CN106660876B - 用于内部涂层或衬里的砂浆组合物 - Google Patents

用于内部涂层或衬里的砂浆组合物 Download PDF

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CN106660876B
CN106660876B CN201580040118.XA CN201580040118A CN106660876B CN 106660876 B CN106660876 B CN 106660876B CN 201580040118 A CN201580040118 A CN 201580040118A CN 106660876 B CN106660876 B CN 106660876B
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于内部灰泥或涂层的砂浆组合物,其包含至少一种粘合剂、至少聚集体、砂和/或填料和至少一种添加剂,其特征在于,至少一种添加剂是能够清除醛的粉末形式的试剂,其选自氨基醇。

Description

用于内部涂层或衬里的砂浆组合物
本发明涉及具有环境空气净化性能的用于内部灰泥或涂层的干燥或糊状砂浆组合物。
建筑物内的空气是物理、化学和/或生物污染物的混合物,其可能具有各种起源。建筑材料,所使用的整理产品和家具尤其是挥发性有机化合物(VOC)的来源,例如任选卤代的烃,醇,有机酸,酯或醛,例如甲醛,乙醛,己醛等。VOC在环境温度下具有足够高的蒸气压,因此它们可以在环境空气中几乎完全处于蒸气状态。它们可以由这些材料或产品在更长或更短的持续时间内排放,所述更长或更短的持续时间范围从几天到几年,这取决于它们所来源的材料或产品的性质和类型。已知刨花板、压制木材或胶合板、用于家具或装饰的纺织品、合成或预制的墙壁或地板覆盖物、清漆、胶水等等,释放甲醛。例如,建议在使用这些产品期间或之后对房间进行大范围的空气流通。关于防止可能存在健康风险产品的不期望排放的规定变得越来越严格,并且使得必须尽可能地减少污染物的排放。为此,有时可以通过防止其生产来在源头发挥作用。这在某些情况下是不可能的,并且然后需要在形成污染物之后通过诸如氧化或辐射方法或生物方法的破坏性技术或通过诸如吸附、冷凝、膜方法或吸收的回收技术来起作用。具有迄今为止使用的具有空气净化功能的建筑材料主要使用两种类型的技术:可提及,例如与可以掺入砂浆组合物中具有氧化钛颗粒的光催化氧化,或使用吸附剂或化学吸附剂,能够清除VOC,特别是醛。涉及催化氧化方法的缺点主要是需要在室内具有足够的光源,从而有效地进行该方法。关于使用吸附剂的方法,特别是已知在载体上沉积组合物,其形成包含能够与甲醛反应并因此清除它的试剂的膜。在这些能够清除醛的化合物中,可以提及含有活性亚甲基、丹宁(tannins)、酰胺和酰肼的化合物。然而,当这些化合物用于装饰性涂层时,它们对涂层的美学外观没有负面影响是重要的。能够清除醛的试剂不能留下痕迹,也不会引起放置它的表面变色。此外,该试剂不得释放恶臭,或产生与所需效果相反的排放。因此它必须在其所结合的或沉积它的材料的使用条件下保持稳定。
通常使用的甲醛清除剂属于乙酰乙酰胺类。当将这种化合物引入用于精整灰泥的水泥基质中时,由于在碱性条件下酰胺的水解,几天后在室内检测到强的氨气味。因此,这种类型的化合物不能用于所需的应用。如果基于乙酰胺的清除剂在中性pH条件下使用,例如在基于煅烧石膏的灰泥中,则该气味消失。另一方面,即使在这些条件下,在几天后,在灰泥的表面上观察到黄褐色变色,这对于美学外观是不可接受的。
因此,需要使用能够清除醛的其它类型的试剂,其不具有用于碱性和/或装饰砂浆中的上述缺点。本发明属于这种情况。
本发明涉及一种用于内部灰泥或涂层的干燥或糊状的砂浆组合物,其包含至少一种粘合剂、至少粒料(granulats)、聚集体(agrégats)、砂和/或填料和至少一种添加剂,所述添加剂之一是能够清除醛的粉末形式的试剂,选自氨基醇。该添加剂也称为去污染剂。它直接掺入砂浆组合物中,而不改变物理和机械性能,例如砂浆的凝固时间或机械强度。
根据本发明的砂浆组合物可以是粉末形式,并且其然后被称为干燥组合物。它也可以是分散体的形式,然后将其称为糊状砂浆组合物。
所述去污染剂优选为式R1R2R3-C-NH2的伯氨基醇,其中R1 、R2 和R3为包含1至6个碳原子(C1 -C6)烷基、氢原子或-OH羟基,所述R1、R2 或R3基团至少之一包含羟基。
