CN106389594A - Traditional Chinese medicine composition for curing nyctalopia and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Traditional Chinese medicine composition for curing nyctalopia and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for curing nyctalopia and a preparation method thereof, wherein the traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from the materials of the traditional Chinese medicines of common nostoc, japanese clover, gynura segetum, Chinese birch, saxifrage, chenopodium ambrosioides, aristolochia cinnabarina and lobelia sequinii. The invention further provides the preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine composition. The provided traditional Chinese medicine composition is mainly used to cure nyctalopia.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the field of Chinese medicines is and in particular to a kind of treat Chinese medicine composition of nyctalopia and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Nyctalopia is exactly under dark situation or night vision is very poor or completely invisible thing.Nyctalopia is commonly called as " passeris montani saturati covers eye ",
Blurring of vision under night or rather dark environment, moving difficulty, referred to as nyctalopia.Nyctalopia be one kind at dusk or in the dark
The retinitis pigmentosa oculopathy of thing can not be seen.Motherland's medical science claims " night blindness due to deficiency of the liver ", ancient title " night blindness ".
The classical symptom of nyctalopia is that, just as blindness, bitot's patcheses in dusk or darkroom, photophobia is shed tears, and gastric is cut off the water,
Thirst with desire to drink, general lassitude, dysuria.Severe patient can concurrently conjunctival xerosiss, keratomalacia.So patient is in diagnosis nyctalopia
During disease, need typing dialectical.
The medicine typing of nyctalopia:
1st, deficiency of kidney yin type:Card is shown in nyctalopia, gradual blurring of vision, dizzy tinnitus, and lumbago is passed out semen.
2nd, kidney-Yang deficiency type:Symptom is nyctalopia, and vision is faded, and God Light is cut, soreness of the waist and knees, sexual impotence, premature ejaculation, loses
Essence.
3rd, deficiency of the liver insufficiency of blood type:Card is shown in that God Light is thin and delicate, and dizzy mesh creates dizzy, asthenic body, dim complexion, and hair is not damp, limbs
Numb.
Content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of Chinese medicine composition treating nyctalopia;
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a kind of preparation method of the Chinese medicine composition treating nyctalopia.
The purpose of the present invention is to be realized by following technical scheme:
The Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of nyctalopia of the present invention, is to be prepared from by the raw material of Chinese medicine of following weight portion:
Nostoc 20-40 part, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 20-40 part, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 10-30 part, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 5-20 part, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 10-30 part, soil
Herba Schizonepetae 5-20 part, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi 10-30 part, Herba lobeliae seguinii 5-20 part.
Preferably, it is to be prepared from by the raw material of Chinese medicine of following weight portion:
Nostoc 25-35 part, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 25-35 part, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 15-25 part, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 10-15 part, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 15-25 part,
Herba Chenopodii 10-15 part, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi 15-25 part, Herba lobeliae seguinii 10-15 part.
The following is the crude drug source of Chinese medicine preparation of the present invention:
Nostoc, algae Cyanophyceae nostocaceae nostoc nostoc Nostoc commune Vauch., with whole plant
It is used as medicine.【Nature and flavor】Light, tremble with fear.【Indication】Heat clearing away, convergence, QI invigorating, improving eyesight.For nyctalopia, proctoptosis;Burn and scald is controlled in external.
Herba Kummerowiae Striatae, is pulse family Herba Kummerowiae Striatae platymiscium Herba Kummerowiae Striatae Kummerowia striata(Thunb.)Schindl.,
With all herbal medicine.【Nature and flavor】Sweet, light, it is slightly cold.【Indication】Heat-clearing and toxic substances removing, promoting blood circulation, dampness removing antidiarrheal.For gastroenteritiss, dysentery,
Hepatitis, nyctalopia, urinary system infection, traumatic injury, furuncle furuncle and phyma.
Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss, are herb or the root of feverfew chrysanthemum leaf Herba Senecionis Scandentiss.【Nature and flavor】Temperature, light.【Indication】Promoting blood circulation, disappears
Swollen.Control traumatic injury, the stasis of blood is amassed and swollen and ache, ulcerative carbuncle abscess, acute mastitis.
Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp., is the Herb of the young wood of Maguireothamnus speciosus chicken.【Nature and flavor】Bitter;Cool【Indication】Heat-clearing and toxic substances removing;Huoxue San "
The stasis of blood.Main cold, fever;Cough due to lung-heat;Gastroenteritiss;Dysentery;Acute toothache;Swollen ulcer drug;Eczema;Traumatic injury;Traumatic hemorrhage.
Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van., is the herb of saxifragaceae plant Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van..【Nature and flavor】Slight bitter is pungent, trembles with fear.【Indication】Heat clearing away
Removing toxic substances, expelling pathogenic wind from the body surface.Control urticaria, furuncle.
Herba Chenopodii, is Chenopodiaceae genus Chenopodium Herba Chenopodii Chenopodium ambrosioides L., with all herbal medicine.【Property
Taste】Pungent, bitter, tepor.Slightly poisonous.【Indication】Expelling wind and removing dampness, parasite killing, antipruritic.For ascariasis, ancylostomiasis, enterobiasiss;
Skin eczema, prurituss are controlled in external, and kill maggot.
Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi, is Aristolochiaceae birthwort Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi Aristolochia cinnabaria C. Y.
Cheng, mss. are used as medicine with root stock.Nature and flavor】Bitter, acrid, cold.Slightly poisonous.【Indication】Heat-clearing and toxic substances removing, reducing swelling and alleviating pain.For
Enteritis, dysentery, tail, duodenal ulcer, laryngopharynx swelling and pain, venom, carbuncle furuncle poison, traumatic hemorrhage.
Herba lobeliae seguinii, is root or the leaf of Campanulaceae Herba lobeliae seguinii.Hardship, trembles with fear.【Indication】Wind-expelling pain-stopping, heat-clearing and toxic substances removing.Control wind
Wet arthralgia, traumatic injury, carbuncle swells furunculosis, parotitiss, tonsillitiss.
Another aspect of the present invention there is provided the preparation method of the active component of Chinese medicine composition of the present invention, and the method is
Ethanol extraction using water extraction or 40-80% concentration expressed in percentage by volume is prepared from.Concrete preparation method is as follows:
Scheme one:Take whole medical materials, extracting in water 2-3 time after mixing, each amount of water is equivalent to 6-12 times of medical material gross weight,
Extraction time is 1-3 hour every time, united extraction liquid, filtration, and it is 1.15-1.20 that filtrate is concentrated into relative density when 70-80 DEG C
Clear paste, obtain final product active component.
Scheme two:Take whole medical materials, after mixing, use 40-80% alcohol reflux 2-3 time, each ethanol consumption is medical material total amount
4-10 times, extraction time is 1-4 hour, and united extraction liquid filters, filtrate is concentrated into relative density when 70-80 DEG C and is
The clear paste of 1.15-1.20, obtains final product active component.
Scheme three:Take whole medical materials, extracting in water 2-3 time after mixing, each amount of water is equivalent to the 6- of medical material gross weight
12 times, each extraction time is 1-3 hour, united extraction liquid, filtration, and filtrate is concentrated into relative density when 70-80 DEG C and is
The clear paste of 1.15-1.20, adds ethanol, makes alcohol content be 40-70%, stands 12-24 hour, filtration, filtrate is concentrated into 70-80
DEG C when relative density be 1.10-1.25 extractum, obtain final product active component.
Of the present invention treatment nyctalopia Chinese medicine composition, can also with pharmaceutically acceptable carrier combination,
Make various oral formulations, such as pill, tablet, capsule, oral liquid, syrup, mixture etc..
The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier of the present invention is including but not limited to following:
Oral formulations:
Diluent:Starch, Icing Sugar, Lactose, dextrin, Microcrystalline Cellulose, inorganic salt, sugar alcohols etc..
Wetting agent and binding agent:Purified water, ethanol, gelatin, Polyethylene Glycol, cellulose derivative etc..
Disintegrating agent:Starch, carboxymethyl starch sodium, cellulose derivative, Crospovidone etc..
Lubricant:Magnesium stearate, micropowder silica gel, Pulvis Talci, Polyethylene Glycol etc..
