CN106767583A - For the longitudinal profile Equivalent Pile footpath computational methods of pile detection sound wave transmission method - Google Patents
For the longitudinal profile Equivalent Pile footpath computational methods of pile detection sound wave transmission method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于工程测量领域，公开了一种用于基桩检测声波透射法的纵向剖面等效桩径计算方法，包括：采用低通采集技术和宽频带接收技术，依次测量剖面各点实时声波信号，获得剖面波速变化图；并进行傅里叶变换，得到剖面声波信号频谱图；根据波速变化图和设计桩径计算各点预估特征频率，在频谱图中寻找各待测点预估特征频率附近的实际特征频率；根据剖面波速变化图和所述实际特征频率标识图，计算剖面各测点桩径，获得剖面各测点桩径变化图；对同一横截面不同测线获得的桩径进行比较和平均，获得所述截面的平均等效桩径，构成新的剖面等效桩径变化图，绘制等效桩径随深度变化曲线。本发明方法弥补了桩基检测行业在混凝土灌注桩桩径检测上的空缺。
The invention belongs to the field of engineering measurement, and discloses a method for calculating the equivalent pile diameter of the longitudinal section of the foundation pile detection acoustic wave transmission method, including: adopting low-pass acquisition technology and wide-band receiving technology to sequentially measure real-time acoustic wave signals at each point of the section , to obtain the profile wave velocity change diagram; and perform Fourier transform to obtain the profile acoustic signal spectrum; calculate the estimated characteristic frequency of each point according to the wave velocity variation diagram and the designed pile diameter, and find the estimated characteristic frequency of each point to be measured in the spectrum diagram The actual eigenfrequency in the vicinity; according to the section wave velocity change diagram and the actual eigenfrequency identification diagram, calculate the pile diameter of each measuring point in the section, and obtain the pile diameter variation diagram of each measuring point in the section; carry out the pile diameter obtained by different measuring lines in the same cross section Comparing and averaging, the average equivalent pile diameter of the section is obtained, a new section equivalent pile diameter change diagram is formed, and the equivalent pile diameter change curve with depth is drawn. The method of the invention makes up for the vacancy in pile diameter detection of concrete pouring piles in the pile foundation detection industry.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于工程测量领域，更具体地，涉及一种基于声波透射频域分析计算桩径的方法。The invention belongs to the field of engineering measurement, and more specifically relates to a method for calculating pile diameter based on sound wave transmission frequency domain analysis.
背景技术Background technique
超声波穿过混凝土介质的过程中，介质本身性能和结构会对声波信号的各种声学参数产生影响。现阶段，在混凝土质量检测中一般考察的声学参数有波速、振幅、频率和波形。During the process of ultrasonic waves passing through the concrete medium, the performance and structure of the medium itself will affect various acoustic parameters of the acoustic signal. At this stage, the acoustic parameters generally investigated in concrete quality testing include wave velocity, amplitude, frequency and waveform.
波速的变化：声波在材料不同的混凝土中传播的速度不同。一般情况下，混凝土介质的内部结构越致密，弹性模量越高，孔隙率越低，那么声波的波速和混凝土的强度也越高；声波在混凝土内部传播，当遇到缺陷(空洞、混凝土离析、缩颈、局部疏松等)，接收波声时大于正常部位。Changes in wave speed: Sound waves travel at different speeds in concrete with different materials. In general, the denser the internal structure of the concrete medium, the higher the elastic modulus, and the lower the porosity, the higher the wave velocity of the sound wave and the strength of the concrete; , necking, local looseness, etc.), when receiving waves, it is larger than the normal part.
声波振幅的变化：由于接收波的后续波受到叠加波的干扰，会影响分析结果，因此，声波振幅通常指首波的振幅。接收波的振幅与声波穿过混凝土介质后的能量衰减相关，而衰减的大小可以在某程度上反映出混凝土的强度。接收波的波幅越低，声波穿过混凝土的衰减程度就越严重。当超声波在混凝土内部传播，遇到缺陷(空洞、混凝土离析、缩颈、局部疏松等)，振幅下降。波幅可以很直接的在接收波的波形图中观察出，与混凝土的质量息息相关，对混凝土缺陷的感应也是比较强，因此波幅是判断混凝土缺陷很重要参数。Changes in the amplitude of the acoustic wave: Since the follow-up wave of the received wave is interfered by the superimposed wave, the analysis results will be affected. Therefore, the amplitude of the acoustic wave usually refers to the amplitude of the first wave. The amplitude of the received wave is related to the energy attenuation after the sound wave passes through the concrete medium, and the attenuation can reflect the strength of the concrete to some extent. The lower the amplitude of the received wave, the more attenuated the sound wave will be through the concrete. When the ultrasonic waves propagate inside the concrete and encounter defects (voids, concrete segregation, necking, local loosening, etc.), the amplitude decreases. The amplitude can be directly observed in the waveform diagram of the received wave, and it is closely related to the quality of the concrete. It is also relatively sensitive to concrete defects. Therefore, the amplitude is an important parameter for judging concrete defects.
