CN106255804A - 支撑剂混合物 - Google Patents

支撑剂混合物 Download PDF

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CN106255804A
CN106255804A CN201580022765.8A CN201580022765A CN106255804A CN 106255804 A CN106255804 A CN 106255804A CN 201580022765 A CN201580022765 A CN 201580022765A CN 106255804 A CN106255804 A CN 106255804A
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proppant
volume
sand
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R·R·麦克丹尼尔
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/80—Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/80—Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open
    • C09K8/805—Coated proppants
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
    • E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
    • E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
    • E21B43/267—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures reinforcing fractures by propping
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/56—Compositions for consolidating loose sand or the like around wells without excessively decreasing the permeability thereof

Abstract

本发明涉及具有(a)第一支撑剂和(b)第二支撑剂的被支撑、压裂的地下矿田，第二支撑剂显示出相对第一支撑剂较高的平均破碎强度和/或形成点对点结合结构的能力。优选地，第一支撑剂是未涂覆砂，第二支撑剂是树脂涂覆砂。支撑剂可在压裂矿田内布置成基本均匀的混合物或(竖直或水平的)分层结构。第二支撑剂在闭合压力下的变形起到将压缩力分散到混合物中的作用，从而减少第一支撑剂失效。当支撑剂分层布置时也具有类似的保护效果。当形成竖直柱体结构时，第二支撑剂机构也可起到就地滤网的作用，其防止形成的细粒穿过支撑剂充填部迁移从而损害矿田的导通性。

Description

支撑剂混合物
技术领域
本发明涉及地下矿田中的混合、分层或依序的支撑剂结构，用于减少支撑剂破碎并控制细粒沿被压裂和支撑的矿田移动。本发明涉及使用混合支撑剂，或者分层或依序地加入两种或更多种支撑剂。由此产生的被填充的裂缝形态更能抵抗支撑剂破碎并能更好地控制细粒移动，这种移动会降低被填充的裂缝使油井产能最大化的能力。