优选地,所述去污染剂包含至少两个羟基。优选地,所述去污染剂选自2-氨基-2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇,2-氨基-2(羟甲基)丙烷-1,3-二醇(也称为三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷)和2-氨基-2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇。更优选地,所述去污染剂是包含三个羟基的2-氨基-2(羟甲基)丙烷-1,3-二醇。
去污染剂具有吸收能力,使得它能够吸收室内存在的醛,并因此净化室内空气。被去污染剂吸收的醛是甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、巴豆醛(cronotaldehyde)、丁醛、苯甲醛、戊醛或己醛。
砂浆组合物包含至少一种矿物或有机粘合剂,其可以是水硬性粘合剂、硫酸钙源、磷镁(phosphomagnesium)粘合剂、石灰和/或聚合物分散体或可再分散粉末。
矿物粘合剂选自水硬性粘合剂、硫酸钙源、石灰和/或磷镁(phosphomagnesium)粘合剂。在水硬性粘合剂中,可以提及的是波特兰水泥,高铝水泥,硫铝酸盐水泥,贝利特水泥(belite cements),高炉炉渣,火山灰混合物的水泥,任选地包含飞灰,硅灰,石灰石,煅烧片岩和/或天然或煅烧火山灰。在根据本发明的砂浆组合物中,可以单独使用这种类型的粘合剂或作为混合物使用。在硫酸钙源中,可以提及煅烧石膏或烧石膏、石膏和/或无水石膏。
当粘合剂是有机粘合剂时,其选自聚合物分散体或可再分散粉末。可以提及丙烯酸和/或乙烯基聚合物或共聚物、苯乙烯和丁二烯的共聚物、苯乙烯和丙烯酸的共聚物、乙酸乙烯酯和乙烯的共聚物、乙酸乙烯酯和叔碳酸乙烯酯(vinyl versatate)的共聚物,及其衍生物。
矿物或有机粘合剂的量占干燥或糊状砂浆组合物的各种组分总量的1重量%至95重量%。
干燥或糊状的砂浆组合物含有粒料、聚集体、砂和/或钙质(calcareous)和/或硅质(siliceous)填料。这些化合物特别地对产品的流变性、硬度或最终外观起作用。它们的含量相对于组合物总重量通常为1至95重量%。
根据本发明的干燥或糊状的砂浆组合物除了去污染剂之外还有利地包括作为流变剂的添加剂,例如增塑剂或超增塑剂、保水剂、增稠剂、杀菌保护剂、分散剂、抗水剂、颜料、促进剂和/或缓凝剂,以及能够改善施用后砂浆或混凝土的凝固、硬化和/或稳定性,调节颜色、可加工性、实施性或不渗透性的其它试剂。相对于砂浆组合物组分总混合物,添加剂的总含量是0.001重量%至5重量%。
本发明还涉及制备上述干燥或糊状砂浆组合物的方法。根据一个实施方案,能够清除醛的去污染剂在制备砂浆组合物期间与粘合剂、粒料、聚集体、砂和/或填料和其它可能的添加剂直接混合。还可以将去污染剂直接加入到已经制备好的包含至少一种粘合剂、至少粒料、聚集体、砂和/或填料和任选的添加剂的砂浆组合物中。在干组合物的情况下,该添加可以在将砂浆组合物与水混合之前或之时进行。在根据本发明的砂浆组合物中使用的去污染剂的优点之一,特别其为粉末形式,是其能够以与砂浆组合物其它组分相同的方式被掺入。
本发明还涉及由与水混合的干砂浆组合物或随后硬化的糊状砂浆组合物获得的用于地板、墙壁和/或天花板的内部涂层。这种涂层含有5至50 g/m2的能够清除醛的去污染剂,其选自如上所述的氨基醇。
根据本发明的涂层使得有可能在几年内吸收并因此使其沉积其中而不污染房间。因此,它的工作寿命与内部涂层的常规使用完全相容,因为它是多年。本发明还涉及这种涂层用于减少建筑物室内空气中醛的量中的用途。根据本发明的涂层是足够多孔的,使得包含在环境空气中的污染物可以直接由包含在用于制备所述涂层的砂浆组合物中的清除剂去污染剂捕获。
非常有利地,由根据本发明的干燥或糊状的砂浆组合物获得的产品没有氨气味。
下面的实施例说明本发明而不限制其范围。
实施例1:包含清除甲醛的三(羟甲基) - 氨基甲烷的水泥-基内部灰泥。
将1重量%的三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷加入到以名称Weber Star 220可商购的水泥-基内部灰泥中。