声波主频率的变化：超声波检测中的脉冲波为是含有很多不同频率成分的复频波。这种复频波在穿过混凝土介质后，不同频率成分的波衰减程度相异，频率越高，衰减程度越大。随着声波传播距离的增大，高频部分的量越来越少，导致接收波的主频率降低。当然，除了传播距离之外，当声波在传播过程中遇到缺陷，波的衰减加剧，造成接收波的主频率也会显著下降。Changes in the main frequency of the sound wave: The pulse wave in ultrasonic testing is a complex frequency wave containing many different frequency components. After this complex frequency wave passes through the concrete medium, the wave attenuation degree of different frequency components is different, and the higher the frequency, the greater the attenuation degree. As the propagation distance of the sound wave increases, the amount of the high-frequency part becomes less and less, resulting in a decrease in the main frequency of the received wave. Of course, in addition to the propagation distance, when the sound wave encounters a defect during the propagation process, the attenuation of the wave is intensified, causing the main frequency of the received wave to drop significantly.
声波波形的变化：脉冲波在混凝土中传播遇到缺陷会在缺陷的界面处发生反射、折射和绕射等,各种不同的波由于传播路径不同到达接收换能器的时间不同，导致不同相位和频率的波发生叠加，从而使接收波的波形畸变。所以，接收波的波形变化也是判断混凝土缺陷的依据。The change of the sound wave waveform: when the pulse wave propagates in the concrete and encounters a defect, reflection, refraction and diffraction will occur at the interface of the defect, etc. Various waves arrive at the receiving transducer at different times due to different propagation paths, resulting in different phases The waves of the frequency and frequency are superimposed, thereby distorting the waveform of the received wave. Therefore, the waveform change of the received wave is also the basis for judging concrete defects.
声波透射法检测技术用于检测混凝土灌注桩的完整性。在基桩成孔，混凝成桩前，在桩身内部预埋几根声测管作为声波发射和接收换能器的上下通道，在混凝土强度达标后开始检测，用声波检测仪沿桩的纵向方向以一定间距自下而上逐点检测。通过对声波穿过桩身的各截面的波形和声学参数的处理、分析，从而推断桩身混凝土的完整性，确定缺陷的位置，范围，程度。然而当下声波透射法检测桩身完整性领域，尚未有提出测试实际桩身直径的有益方法。Acoustic transmission testing technology is used to check the integrity of concrete poured piles. Before the foundation pile is formed into a hole and concreted into a pile, several acoustic tubes are pre-embedded inside the pile body as the upper and lower passages of the acoustic wave transmitting and receiving transducers, and the detection starts after the concrete strength reaches the standard. The vertical direction is detected point by point at a certain interval from bottom to top. Through the processing and analysis of the waveform and acoustic parameters of the sections where the sound waves pass through the pile body, the integrity of the pile body concrete can be inferred, and the location, scope and degree of defects can be determined. However, in the current field of sound wave transmission method for detecting the integrity of piles, there is no beneficial method for testing the actual diameter of piles.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对现有技术的以上缺陷或改进需求，本发明提供了一种基于声波透射频域分析计算桩径的方法，其目的在于提出测试实际桩身直径的方案，由此解决现有技术中无法测试实际桩身直径的技术问题。In view of the above defects or improvement needs of the prior art, the present invention provides a method for calculating pile diameter based on sound wave transmission frequency domain analysis. Technical issues of actual pile diameter.
为实现上述目的，本发明提供了一种用于基桩检测声波透射法的纵向剖面等效桩径计算方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括：In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for calculating the equivalent pile diameter of the longitudinal section of the pile detection acoustic transmission method, characterized in that the method includes:
利用声波仪的低通采集技术和宽频带接收技术，依次全剖面获得发射换能器和接收换能器所在平面测线的500Hz以上频段声波信号；Using the low-pass acquisition technology and wide-band receiving technology of the acoustic wave instrument, the sound wave signals in the frequency band above 500 Hz of the plane survey line where the transmitting transducer and receiving transducer are located are obtained in sequence in full section;
针对所述全剖面实测声波信号，计算各待测点实时波速，获得全剖面波速变化图；Calculate the real-time wave velocity of each point to be measured for the measured sound wave signal of the full section, and obtain the wave velocity change map of the full section;
针对所述全剖面实测声波信号进行傅里叶变换，得到全剖面声波信号频谱图；Performing a Fourier transform on the full-section measured sound wave signal to obtain a full-section sound wave signal spectrum;
根据已知设计桩径和所述待测点实时波速，计算各点的预估特征频率，并利用刻度在所述全剖面声波信号频谱图中自动进行连续标识；According to the known design pile diameter and the real-time wave velocity of the points to be measured, calculate the estimated characteristic frequency of each point, and use the scale to automatically carry out continuous marking in the spectrum diagram of the full-section sound wave signal;
根据所述全剖面声波信号频谱图，在所述预估特征频率附近找到实际特征频率，修改所述自动完成的标识形成实际特征频率标识图；According to the full-section sound wave signal spectrum diagram, find the actual characteristic frequency near the estimated characteristic frequency, modify the automatically completed logo to form the actual characteristic frequency logo diagram;
根据所述全剖面波速变化图和所述实际特征频率标识图，计算全剖面各测点桩径，获得全剖面各测点桩径变化图；Calculate the pile diameter of each measuring point of the full section according to the wave velocity change diagram of the full section and the actual characteristic frequency identification diagram, and obtain the pile diameter variation diagram of each measuring point of the full section;
根据不同剖面获得的各测点桩径变化图，对同一横截面不同测线获得的桩径进行比较和平均，获得所述截面的平均桩径，构成新的全剖面桩径变化图，绘制桩径随深度变化曲线。According to the pile diameter change diagrams of each measuring point obtained by different sections, the pile diameters obtained by different survey lines of the same cross section are compared and averaged to obtain the average pile diameter of the section, and a new full-section pile diameter change diagram is formed, and the piles are drawn Variation curve of diameter with depth.