Cosolvent:Water, ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid Paraffin, vegetable oil etc..
Correctivess:Sucrose, monosaccharide, aromatic etc..
Preservative:Benzoic acid, sorbic acid, methyl ester, ethyl ester, propyl ester etc..
Method 1:Tablet
Take scheme one one of to scheme three gained active component, add tablet to commonly use adjuvant, routinely production method is prepared into this
Invention tablet.
Above-mentioned tablet is commonly used adjuvant and is included one of diluent, wetting agent, binding agent, disintegrating agent, lubricant or whole.
Method 2:Capsule
Take scheme one one of to scheme three gained active component, add capsule to commonly use adjuvant, routinely production method is prepared into
Capsule of the present invention.
Above-mentioned capsule is commonly used adjuvant and is included one of diluent, wetting agent, binding agent, disintegrating agent, lubricant or whole.
Method 3:Syrup
Take scheme one one of to scheme three gained active component, add syrup to commonly use adjuvant, routinely production method is prepared into
Syrup of the present invention.
Above-mentioned syrup is commonly used adjuvant and is included one of correctivess, preservative, cosolvent or whole.
Method 4:Mixture
Take scheme one one of to scheme three gained active component, add mixture to commonly use adjuvant, routinely production method is prepared into this
Invention mixture.
Above-mentioned mixture is commonly used adjuvant and is included one of correctivess, preservative or whole.
Method 5:Oral liquid
Take scheme one one of to scheme three gained active component, dissolving after-purification, concentration, add oral liquid to commonly use adjuvant, by normal
Rule production method is prepared into oral liquid of the present invention.
The applicant reads document at all times extensive, with Traditional Chinese medical theory, in conjunction with modern diagnosis and treatment experience, finds one kind
The Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of nyctalopia disease.In side, Nostoc, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae clearing away heat to improve acuity of vision, benefiting QI for activating blood circulation are monarch drug in side;The water winter
Melon, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van., Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi heat-clearing and toxic substances removing and be minister;Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss are invigorated blood circulation;Herba Chenopodii, Herba lobeliae seguinii wind-dispelling, and it is assistant.Take a broad view of full side,
There is the effect of clearing away heat to improve acuity of vision, promoting blood circulation and detoxication.Treatment for nyctalopia.
A kind of Chinese medicine composition treating nyctalopia that the present invention provides has advantages below:
1st, the composite preparation that the present invention provides safely and effectively, has the effect of clearing away heat to improve acuity of vision, promoting blood circulation and detoxication.For nyctalopia
Treatment.
2nd, the Chinese medicinal composition preparation that the present invention provides, scientific formulation is reasonable, process is simple, in good taste, low cost.
Specific embodiment
Further illustrate the present invention below by embodiment.It should be understood that embodiments of the invention are for illustrating
The present invention rather than limitation of the present invention.Broadly fall into the present invention according to the simple modifications that the essence of the present invention is carried out to the present invention
Claimed scope.Unless otherwise stated, the percent of the amount of alcohol in the present invention is percentage by volume, and v/v represents solution
Volume ratio.
Embodiment 1 granule
Weigh Nostoc 20g, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 20g, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 10g, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 5g, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 10g, Herba Chenopodii 5g, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi
10g, Herba lobeliae seguinii 5g.Extracting in water 3 times, three amount of water are respectively 12 times, 8 times, 6 times of medical material gross weight, three extraction times
It is respectively 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, united extraction liquid, filtration, when filtrate is concentrated into 70 DEG C, relative density is 1.25 clear paste,
Add starch, dextrin, pelletize, be dried, granulate obtains final product.
Embodiment 2 tablet
Weigh Nostoc 40g, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 40g, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 30g, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 20g, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 30g, Herba Chenopodii 20g, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi
30g, Herba lobeliae seguinii 20g.With alcohol reflux 2 times, each concentration of alcohol is respectively 80%, 60%, and each ethanol consumption is respectively medicine
10 times of material total amount, 8 times, extraction time is respectively 4 hours, 3 hours, united extraction liquid, filters, and filtrate is concentrated into 80 DEG C of phases
It is 1.10 extractum to density, add supplementary product starch, ethanol, Pulvis Talci, prepared tablet.