背景技术
市售有多种高强度支撑剂。虽然这些支撑剂具有优于压裂砂的破碎强度，但是它们相当昂贵，从而带给生产者的是如何平衡支撑剂失效与成本和生产率的纯经济问题。在某些情况下，采用优质的支撑剂的经济性可能已达边际成本，所以替代方法变得有吸引力。一个这样的替代方法是将支撑剂方案改变为，将常规强度支撑剂置于裂缝深处并将高强度支撑剂置于闭合应力最大的井孔附近。术语“收尾”用于描述在多裂缝处理的最后支撑剂阶段中使用不同的支撑剂。因此“收尾物”被泵送，以便控制支撑剂回流，或以便最大化井孔紧接附近的导通性，或两者兼有。
在对矿井进行水力压裂以找出埋藏的油气的过程中，细粒是一个问题。细粒可来自松散固结的地层，如砂岩，其颗粒与油和气一起流入井内。压裂过程本身可产生岩石和地层的细小碎片，其混入流往井孔的液体流中。矿田内的巨大压力和恶劣环境也能引起支撑剂失效并产生细粒，特别是在周期性关井期间。施加在支撑剂充填部上的高应力也可导致支撑剂充填部嵌入到所形成裂缝的表面中。这种嵌入过程本身将产生细粒，其可进入支撑剂充填部并被输送向井孔。这些细粒材料中的某些部分细小得足以使其能够被夹带进在压力下向压力相对较低的井孔移动的水、石油和天然气流中。当这些细粒材料沿裂隙向井孔移动时，它们的浓度会增加，并最终会堵塞所希望的孔隙和通道，损害井的导通性。砾石充填部和滤网已被用在井孔周围，尤其用于防止由于细粒运动造成的导通性损失。
已有其它人着手解决细粒产生的问题和保护被支撑的矿田免于在生产过程中可因细粒运动而造成的导通性和/或渗透性损失的问题。
WO2012/085646包括水力压裂术语和技术的详细的背景技术讨论，并具体教导了依序使用细粒支撑剂，随后重新打开裂隙并引入较大的支撑剂。然而，在这种方案中，较小尺寸的支撑剂要特别地沿裂缝表面放置以使进入支撑剂充填部的形成的细粒最少。这种方案既未设计成也无法期待其能够在井的生产期间解决细粒形成(由于破碎的支撑剂)或控制细粒运动(在充填的裂缝中)的问题。这种工艺使用细粒支撑剂以保持小裂纹打开，以便在重新压裂步骤中将其再次扩张成足以用于较大支撑剂的尺寸。
在其2005年的论文“导通性的持久性”中，Halliburton描述了细粒渗透到支撑剂充填部中及其伴随着的导通性降低的不利影响。在第23至24页提出了颗粒沉积的五个机理：(1)颗粒的表面沉积，(2)孔喉桥接和积聚，(3)内部结块的形成，(4)外部结块的形成和(5)渗透沉淀。该论文提出的解决方案包括使用(a)涂覆树脂的砂；(b)机械去除法，例如机械过滤或“压裂填充技术；”和(c)化学处理，其包括(i)旨在形成粘性外部涂层的专用表面改性剂、(ii)化学絮凝剂、(iii)有机阳离子聚合物、(iv)无机聚合物、(v)油润湿表面活性剂和(vi)粘土稳定剂。
在《中东和亚洲储油评论》2007年第8期第36-49页上发表的2007年的文章“压裂充填：砂受控的压裂”描述了在压裂矿井的同时控制细粒的压裂充填技术，其中形成砾石充填部以将形成的砂阻止在预装的用于阻止砾石的滤网后面。
在加拿大的卡尔加里市举行的CIM 1992年度技术会议(1992年6月7至10日)上发表的标题为“由于支撑剂失效和细粒迁移引起的裂缝导通性损失”的1992年的论文，报告了细粒在支撑剂充填部上迁移的影响，所述支撑剂充填部含有两种不同支撑剂以模拟收尾物。如该文章的第3页指出，进行了这样的测试，在裂隙前端放置砂并紧接井孔处放置更高强度的支撑剂，即收尾物。