本发明的一个实施例中，所述声波仪和接收换能器，用于接收500Hz以上的信号。In one embodiment of the present invention, the acoustic wave instrument and the receiving transducer are used to receive signals above 500 Hz.
本发明的一个实施例中，为确保宽频带响应和接收能力，所用发射换能器和接收换能器不能采用相同的谐振峰，发射换能器谐振峰不得高于接收换能器谐振峰频率值的三分之二。In one embodiment of the present invention, in order to ensure wide-band response and receiving capability, the used transmitting transducer and receiving transducer cannot use the same resonant peak, and the resonant peak of the transmitting transducer must not be higher than the resonant peak frequency of the receiving transducer two-thirds of the value.
本发明的一个实施例中，针对所述全剖面实测声波信号，计算各待测点实时波速，具体为：In one embodiment of the present invention, the real-time wave velocity of each point to be measured is calculated for the measured sound wave signal of the full section, specifically:
针对所述全剖面实测声波信号，根据到时和声测管管间距，计算实时波速，获得全剖面波速变化图。According to the measured sound wave signal of the full section, the real-time wave velocity is calculated according to the arrival time and the distance between the acoustic measuring tubes, and the change map of the full section wave velocity is obtained.
本发明的一个实施例中，针对所述全剖面实测声波信号进行傅里叶变换，得到全剖面声波信号频谱图，具体为：In one embodiment of the present invention, Fourier transform is performed on the measured sound wave signal of the full section to obtain a spectrum diagram of the full section sound wave signal, specifically:
利用声波仪对所述接收换能器获取的对应各待测位置的实时声波信号中的500Hz以上频段信号进行全剖面的傅里叶变换，获得各待测点的全剖面声波信号频谱图。Using the acoustic wave instrument to perform full-section Fourier transform on the real-time acoustic signal obtained by the receiving transducer corresponding to each position to be measured in the frequency band above 500 Hz, to obtain a full-section acoustic signal spectrum diagram of each point to be measured.
本发明的一个实施例中，根据所述全剖面波速变化图中各测点的实时波速和设计桩径计算各相应点的预估特征频率，并利用刻度在所述全剖面声波信号频谱图中自动进行连续标识，具体为：In one embodiment of the present invention, the estimated characteristic frequency of each corresponding point is calculated according to the real-time wave velocity and the designed pile diameter of each measuring point in the full-section wave velocity variation diagram, and the scale is used to display the full-section acoustic signal spectrum diagram Automatic continuous identification, specifically:
利用公式fm＝kc/2Dd求取待测点预估特征频率，其中fm为求取的预估特征频率，k为修正系数取k＝1.0，c为待测点实时波速，Dd为已知设计桩径；Use the formula f m =kc/2D d to obtain the estimated characteristic frequency of the point to be measured, where f m is the estimated characteristic frequency obtained, k is the correction coefficient and k=1.0, c is the real-time wave velocity of the point to be measured, D d The pile diameter is known;
根据所述预估特征频率，依序在所述全剖面声波信号频谱图中自动进行逐点标识。According to the estimated characteristic frequency, automatic point-by-point identification is sequentially performed in the spectrum diagram of the full-section acoustic wave signal.
本发明的一个实施例中，根据所述全剖面声波信号频谱图，在所述预估特征频率附近找到实际特征频率值，修改所述自动完成的标识，形成实际特征频率标识图，具体为：In one embodiment of the present invention, according to the spectrum diagram of the full-section acoustic wave signal, the actual characteristic frequency value is found near the estimated characteristic frequency, and the automatically completed identification is modified to form an actual characteristic frequency identification diagram, specifically:
在所述全剖面高精度频谱图中，在所述预估特征频率附近查找谐振峰，获取真正的特征频率并予以标识，形成实际特征频率标识图。In the high-precision spectrogram of the full section, a resonant peak is searched near the estimated characteristic frequency, and the real characteristic frequency is acquired and marked to form an actual characteristic frequency identification diagram.
本发明的一个实施例中，所述根据所述全剖面波速变化图和所述实际特征频率标识图，计算全剖面各测点桩径，具体为：In one embodiment of the present invention, the calculation of the pile diameter at each measuring point of the full section according to the wave velocity change diagram of the full section and the actual characteristic frequency identification diagram is specifically:
D′＝kc/2fm′D'=kc/2f m '
其中，D′为求取的所述待测位置的实际桩径，k为修正系数取，k＝1.0,c为测量得到的待测位置的实时波速，fm′为所述待测位置的实际特征频率值。Wherein, D' is the actual pile diameter of the position to be measured, k is the correction coefficient, k=1.0, c is the real-time wave velocity of the position to be measured obtained by measurement, and f m ' is the real-time wave velocity of the position to be measured. Actual eigenfrequency values.