Embodiment 3 tablet
Weigh Nostoc 25g, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 25g, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 15g, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 10g, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 15g, Herba Chenopodii 10g, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi
15g, Herba lobeliae seguinii 10g.Extracting in water 3 times, three times amount of water is respectively equivalent to 12 times of medical material gross weight, 8 times, 6 times, extracts every time
3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour respectively time, united extraction liquid, filtration, when filtrate is concentrated into 70 DEG C relative density be 1.20 clear
Cream, adds ethanol, makes alcohol content be 40%, stands 24 hours, filtration, and filtrate is concentrated into relative density when filtrate is concentrated into 70 DEG C
Extractum for 1.10, adds supplementary product starch, ethanol, Pulvis Talci, prepared tablet.
Embodiment 4 capsule
Weigh Nostoc 35g, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 35g, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 25g, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 15g, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 25g, Herba Chenopodii 15g, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi
25g, Herba lobeliae seguinii 15g.With 40% alcohol reflux 3 times, each ethanol consumption is respectively 10 times, 8 times, 4 times of medical material total amount, carries
Take the time 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour respectively, united extraction liquid, filters, when filtrate concentrates 60 DEG C, relative density is 1.25 leaching
Cream, adds supplementary product starch, ethanol, dextrin, magnesium stearate in extractum, makes capsule according to a conventional method.
Embodiment 5 granule
Weigh Nostoc 30g, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 30g, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 20g, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 12g, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 20g, Herba Chenopodii 12g, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi
20g, Herba lobeliae seguinii 12g.Extracting in water 2 times, each amount of water is respectively equivalent to 12 times of medical material gross weight, 10 times, when extracting every time
Between be respectively 3 hours, 2 hours, united extraction liquid, filtration, filtrate is concentrated into the clear paste that relative density at 80 DEG C is 1.05, adds
Ethanol, makes alcohol content be 70%, stands 12 hours, filtration, and when filtrate is concentrated into 70 DEG C, relative density is 1.25 extractum, adds
Starch, dextrin, pelletize, are dried, granulate obtains final product.
Embodiment 6 syrup
Weigh Nostoc 23g, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 23g, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 12g, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 8g, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 12g, Herba Chenopodii 8g, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi
12g, Herba lobeliae seguinii 8g.Extracting in water 2 times, 10 times, 8 times of amount of water respectively medical material gross weight twice, extraction time difference twice
For 2 hours, 1 hour, united extraction liquid, filtration, when filtrate is concentrated into 80 DEG C, relative density is 1.10 extractum.Extractum adds
Enter syrup adjuvant sucrose, sorbic acid, water stir, prepared syrup.
Embodiment 7 oral liquid
Weigh Nostoc 28g, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 28g, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 18g, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 11g, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 18g, Herba Chenopodii 11g, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi
18g, Herba lobeliae seguinii 11g.Extracting in water 2 times, 10 times, 8 times of amount of water respectively medical material gross weight twice, extraction time difference twice
For 2 hours, 1 hour, united extraction liquid, filtration, when filtrate is concentrated into 80 DEG C, relative density is 1.10 extractum, adds in extractum
Enter adjuvant Mannitol, sorbic acid, water stir, subpackage, prepared oral liquid.
Embodiment 8 mixture
Weigh Nostoc 32g, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 32g, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 23g, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 14g, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 23g, Herba Chenopodii 14g, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi
23g, Herba lobeliae seguinii 14g.Extracting in water 3 times, three times amount of water is respectively equivalent to 12 times of medical material gross weight, 8 times, 6 times, extracts every time
3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour respectively time, united extraction liquid, filtration, filtrate concentrates 3 times that ad pond om is medical material gross weight,
Fill, adds mixture adjuvant sucrose, ethyl ester, water, sorbic acid to stir, prepared mixture.
Embodiment 9 powder
Weigh Nostoc 38g, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 38g, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 28g, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 18g, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 28g, Herba Chenopodii 18g, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi
28g, Herba lobeliae seguinii 18g.Pulverize, sieve, obtain final product.