测量用本发明的这种组合物消除气相中含有的甲醛类污染物的性能,并与不含能清除甲醛的添加剂的相同类型内部灰泥组合物(Weber Star 220)进行比较。还通过校准测试了没有灰泥样品的空测试室。
根据ISO 16000-23标准中描述的方法,使用以下条件并在三个测试室中平行地测试各种样品:
- 污染物在包含各个样品的每个室入口处以约90ppbv(十亿分之几份,以体积计)的浓度注入,
- 测试室的相对湿度为49%
- 测试室的温度为23℃,
- 包含污染物的空气流速为1.6 l/ min,
- 各样品的表面积为0.2m2(每个室包括两个380mm×270mm的片)
- 室的体积为28.2升。
各测试包括将各石膏样品放置在室中,连续地发送被甲醛污染的空气流通过室,使得样品的表面被污染空气流连续扫过,并且在室出口的甲醛浓度存在于出口空气中。污染空气通过室的循环保持320小时。
图1表示离开室的空气中的甲醛浓度随所测试的各种样品的时间的变化。
如预期的,离开没有灰泥样品的室的空气不随时间改变(由三角形符号表示的曲线):甲醛浓度保持稳定(约90ppbv)。在含Weber star 220内部灰泥而不包含能够清除污染物的添加剂的室中(由方形符号表示的曲线),甲醛浓度有规律地增加,在约180分钟后达到进入空气中含有的污染物的水平。在试验开始时,甲醛的浓度相对较低(小于20ppbv),这可以通过污染物在灰泥基质的孔中的物理吸附来解释。
另一方面,应当注意,在包含根据本发明样品的室中的测试期间,甲醛的浓度保持稳定并且低于5ppbv,也就是说,Weber Star 220样品包含1重量%的三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷(由菱形符号表示的曲线)。由包含甲醛清除剂的砂浆组合物获得的灰泥因此具有足够的反应性,以消除在整个测试期间引入的所有污染物。
实施例2:测定包含1%能清除甲醛的试剂的水泥-基内部灰泥的甲醛吸附容量。
进行测试以确定以名称Weber Star 220出售的内部灰泥的吸附容量,如ISO16000-23标准中所述,向其中加入1重量%的三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷。
灰泥一旦硬化,手工在研钵中研磨并过筛。将具有1至4mm大小的级分置于内径为20mm的玻璃管中,以在管中填充123mm。玻璃管中研磨材料的量为34.99g。将由甲醛污染的空气流送入包含样品的管中,同时以1.6升/分钟的流速送入没有样品的对照管中。进入管的空气中的甲醛浓度为约2000ppbv。试验在23℃的温度进行。在离开这些管中的每一个的空气流中连续地测量甲醛的浓度。
图2表示吸收的甲醛的量随时间的函数。在240小时(即10天)后停止测试,此时仍未达到所测试的灰泥样品的最大吸附容量。在停止时,引入的灰泥的量(即34.99g)清除了28.6mg甲醛。
因此,1g本发明的灰泥(即包含1重量%的三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷)可以清除至少0.82mg的甲醛。
实施例3:包含1重量%的三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷的灰泥的长期性能评价
从实施例2中进行的试验可以推断出吸附容量为每克灰泥至少0.82mg甲醛,由于每平方米使用3kg的灰泥,在AgBB对照室模型中使用的参数(对应于“Ausschuss zurgesundheitlichen Bewertung von Bauprodukten”的缩写AgBB,其是代表德国公共卫生当局负责建筑材料中VOC排放的德国委员会),并且通过考虑平衡状态下甲醛浓度为50μg /m3(这意味着在房间中永久地有1.5mg的甲醛),可以确定在这个房间中的灰泥能够清除在至少16年的持续时间内排放的甲醛的总量。
为了进行该计算,使用以下数据:
- 灰泥的甲醛吸附能力:至少0.82mg/每克灰泥
- 涂有灰泥的表面积:43.4m2
- 灰泥消耗:3公斤/平方米
- 房间内的灰泥量:130.2公斤
- 房间容积:30 m3
- 房间中的交换空气流量:0.5 l / h
实施例4:变色的评价