总体而言，由于混凝土灌注桩由于地下施工因素，无法观察，其成桩质量必须通过测试确定，相对于现有的其他测试方法，声波透射法的准确度更高。当下的检测工作中由于现有的声波测试技术对于无法检测混凝土灌注桩的实际直径；频域分析方法在很大程度上弥补了当下测试中存在的以上几项问题，使得测试结果更易分析判断，具有更高的可行度，从而有利于保证工程质量以及促进了行业的发展。当下的工程实践中，没有对混凝土灌注桩桩径的测试提出行之有效的方法。该项技术的发明弥补了桩基检测行业在混凝土灌注桩桩径检测上的空缺。Generally speaking, since concrete pouring piles cannot be observed due to underground construction factors, the pile quality must be determined by testing. Compared with other existing testing methods, the accuracy of the acoustic transmission method is higher. In the current detection work, the existing acoustic wave testing technology is unable to detect the actual diameter of the concrete pouring pile; the frequency domain analysis method largely compensates for the above problems in the current test, making the test results easier to analyze and judge. It has a higher feasibility, which is conducive to ensuring the quality of the project and promoting the development of the industry. In the current engineering practice, there is no effective method for testing the pile diameter of concrete pouring piles. The invention of this technology makes up for the vacancy in the pile foundation detection industry in the pile diameter detection of concrete pouring piles.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明实施例中用于基桩检测声波透射法的纵向剖面等效桩径计算方法；Fig. 1 is the method for calculating the equivalent pile diameter of the longitudinal section for the acoustic wave transmission method of foundation pile detection in the embodiment of the present invention;
图2是本发明实施例中常规对测法的原理示意图；Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the principle of the conventional test method in the embodiment of the present invention;
图3是本发明实施例中一种声波检测仪的结构示意图；Fig. 3 is a schematic structural view of an acoustic wave detector in an embodiment of the present invention;
图4是本发明实施例中一种圆环式径向换能器的结构示意图；Fig. 4 is a structural schematic diagram of an annular radial transducer in an embodiment of the present invention;
图5是本发明实施例中试验模型1号灌注桩的结构示意图；Fig. 5 is the structural representation of test model No. 1 cast-in-place pile in the embodiment of the present invention;
图6是本发明实施例中试验模型2号灌注桩的结构示意图；Fig. 6 is the structural representation of test model No. 2 cast-in-situ piles in the embodiment of the present invention;
图7是本发明实施例中1#灌注桩在4.9m处的频谱示意图；Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the frequency spectrum of 1# cast-in-place pile at 4.9m in the embodiment of the present invention;
图8是本发明实施例中1#灌注桩在0.5m处的接收信号频谱示意图；Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of the received signal spectrum of the 1# cast-in-place pile at 0.5m in the embodiment of the present invention;
图9是本发明实施例中1#灌注桩在1.3m处的接收信号频谱示意图；Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the received signal spectrum at 1.3m of the 1# cast-in-place pile in the embodiment of the present invention;
图10是本发明实施例中1#灌注桩在3.1m处的接收信号频谱示意图；Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of the received signal spectrum of the 1# cast-in-situ pile at 3.1m in the embodiment of the present invention;
图11是本发明实施例中1#灌注桩在6.0m处的接收信号频谱示意图；Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of the received signal spectrum of the 1# cast-in-situ pile at 6.0m in the embodiment of the present invention;
图12是本发明实施例中1#灌注桩在7.6m处的接收信号频谱示意图；Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram of the frequency spectrum of the received signal at 7.6m of the 1# cast-in-situ pile in the embodiment of the present invention;
图13是本发明实施例中1#灌注桩在8.5m处的接收信号频谱示意图；Fig. 13 is a schematic diagram of the received signal spectrum of the 1# cast-in-place pile at 8.5m in the embodiment of the present invention;
图14是本发明实施例中2#灌注桩在1.1m处的接收信号频谱示意图；Fig. 14 is a schematic diagram of the received signal spectrum at 1.1m of 2# cast-in-place pile in the embodiment of the present invention;
图15是本发明实施例中2#灌注桩在3.0m处的接收信号频谱示意图；Fig. 15 is a schematic diagram of the received signal spectrum of the 2# cast-in-place pile at 3.0m in the embodiment of the present invention;
图16是本发明实施例中2#灌注桩在4.5m处的接收信号频谱示意图；Fig. 16 is a schematic diagram of the received signal spectrum at 4.5m of 2# cast-in-place pile in the embodiment of the present invention;
图17是本发明实施例中2#灌注桩在6.7m处的接收信号频谱示意图；Fig. 17 is a schematic diagram of the received signal spectrum of the 2# cast-in-situ pile at 6.7m in the embodiment of the present invention;
图18是本发明实施例中2#灌注桩在7.4m处的接收信号频谱示意图；Fig. 18 is a schematic diagram of the received signal spectrum at 7.4m of 2# cast-in-place pile in the embodiment of the present invention;
图19是本发明实施例中整个桩身等效直径的全剖面桩径变化图。Fig. 19 is a full-section pile diameter change diagram of the equivalent diameter of the entire pile body in the embodiment of the present invention.
具体实施方式detailed description
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。此外，下面所描述的本发明各个实施方式中所涉及到的技术特征只要彼此之间未构成冲突就可以相互组合。In order to make the object, technical solution and advantages of the present invention more clear, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described here are only used to explain the present invention, not to limit the present invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the various embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not constitute a conflict with each other.