Model case
1st, Huang, female, 4 years old.Its household finds its invisible thing at nightfall, when bright and clear, distinguishes that color is normal.Its pale tongue
Tender, tongue is slightly sliding.It is diagnosed as nyctalopia.Give the embodiment of the present invention 5 after one week treatment, infant night can be seen that big thing around.
Following the service one week, night can see the picture reading on card, consolidate one week, all go well, follow-up half a year does not recur.
Although, above used general explanation, specific embodiment and test, the present invention made retouch in detail
State, but on the basis of the present invention, it can be made some modifications or improvements, this is apparent to those skilled in the art
's.Therefore, these modifications or improvements without departing from theon the basis of the spirit of the present invention, belong to claimed
Scope.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of Chinese medicine composition treating nyctalopia is it is characterised in that it is to be prepared from by the raw material of Chinese medicine of following weight portion
's:
Nostoc 20-40 part, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 20-40 part, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 10-30 part, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 5-20 part, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 10-30 part, soil
Herba Schizonepetae 5-20 part, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi 10-30 part, Herba lobeliae seguinii 5-20 part.
2. the Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of nyctalopia as claimed in claim 1 is it is characterised in that it is by the following weight portion of inclusion
Raw material of Chinese medicine be prepared from:
Nostoc 25-35 part, Herba Kummerowiae Striatae 25-35 part, Herba Senecionis Chrysanthemoidiss 15-25 part, Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 10-15 part, Chrysosplenium Hydrocotylifolium Levl. Et Van. 15-25 part,
Herba Chenopodii 10-15 part, Radix Aristolochiae Kaempferi 15-25 part, Herba lobeliae seguinii 10-15 part.
3. the Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of nyctalopia as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is it is characterised in that its active component is to adopt
The ethanol extraction of water extraction or 40-80% concentration expressed in percentage by volume is prepared from.
4. as claimed in claim 3 treatment nyctalopia Chinese medicine composition it is characterised in that its active component be by with
Lower section method is prepared from:Take whole medical materials, extracting in water 2-3 time after mixing, each amount of water is equivalent to medical material gross weight
6-12 times, each extraction time is 1-3 hour, united extraction liquid, filtration, and filtrate is concentrated into relative density when 70-80 DEG C and is
The clear paste of 1.15-1.20, obtains final product active component.
5. as claimed in claim 3 treatment nyctalopia Chinese medicine composition it is characterised in that its active component be by with
Lower section method is prepared from:Take whole medical materials, after mixing, use 40-80% alcohol reflux 2-3 time, each ethanol consumption is medicine
4-10 times of material total amount, extraction time is 1-4 hour, and united extraction liquid filters, and filtrate is concentrated into relative density when 70-80 DEG C
Clear paste for 1.15-1.20, obtains final product active component.
6. as claimed in claim 3 treatment nyctalopia Chinese medicine composition it is characterised in that its active component be by with
Lower section method is prepared from:Take whole medical materials, extracting in water 2-3 time after mixing, each amount of water is equivalent to medical material gross weight
6-12 times, each extraction time is 1-3 hour, united extraction liquid, filtration, and filtrate is concentrated into relative density when 70-80 DEG C and is
The clear paste of 1.15-1.20, adds ethanol, makes alcohol content be 40-70%, stands 12-24 hour, filtration, filtrate is concentrated into 70-80
DEG C when relative density be 1.10-1.25 extractum, obtain final product active component.
7. a kind of preparation treating nyctalopia, the Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of nyctalopia described in claim 1-6 and medicine and pharmacology
Upper acceptable carrier prepares and forms.
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107737283A (en) * | 2017-12-06 | 2018-02-27 | 韦永朴 | A kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating disease of shedding tears and preparation method thereof |
CN107898862A (en) * | 2017-12-06 | 2018-04-13 | 韦永朴 | A kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating chronic cheilitis and preparation method thereof |
-
2016
- 2016-11-02 CN CN201610943088.XA patent/CN106389594A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107737283A (en) * | 2017-12-06 | 2018-02-27 | 韦永朴 | A kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating disease of shedding tears and preparation method thereof |
CN107898862A (en) * | 2017-12-06 | 2018-04-13 | 韦永朴 | A kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating chronic cheilitis and preparation method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20170215 |