将基于煅烧石膏(其包含30重量%的烧石膏CaSO4,69重量%的钙质砂和1重量%的三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷或1重量%的乙酰乙酰胺)的内部精整灰泥与25重量%的水混合,并且在2mm的厚度上施加到石棉水泥板上。也以相同的方式制备没有任何清除剂和具有基于煅烧石膏的相同内部灰泥的对照样品。通过在室内于环境条件下储存1天、20天和40天后使用Konica Minolta CM-3610d分光光度计(1976 CIE Lab 系统,光源D65)测量比色参数L*,a *,b *,评价变色程度(发黄)。
如在表1和图3中可以观察到的,其表示测试的各种样品的参数b*的变化随时间的函数,对于不含清除剂的对照样品和对于包含三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷的样品,颜色保持稳定。另一方面,包含1重量%的乙酰乙酰胺作为清除剂的样品具有随时间变黄的倾向。
Figure 389686DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
实施例5:氨排放
以名称Weber Star 220可商购的水泥-基内部灰泥的样品与1重量%的三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷或1重量%的乙酰乙酰胺和水混合。
将100g各新鲜样品置于密封干燥器中。24小时后,用5/a氨检测Draeger管和Draeger Accuro泵测量干燥器内空气中氨的浓度。进行的测量显示,包含乙酰乙酰胺作为清除剂的样品的情况,来自干燥器的空气含有40ppm的氨。含有具有三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷的灰泥样品的情况,来自干燥器的空气中没有检测到痕量的氨。

Claims (6)

1.由与水混合的干燥砂浆组合物或糊状砂浆组合物获得的用于地板、墙壁和/或天花板的内部涂层用于减少建筑物室内空气中醛的量的用途,所述干燥或糊状砂浆组合物包含至少一种粘合剂、至少粒料、聚集体、砂和/或填料和至少一种添加剂,其特征在于,至少一种添加剂是能够清除醛的粉末形式的试剂,其选自式R1R2R3-C-NH2的伯氨基醇,其中R1、R2和R3是包含1至6个碳原子的烷基、氢原子或-OH羟基基团,R1、R2或R3基团中的至少一个包含羟基基团。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于所述能够清除醛的试剂选自2-氨基-2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2-氨基-2(羟甲基)丙烷-1,3-二醇和2-氨基-2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的用途,其特征在于,所述粘合剂选自:
- 水硬性粘结剂,选自波特兰水泥、高铝水泥、硫铝酸盐水泥、贝利特水泥、高炉炉渣、火山灰混合物的水泥,其任选地包含飞灰,硅灰,石灰石,煅烧片岩和/或天然或煅烧火山灰,其单独或作为混合物,
- 硫酸钙源,选自煅烧石膏、石膏和/或无水石膏,
- 石灰,
- 磷镁粘合剂和/或
- 有机粘合剂,选自聚合物分散体或可再分散粉末,
所述粘合剂含量占所述组分总混合物的1重量%至95重量%。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的用途,其特征在于,所述干燥或糊状砂浆组合物另外包含添加剂,所述添加剂是流变剂、保水剂、增稠剂、杀菌保护剂、分散剂、抗水剂、颜料、促进剂和/或缓凝剂,以及能够改善施用后砂浆或混凝土的凝固、硬化和/或稳定性、调节颜色、可加工性、实施或不可渗透性的其他试剂,添加剂总含量相对于组分总混合物为0.001重量%至5重量%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述醛选自甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、巴豆醛、丁醛、苯甲醛、戊醛或己醛。
6.根据权利要求3所述的用途,其中所述有机粘合剂选自丙烯酸和/或乙烯基聚合物或共聚物、苯乙烯和丁二烯的共聚物、苯乙烯和丙烯酸的共聚物、乙酸乙烯酯和乙烯的共聚物、乙酸乙烯酯和叔碳酸乙烯酯的共聚物,及其衍生物。
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