理论上桩身实际直径与成孔直径，亦桩的设计直径相一致。但往往人为或是机械施工的不确定性的存在，可能出现孔径过大或是过小的现象。地质土层、地下水、以及其他因素，导致的局部孔壁坍塌，使得成桩局部扩径，实际截面直径的大小检测缺乏行之有效的检测方法。这些都归根结底都是桩身实际直径确定问题，当下声波透射法检测桩身完整性领域，尚未有提出测试实际桩身直径。In theory, the actual diameter of the pile body is consistent with the diameter of the hole and the design diameter of the pile. However, there are often uncertainties in artificial or mechanical construction, and the aperture may be too large or too small. Geological soil, groundwater, and other factors lead to local hole wall collapse, which makes the piles partially expand in diameter, and there is no effective detection method for the detection of the actual cross-sectional diameter. In the final analysis, these are all problems of determining the actual diameter of the pile body. In the field of detecting the integrity of the pile body by the acoustic wave transmission method, no method has been proposed to test the actual diameter of the pile body.
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明提供了一种基于声波透射频域分析方法，通过预先埋设的声测管测试各个待测位置截面的桩身直径，得出整个桩身不同位置的直径。上述测量结果可以进一步用于与设计桩径比较，检验出在误差允许的范围内局部或整个桩段的施工桩径是否符合设计要求。In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides an analysis method based on the sound wave transmission frequency domain. The diameter of the pile body at each section to be measured is measured through a pre-embedded acoustic tube to obtain the diameters of different positions of the entire pile body. The above measurement results can be further used for comparison with the designed pile diameter to check whether the construction pile diameter of the local or the entire pile section meets the design requirements within the allowable range of error.
理论基础：在声波透射法检测混凝土灌注桩完整性实际应用中，接收波中包含着由低到高的各种频率成分，这其中在低频断的某一频率，反应桩身截面信息，将其称为特征频率fm′。可通过该特征频率利用公式D′＝kc/2fm′计算测点截面桩身直径D′,k为修正系数取，k＝1.0，c为测点的实时波速。Theoretical basis: In the practical application of the sound wave transmission method to detect the integrity of concrete pouring piles, the received wave contains various frequency components from low to high. Among them, at a certain frequency of low frequency, the information of the section of the pile body is reflected, and its Called the characteristic frequency f m ′. The diameter of the section pile at the measuring point D' can be calculated by using the formula D'=kc/2f m ' through the characteristic frequency, k is the correction coefficient, k=1.0, and c is the real-time wave velocity of the measuring point.
如图1所示，本发明提供了一种用于基桩检测声波透射法的纵向剖面等效桩径计算方法，所述方法包括：As shown in Figure 1, the present invention provides a method for calculating the equivalent pile diameter of the longitudinal section of the acoustic transmission method for foundation pile detection, the method comprising:
利用声波仪的低通采集技术和宽频带接收技术，依次全剖面获得发射换能器和接收换能器所在平面测线的500Hz以上频段声波信号；Using the low-pass acquisition technology and wide-band receiving technology of the acoustic wave instrument, the sound wave signals in the frequency band above 500 Hz of the plane survey line where the transmitting transducer and receiving transducer are located are obtained in sequence in full section;
针对所述全剖面实测声波信号，计算各待测点实时波速，获得全剖面波速变化图；Calculate the real-time wave velocity of each point to be measured for the measured sound wave signal of the full section, and obtain the wave velocity change map of the full section;
针对所述全剖面实测声波信号进行傅里叶变换，得到全剖面声波信号频谱图；Performing a Fourier transform on the full-section measured sound wave signal to obtain a full-section sound wave signal spectrum;
根据已知设计桩径和所述待测点实时波速，计算各点的预估特征频率，并利用刻度在所述全剖面声波信号频谱图中自动进行连续标识；According to the known design pile diameter and the real-time wave velocity of the points to be measured, calculate the estimated characteristic frequency of each point, and use the scale to automatically carry out continuous marking in the spectrum diagram of the full-section sound wave signal;
根据所述全剖面声波信号频谱图，在所述预估特征频率附近找到实际特征频率，修改所述自动完成的标识形成实际特征频率标识图；According to the full-section sound wave signal spectrum diagram, find the actual characteristic frequency near the estimated characteristic frequency, modify the automatically completed logo to form the actual characteristic frequency logo diagram;
根据所述全剖面波速变化图和所述实际特征频率标识图，计算全剖面各测点桩径，获得全剖面各测点桩径变化图；Calculate the pile diameter of each measuring point of the full section according to the wave velocity change diagram of the full section and the actual characteristic frequency identification diagram, and obtain the pile diameter variation diagram of each measuring point of the full section;
根据不同剖面获得的各测点桩径变化图，对同一横截面不同测线获得的桩径进行比较和平均，获得所述截面的平均桩径，构成新的全剖面桩径变化图，绘制桩径随深度变化曲线。According to the pile diameter change diagrams of each measuring point obtained by different sections, the pile diameters obtained by different survey lines of the same cross section are compared and averaged to obtain the average pile diameter of the section, and a new full-section pile diameter change diagram is formed, and the piles are drawn Variation curve of diameter with depth.