上述参考文献和本文件中提及的所有其它参考文献的公开内容通过引用并入本文。
希望有一种方法，其有助于使促成细粒产生的支撑剂失效最少化，并用于控制在压裂的矿田中经过支撑剂充填部并最终到达井孔和那里设置的任何滤网或砾石充填部的细粒运动，从而保持压裂矿田的导通性。
还希望有一种细粒控制系统，其不需要矿井操作人员添加昂贵的新设备或系统就能更好地控制细粒和保持导通性。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的在于提供用于形成产油和/或产气所用的被支撑的压裂矿田的方法，其采用支撑剂组合物以减少从破碎的支撑剂中产生细粒。
本发明的另一个目的在于提供压裂地下矿田内的支撑剂分段结构，其有助于控制从破碎的支撑剂中产生细粒，且可选地控制压裂矿田内的细粒迁移。
根据将由本文的描述所呈现的本发明的该目的和其它目的，本发明包括在压裂地下矿田中形成支撑剂结构的方法，其借助于以下步骤，包括将适当尺寸的第一支撑剂和第二支撑剂注入压裂矿田，其中所述第二支撑剂固体展现比第一支撑剂更高的平均破碎强度。
本发明的方法可用于将第一支撑剂和第二支撑剂的混合物引导至压裂矿田，或将第一支撑剂和第二支撑剂依序引导至压裂矿田。根据相应支撑剂的引导方式和用于放置支撑剂的压裂流体类型的不同，所形成的被支撑的压裂矿田可呈现出破碎的支撑剂减少且由失效支撑剂所产生的细粒随之减少，以及呈现出可防止所产生的细粒移动的结构，如果支撑剂的相邻层彼此竖向布置并在裂隙闭合且向支撑剂充填部施加闭合应力之后保持就地滤网形式的构型。这种细粒控制的结果是与不使用本发明时相比，可在较长时期内维持导通性。第一支撑剂和第二支撑剂的混合物可用于减少破碎，(优选树脂涂覆的)较强支撑剂的断续区段可用于限制细粒运动。优选地，较强的第二支撑剂也可与其它相邻的第二支撑剂结合。在本发明的最优选实施方式中，移动的细粒中的至少一部分粘附至支撑剂涂层。
附图说明
图1示出了具有竖直分层结构的支撑裂缝的形成。注意：所有附图均表示已填充裂隙的侧视图。支撑剂1和支撑剂2可以具有相似尺寸或不同尺寸。
图2描绘了具有水平分层结构的支撑裂隙。
图3描述了根据本发明的两种类型支撑剂的混合物。
具体实施方式
本发明采用混合或分层(水平和/或竖直)形式的第一支撑剂和第二支撑剂的组合物以控制细粒的产生和/或细粒在被支撑的地下压裂矿田内的迁移。
当基本均匀混合时(见图3)，较高破碎强度的第二支撑剂2起到防止相对较低强度的第一支撑剂1失效的作用。在采用尺寸范围基本相同的未涂覆砂(第一支撑剂1)和树脂涂覆砂(第二支撑剂2)的混合物的优选实施方式的情况下，与未涂覆砂混合的树脂涂覆砂的百分比越大，越能减少未涂覆砂失效。不希望受理论约束，看来树脂涂覆砂在充填部中的存在保护了未涂覆砂。
树脂涂覆支撑剂上的涂层在本领域中是已知的，用于通过增加相互接触的颗粒的接触点面积来提高抗破碎性。接触面积的这种增加有效降低支撑剂颗粒上的集中载荷，这种集中载荷通常足以导致颗粒失效。在本发明中，树脂涂覆的支撑剂的涂层也用于以类似方式保护与涂覆颗粒接触的未涂覆颗粒。虽然不希望受理论约束，涂覆颗粒上的涂层可能在与未涂覆颗粒的接触点处变形。这种变形增大这两种颗粒的接触面积，有效降低施加于相互接触的颗粒上的集中载荷。每个涂覆颗粒均可与多个未涂覆颗粒接触的事实意味着，可通过添加远小于1:1的涂覆砂颗粒和未涂覆砂颗粒的混合物来提高抗破碎性。例如，相比于100％的未涂覆砂充填部，20％至30％的涂覆砂将混合物的破碎减少了50％。
