，其特征在于：
测量电加热区(3)内或附近的温度，并由这个测量值确定加热的结束或开始以及终止喷射额外的燃料(5)或空气(6)。
9．按权利要求1的方法，其特征在于：
直接或间接地确定氧化催化转换器上的压降并由此推断额外地加热或输入燃料或空气的必要性。
10．按权利要求1的方法，其特征在于：
此方法应用于串接有一个炭黑过滤器的氧化催化转换器中。
CN94194336A 1993-11-30 1994-10-17 用后接氧化催化转换器减少柴油机有害物质排放的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1068407C (zh)

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US5839273A (en) 1998-11-24
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