首先结合实验说明本发明方法，试验方法为如图2所示的常规对测法，具体地：At first the inventive method is illustrated in conjunction with experiments, and the test method is a conventional test method as shown in Figure 2, specifically:
(A)仪器选择与参数设定(A) Instrument selection and parameter setting
试验所使用仪器为如图2所示的非金属超声波检测仪，配有如图3所示的圆环式径向换能器，发射换能器主频分别为40kHz，接收换能器主频为60kHz。实测信号均由1#、2#圆桩(如图4、图5所示)声波透射法检测获得。仪器参数设置为：采样步距为10cm，采样点数为2048个，采样间隔为3μs，通频带设置为10Hz-60kHz，延迟时间0μs，发射电压500v，信号后处理使用超声分析系统软件。The instrument used in the test is a non-metallic ultrasonic detector as shown in Figure 2, equipped with a circular radial transducer as shown in Figure 3, the main frequency of the transmitting transducer is 40kHz, and the main frequency of the receiving transducer is 60kHz. The measured signals are all obtained by the acoustic transmission method of 1# and 2# round piles (as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5). The instrument parameters are set as follows: the sampling step is 10cm, the number of sampling points is 2048, the sampling interval is 3μs, the passband is set to 10Hz-60kHz, the delay time is 0μs, the emission voltage is 500v, and the signal post-processing uses ultrasonic analysis system software.
其中，所述接收换能器，需要能够接收500Hz以上的信号。另外，为确保宽频带响应和接收能力，所用发射换能器和接收换能器不能采用相同的谐振峰，发射换能器谐振峰不得高于接收换能器谐振峰频率值的三分之二。Wherein, the receiving transducer needs to be able to receive signals above 500 Hz. In addition, in order to ensure wide-band response and receiving capabilities, the transmitting transducer and receiving transducer used cannot use the same resonant peak, and the resonant peak of the transmitting transducer must not be higher than two-thirds of the frequency value of the resonant peak of the receiving transducer .
(B)实验方法(B) Experimental method
常规对测，利用声波仪的低通采集技术和宽频带接收技术，依次全剖面获得发射换能器和接收换能器所在平面测线的500Hz以上频段声波信号；Conventional measurement, using the low-pass acquisition technology and wide-band receiving technology of the acoustic wave instrument, sequentially obtain the sound wave signals in the frequency band above 500 Hz of the plane survey line where the transmitting transducer and receiving transducer are located;
(C)数据处理(C) Data processing
a获得全剖面声波信号频谱图a Obtain the spectrum diagram of the full-section acoustic wave signal
可以针对所述全剖面实测声波信号，计算各待测点实时波速，获得全剖面波速变化图；具体地，可以针对所述全剖面实测声波信号，根据到时和声测管管间距，计算实时波速，获得全剖面波速变化图。The real-time wave velocity of each point to be measured can be calculated for the full-section measured sound wave signal, and the full-section wave velocity change diagram can be obtained; specifically, the real-time wave velocity can be calculated for the full-section measured sound wave signal according to the time of arrival and the distance between the acoustic measuring tubes. Wave velocity, to obtain the full-section wave velocity change map.
针对所述全剖面实测声波信号进行傅里叶变换，得到全剖面声波信号频谱图；具体地，利用声波仪对所述接收换能器获取的对应各待测位置的实时声波信号中的500Hz以上频段信号进行全剖面的傅里叶变换，获得各待测点的全剖面声波信号频谱图。Perform Fourier transform on the full-section measured sound wave signal to obtain a full-section sound wave signal spectrum; specifically, use the sound wave instrument to detect the real-time sound wave signals above 500 Hz corresponding to each position to be measured obtained by the receiving transducer. The frequency band signal is subjected to the Fourier transform of the full profile to obtain the full profile acoustic signal spectrum diagram of each point to be measured.
b，确定预估特征频率b, determine the estimated characteristic frequency
根据已知设计桩径和所述待测点实时波速，计算各点的预估特征频率，并利用刻度在所述全剖面声波信号频谱图中自动进行连续标识；具体地，利用公式fm＝kc/2Dd求取待测点预估特征频率，其中fm为求取的预估特征频率，k为修正系数取k＝1.0，c为待测点实时波速，Dd为已知设计桩径；根据所述预估特征频率，依序在所述全剖面声波信号频谱图中自动进行逐点标识。According to the known design pile diameter and the real-time wave velocity of the points to be measured, calculate the estimated characteristic frequency of each point, and use the scale to automatically carry out continuous marking in the spectrum diagram of the full-section sound wave signal; specifically, use the formula f m = kc/2D d to obtain the estimated characteristic frequency of the point to be measured, where f m is the estimated characteristic frequency obtained, k is the correction coefficient and k=1.0, c is the real-time wave velocity of the point to be measured, D d is the known design pile path; according to the estimated characteristic frequency, automatically perform point-by-point marking in the spectrum diagram of the full-section acoustic wave signal in sequence.