为实现支撑剂的竖直柱形结构(示出在图1中)，有必要使用凝胶、交联压裂流体或混合压裂流体，其能够实现支撑剂经过地下压裂矿田的完美输送(当泥浆沿所产生的裂隙输送时不让支撑剂沉降)。第一支撑剂1和第二支撑剂2用较高粘度的压裂流体依序注入压裂矿田以形成在裂隙中从上至下延伸的竖直柱体或区段，但所述柱体或区段随着之后的支撑剂注入而水平扩展(见图1)。第二支撑剂柱体可承受更高的压缩负载并因此防止其间的第一支撑剂失效。也可能的是，较强的支撑剂采用较高的支撑剂含量，可有效允许那些支撑剂柱体减少施加在相邻的较弱支撑剂柱体上的应力载荷。也可能的是，使较强支撑剂稍大或稍小于较弱支撑剂，有利于增加较强支撑剂的抗压能力、增加整体导通性或更好控制通过支撑剂充填部的细粒运动。
交替或大致交替的支撑剂的柱状结构(例如注入50,000磅的砂后注入21,000磅的树脂涂覆砂，随后重复这个顺序，这代表未涂覆砂与涂覆砂的比例为约70％的砂比30％的树脂涂覆砂)也起到由固结支撑剂构成的一系列就地过滤区段的作用，其限制了从压裂矿田向井孔移动的形成的细粒的迁移。
在柱型结构的实施方式中，压裂和支撑工艺通过依序注入具有第一支撑剂的传统交联或混合压裂流体，然后是含有第二支撑剂的第二压裂流体来实施。这种第一支撑剂再第二支撑剂的注入循环重复多次，优选至少两次，更优选至少四次，直到压裂矿田已经基本被支撑剂填满并准备进行收尾和完井步骤。理想地，这种顺序优选被设计成以最靠近井孔的较强支撑剂(在这种情况下是树脂涂覆砂)为结束，以利用井孔附近的高导通性并防止占据裂隙的靠近井孔部分的支撑剂被所产生的流体拉出裂隙。如果较强支撑剂未能形成固结基质，那么人们仍将具有最靠近井孔的支撑剂充填部的最大导通性部分，但将不能确保(来自裂隙的)支撑剂在矿井进行生产时不会从裂隙中渗出。
压裂流体可具有从泡沫到交联流体的各种粘度。各种化学品被用于产生增加的粘度以帮助形成裂缝宽度、支撑剂的悬浮和输送。是流体粘度与速度的结合被用于形成裂隙和将支撑剂输送至压裂的地下矿田。该过程通常使用“前置”流体，其使裂隙开始形成，随后继续在压裂流体中持续引入浓度不断增大的支撑剂。
如本领域应理解的，能够破坏充填有支撑剂的裂隙的细粒可包括在压裂或支撑剂嵌入过程中形成自地层中的微细固体以及破碎的支撑剂，例如破碎的第一支撑剂。
根据本发明的另一个实施例设想形成第一支撑剂的水平延伸层，随后形成在竖直方向布置附近的第二支撑剂的水平延伸层(图2)。这种结构通过将未涂覆砂(第一支撑剂1)和树脂涂覆砂(第二支撑剂2)依次泵送至水、滑溜水压裂流体、或其它将在注入过程中形成支撑剂堆积的压裂流体中而形成。这种压裂流体的另一种情形是，它们是不能实现支撑剂的完美输送(如均匀、高速的输送)的系统或是在输送过程中允许至少部分支撑剂沉淀的系统。这种类型的处理将产生未涂覆砂区段，其从裂隙底部开始形成并通过连续的支撑剂沉积而竖直向上构建。这种沉积过程被称为构建支撑剂“床。”当树脂涂覆砂(第二支撑剂)被随后引进时，第二支撑剂的水平层形成在地下的压裂地层中并远离井孔，该井孔位于下方未涂覆砂的竖直上方。这种竖直分层结构允许树脂涂覆砂帮助减少未涂覆砂的失效，但在控制形成的细粒从裂隙内部向井孔移动方面不是一样的有效。
含有相对较强支撑剂的水平层的形成允许在矿田内形成导通性更高的水平通道。这种通道可用于使高导通性的区域相互连通，为生产提供替代通道，或者形成能增大来自压裂矿田的导通性的其它结构。