c，确定实际特征频率c, to determine the actual eigenfrequency
根据所述全剖面声波信号频谱图，在所述预估特征频率附近找到实际特征频率，修改所述自动完成的标识形成实际特征频率标识图；具体地，在所述全剖面高精度频谱图中，在所述预估特征频率附近查找谐振峰，获取真正的特征频率并予以标识，形成实际特征频率标识图。According to the full-section sound wave signal spectrum diagram, find the actual characteristic frequency near the estimated characteristic frequency, modify the automatically completed identification to form the actual characteristic frequency identification diagram; specifically, in the full-section high-precision spectrum diagram , searching for a resonance peak near the estimated characteristic frequency, obtaining and marking a real characteristic frequency, and forming an actual characteristic frequency identification diagram.
d，确定实际桩身直径d, determine the actual pile diameter
根据确定的完整桩身截面实际特征频率值fm′，按公式反算实际桩身直径D′＝kc/2fm′，进而研究不同接收换能器主频，不同桩身直径，不同测距下，计算直径与设计直径误差，验证计算方法的正确性。According to the determined actual eigenfrequency value f m ′ of the complete pile body section, the actual pile body diameter D′=kc/2f m ′ is back calculated according to the formula, and then the main frequency of different receiving transducers, different pile body diameters, and different distance measurements are studied Next, calculate the error between the diameter and the design diameter, and verify the correctness of the calculation method.
e，绘制等效桩径随深度变化曲线e, draw the equivalent pile diameter change curve with depth
进一步地，可以根据所述全剖面波速变化图和所述实际特征频率标识图，计算全剖面各测点等效桩径，获得全剖面各测点等效桩径变化图；Further, the equivalent pile diameter of each measuring point of the full section can be calculated according to the wave velocity change diagram of the full section and the actual characteristic frequency identification diagram, and the equivalent pile diameter change diagram of each measuring point of the full section can be obtained;
根据不同剖面获得的各测点桩径变化图，对同一横截面不同测线获得的桩径进行比较和平均，获得所述截面的平均桩径，构成新的全剖面桩径变化图，绘制桩径随深度变化曲线。According to the pile diameter change diagrams of each measuring point obtained by different sections, the pile diameters obtained by different survey lines of the same cross section are compared and averaged to obtain the average pile diameter of the section, and a new full-section pile diameter change diagram is formed, and the piles are drawn Variation curve of diameter with depth.
示例：Example:
以1#桩为例，该桩桩径为1m，深度为4.9m处测点信号频域如图6所示。该点实测波速4265m/s，特征频率估算值为fm′＝kc/2Dd＝2465/(2×1)＝2133Hz。Taking 1# pile as an example, the pile diameter is 1m, and the frequency domain of the measuring point signal at the depth of 4.9m is shown in Figure 6. The measured wave velocity at this point is 4265m/s, and the estimated characteristic frequency is f m ′=kc/2D d =2465/(2×1)=2133Hz.
由结果图易知，fm′＝2133Hz附近存在三个峰值点，从小到大分别为：1628Hz，2116Hz，2441Hz。桩径计算见表1。It is easy to know from the result graph that there are three peak points around f m ′=2133Hz, from small to large: 1628Hz, 2116Hz, and 2441Hz. The pile diameter calculation is shown in Table 1.
表1特征频率与计算桩径Table 1 Eigenfrequency and calculated pile diameter
通过上表计算，可见特征频率的存在与计算方法的正确性。Through the calculation in the above table, it can be seen that the existence of the characteristic frequency and the correctness of the calculation method.
说明：a.结合声时、声幅、主频以及时域波形可初步判断测点截面完整性。若截面完好，则预估特征频率值fm约等于实际特征频率值fm′；Explanation: a. Combining sound time, sound amplitude, main frequency and time domain waveform can preliminarily judge the integrity of the cross-section of the measuring point. If the section is intact, the estimated eigenfrequency value f m is approximately equal to the actual eigenfrequency value f m ′;
b.实测证明：完整桩段部分，按fm′计算出的D′与Dd的最大相对误差不超过10％，大多数测点的相对误差很小。频谱图中，与fm′相邻的左右两个峰值点计算出的桩径与设计桩径的相对误差均超过10％。并且，fm′作为反映桩身直径信息的基频，在频谱图中存在2阶、3阶乃至更高阶峰值点。以上证明：实际特征频率值fm′是唯一的。b. The actual measurement proves that for the complete pile section, the maximum relative error between D' and D d calculated according to f m ′ does not exceed 10%, and the relative error of most measuring points is very small. In the spectrogram, the relative error between the calculated pile diameter and the designed pile diameter at the left and right two peak points adjacent to f m ′ is more than 10%. Moreover, f m ′ is the fundamental frequency reflecting the information of the diameter of the pile body, and there are 2nd, 3rd and even higher order peak points in the spectrogram. The above proves that the actual eigenfrequency value f m ′ is unique.
以下结合具体实施例说明本发明计算桩径的方法：The method that the present invention calculates pile diameter is illustrated below in conjunction with specific embodiment:
声波透射频域分析方法工程应用1-计算桩身直径Engineering application of sound wave transmission frequency domain analysis method 1-Calculation of pile diameter
1桩径计算流程1 pile diameter calculation process
(1)在已知设计桩径Dd的情况下，读取仪器测得该待测位置的实时波速c。(1) When the designed pile diameter D d is known, the real-time wave velocity c of the position to be measured is measured by the reading instrument.
(2)按公式计算待测位置预估特征频率fm＝kc/2Dd。(2) Calculate the estimated characteristic frequency f m =kc/2D d of the position to be measured according to the formula.