滑溜水压裂流体是粘度非常低的水力压裂流体。化学品或凝胶剂被用于减小摩擦，而非用于支撑剂的悬浮和输送。因此，是速度而非粘性被用于将支撑剂置入压裂矿田。流体/支撑剂注入速率往往较高并可具有交替的支撑剂注入阶段和随后不含支撑剂的流体“清扫”阶段。滑溜水压裂流体不含有高浓度凝胶剂，反而使用润滑剂。这种水由98％至99％(以体积计)的水、1％至1.9％(以体积计)的支撑剂和余量的各种化学品组成。滑溜水压裂流体中的化学品通常包括以下中的一种或多种：
·润滑剂，或呈非酸性聚丙烯酰胺的形式(以体积计占0.025％)。由于其能够吸收流体，这种物质被用在婴儿尿布中。它在水力压裂过程中用以降低泵的工作功率，这有助于降低气体排放。也可使用其它天然聚合物，如瓜尔胶。
·消毒剂，也称生物杀灭剂，这些化学品以体积计占滑溜水压裂流体的0.05％至0.005％。这些生物杀灭剂有助于限制可导致酸气产生或破坏压裂流体的细菌生长。目前，科学家们正致力于开发可生物降解的生物杀灭剂。以下生物杀灭剂常用于压裂并也可用在医院、城市供水系统和非处方的皮肤抗菌剂中。
·戊二醛
·季胺
·表面活性剂，其能防止并破坏乳化，且能改变表面张力。
·增稠剂或凝胶化学品被用在混合压裂流体中并包括常用食品添加剂，例如纤维素聚合物或瓜尔胶。这些化学品不会引发担忧，因为它们不会分解成毒素。
·防垢剂根据页岩地层而使用不同的量，并包括磷酸盐、磷酸酯和磷酸聚合物。这三种化学品都与清洁剂相似并且在压裂工地处的使用量下都是无毒的。
·当第一次破裂页岩时可在一些工地采用盐酸降低压力。这种酸在钻入岩石的最初几英寸内耗尽。没有酸返回到表面，反而盐酸返回至水、一些二氧化碳和氯化钙中。在压裂流体中呈现的盐酸含量比游泳池水中呈现的略高。
·腐蚀抑制剂是压裂所采用为数不多的有潜在毒性的有机化合物之一。这些抑制剂不一定要使用。它们的使用根据地层的不同而不同。这些抑制剂中的大部分即90-90％被吸收到压裂工艺中使用的钢材中。
第一支撑剂可以选自多种支撑剂材料，包括未涂覆砂、低密度陶瓷颗粒(例如氧化铝、二氧化硅、二氧化钛、氧化锌、二氧化锆、二氧化铈、二氧化锰、氧化铁、氧化钙或铝土矿)、复合支撑剂(见美国专利号8,466,093)抑或其它颗粒材料。在本发明的优选实施例中，未涂覆砂优选用作第一支撑剂。
第一支撑剂优选具有从约50μm至约3000μm范围内的平均粒度，更优选是从100μm至约2000μm的范围内。
第二支撑剂应该是具有相对于第一支撑剂的较高平均破碎强度的支撑剂。这种支撑剂可包括树脂涂覆砂、中密度和/或高密度的陶瓷等。希望的尺寸通常与第一支撑剂的尺寸范围基本相同。根据第二支撑剂性质的不同，第二支撑剂可采用稍小或稍大的尺寸范围以最大化矿田导通性和/或最少化细粒经过整个支撑剂充填部的运动。
第二支撑剂中用在砂上的涂层可从多种涂层中选择，包括酚醛树脂、部分固化树脂涂料、可固化树脂涂料、聚氨酯、聚脲和聚碳化二亚胺。对于本发明，涂覆在砂上的聚氨酯和/或聚脲通常是优选的，因为它们能够变得基本上完全固化，但保持以良好的支撑剂间粘合强度来变形和凝固的能力。见US2012/0279703；2012/0283153；2013/0056204；2013/0065800和2013/0186624，公开内容涉及具有聚氨酯和/或聚脲涂层的支撑剂制备。见US5,597,784和共同在审的美国专利申请编号14/015629，标题为“具有复合涂层的支撑剂，”针对各种类型的复合和加强的支撑剂涂层以增加支撑剂的平均破碎强度。这些参考文献的公开内容通过引用并入本文。也将期望的是，井下条件下支撑剂涂层具有使迁移细粒粘附至涂层表面的能力。