(3)观察信号频谱图低频部分，在预估特征频率值fm附近找到实际特征频率值fm′。(3) Observe the low-frequency part of the signal spectrogram, and find the actual eigenfrequency value f m ′ near the estimated eigenfrequency value f m .
(4)将c与实际特征频率值fm′代入公式D′＝kc/2fm′，求得该待测位置处的桩径D′。(4) Substitute c and the actual eigenfrequency value f m ′ into the formula D′=kc/2f m ′ to obtain the pile diameter D′ at the position to be measured.
2完整桩身部分的直径计算方法2 Calculation method of the diameter of the complete pile body
2.11号灌注桩测试2. No. 11 cast-in-place pile test
对1号灌注桩进行检测，发射探头主频为40kHz，接收探头主频为60kHz，采用常规对测，测管3-4(非径向方向)间距为0.485m。The No. 1 cast-in-situ pile is tested, the main frequency of the transmitting probe is 40kHz, and the main frequency of the receiving probe is 60kHz. Conventional comparison is adopted, and the distance between the measuring tubes 3-4 (non-radial direction) is 0.485m.
1号桩桩径为1.0m，测管深度为8.5m，从桩底到桩顶每隔0.1m采集一次共采集85个实测信号，对其进行频域分析并采用上述方法计算各待测位置处桩径。由于待测位置数据较多，选取完整部分的深度分别为0.5m、1.3m、3.1m、6.0m、7.6m、8.5m处的待测位置计算桩径，仪器实测信号频谱图如图8-13所示。根据步骤(1-4)在图8-13中读取特征频率并计算桩径，其结果如表2所示。The pile diameter of No. 1 pile is 1.0m, and the depth of the measuring tube is 8.5m. A total of 85 measured signals are collected every 0.1m from the bottom of the pile to the top of the pile, and the frequency domain analysis is performed on them, and the above method is used to calculate the pile diameter. Due to the large amount of data on the location to be measured, the depth of the complete part is 0.5m, 1.3m, 3.1m, 6.0m, 7.6m, and 8.5m to calculate the pile diameter. The spectrum of the measured signal of the instrument is shown in Figure 8- 13. According to the steps (1-4), read the characteristic frequency in Fig. 8-13 and calculate the pile diameter, and the results are shown in Table 2.
表2桩身待测位置3-4频域计算结果Table 2 The frequency domain calculation results of 3-4 pile body to be measured
2.2 2号灌注桩测试2.2 Test of No. 2 cast-in-place pile
仪器设定不变，对2号桩1-3测管进行检测，其桩径为0.8m，测管深度为9.0m，从桩底到桩顶每隔0.1m采集一次共采集90个实测信号，同样采用上述方法进行分析。其中选取深度为1.1m、3.0m、4.5m、6.7m、7.4m处仪器实测信号频谱图如图14-18图下。The instrument setting remains unchanged, and the No. 2 pile 1-3 measuring tube is tested. The pile diameter is 0.8m, and the measuring tube depth is 9.0m. A total of 90 measured signals are collected every 0.1m from the bottom of the pile to the top of the pile. , the same method as above was used for analysis. Among them, the measured signal spectrum diagrams of the instrument at depths of 1.1m, 3.0m, 4.5m, 6.7m, and 7.4m are shown in Figure 14-18.
根据步骤1-4在图中读取特征频率并计算桩径，其结果如表3所示。According to steps 1-4, read the characteristic frequency in the figure and calculate the pile diameter, and the results are shown in Table 3.
表3桩身待测位置1-3频域计算结果Table 3 Calculation results in the frequency domain of positions 1-3 of the pile body to be measured
以上数据均为随机选取的完整桩的部分待测位置，其桩径计算结果与设计结果吻合较好，误差在合理范围内，由于篇幅有限，没有将所有完整桩段待测位置的结果全部列出，实测的结果表明，选择特征频率计算完整桩段的直径计算方法是正确可行的，而且不论沿着径向还是斜向方向，均可以得到较好的测试结果。The above data are part of the test positions of the complete piles randomly selected, and the pile diameter calculation results are in good agreement with the design results, and the error is within a reasonable range. Due to the limited space, the results of all the test positions of the complete pile sections are not listed. The results of the actual measurement show that the calculation method of calculating the diameter of the complete pile section by selecting the characteristic frequency is correct and feasible, and good test results can be obtained no matter along the radial direction or the oblique direction.
进一步地，还可以根据上述测量桩径的方法，沿基桩的径向方向，测量基桩上多个测点的等效桩径并对多个测点的等效桩径取平均值获得平均等效桩径，然后对桩身轴向重复上述测量过程，获得如图19所示的整个桩身实际直径的全剖面桩径变化图。Further, it is also possible to measure the equivalent pile diameters of multiple measuring points on the foundation pile along the radial direction of the foundation pile according to the above-mentioned method of measuring the pile diameter, and take the average value of the equivalent pile diameters of the multiple measuring points to obtain an average The equivalent pile diameter, and then repeat the above measurement process for the axial direction of the pile body, and obtain the full-section pile diameter change diagram of the actual diameter of the entire pile body as shown in Figure 19.
本领域的技术人员容易理解，以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。Those skilled in the art can easily understand that the above descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent replacements and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention, All should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.
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