用于本发明的第一支撑剂和第二支撑剂的相关体积和数量可在宽范围内变化，并且通常将在以往被用于特定类型的压裂矿田的总体积内下降。在一般情况下，第一支撑剂的体积在约1％至99％(体积/体积)范围内，优选在支撑剂泵入总体积的从约35％至95％(体积/体积)范围内。第二支撑剂的体积约在1％至99％(体积/体积)范围内，优选在支撑剂泵入总体积的约5％至65％(体积/体积)范围内。
引入根据本发明的第一支撑剂和第二支撑剂后优选的收尾设计使用10％至30％的树脂涂覆砂，接着是70％至85％的未涂覆砂。
根据本发明的注入支撑剂优选实施为将支撑剂混合物深置于压裂地下层中或在地下层深处形成期望的支撑剂层结构。这种分布存在于压裂矿田中远离井孔的如5％至100％，优选压裂矿田的10％至90％，与非常接近或靠近井孔的收尾位置相反，这有助于通过减少贯穿处理矿田形成细粒来保持压裂矿田的导通性。如果支撑剂层形成为竖直柱体，如图1所示，被处理的矿田的柱体也可起到收尾滤网的作用，以控制形成的细粒朝井孔移动。
由本发明形成的被处理的压裂矿田可用收尾的第三支撑剂来完成，该第三支撑剂显示出比第二支撑剂更高的平均破碎强度。这种收尾材料包括与第二支撑剂尺寸相同或比第二支撑剂尺寸更大的陶瓷支撑剂。这些收尾材料在注入的最终阶段被引入，从而第三支撑剂被配置为接近或靠近井孔碎石滤网。
优选地，收尾是泵吸入相对少量的100筛孔尺寸硬粒以便装填自然出现的裂痕，随后是未涂覆砂和最后涂覆砂或未涂覆陶瓷。这与传统支撑剂处理方式一致，传统支撑剂处理方式是采用未涂覆啥作为支撑剂，随后是用高导通性陶瓷或树脂涂覆砂收尾，其可在井孔附近产生高导通的矿田，凝固以防止支撑剂返排，或两者都有。在某些方面中，第一支撑剂和第二支撑剂的相对比例的具体选择可以成为平衡一般较低成本的未涂覆砂(第一支撑剂)与受益于多少更有价值的涂覆砂(第二支撑剂)的经济选择。在决定支撑剂1和2支撑剂之间的最佳比例时，关键是要考虑到以下因素：
1)正处理的矿井的预期产率；
2)是否预期矿井会返排支撑剂；
3)压裂流体有效地输送支撑剂的能力；
4)所考虑的支撑剂在应用条件下的实际导通性的值；
5)相比于流体通过压裂表面进入裂隙，是否填充裂隙可更快移动所产生的流体(目标应该一直是控制生产率的因素不是填充矿田中的支撑剂的导通性)；以及
6)理解被产生的碳氢化合物的经济性，以便可以容易地确定两种支撑剂的比例变化方式将如何影响压裂处理的成本收回速度。
理解上文的1至6项因素允许矿井工程师对于所用的支撑剂或多种支撑剂作出明智的选择。如果该井有可能使支撑剂返排，则工程师将需要将处理方式设计成至少具有涂覆砂或陶瓷的收尾物。为了恰当控制支撑剂生产，工程师可能会需要具有至少构成所泵入总支撑剂的10％至20％的涂覆支撑剂的收尾物。为了正确放置收尾物以使其在井孔附近占据最大面积，工程师将可能需要选择或设计能够实现支撑剂的高度运输的压裂流体。在考虑这些项目之后，工程师可以发现使用高比例的第二较强支撑剂的好处。支撑剂比率的最佳平衡取决于增加第二支撑剂的量是否将显著提高填充裂隙的能力：(a)以更高的速率生产，从而减少压裂处理所用时间；或(b)以经济的速率生产较长时期，从而影响矿井在其生产寿命期间发掘出的碳氢化合物总量。
示例
示例1至10
示例1至10论证当未经涂覆的支撑剂砂与涂覆的支撑剂砂在同一压裂矿田混合时对抗破碎性的影响。每种类型的支撑剂砂被预先测量以落入20/40网眼尺寸中，这对于支撑剂砂来说是典型的。示例1至4示出基本均匀地混合这些不同的支撑剂的效果。示例5至8表现出例如依次将不同支撑剂引入到相同的压裂矿田后将形成的分层结构的影响。通过准备每个有代表性的样品并使样品经受10,000磅/平方英尺以模拟典型深井的压力，各个试验在模拟压裂矿田进行两次。在每个试验结束时，将样品回收并测试尺寸过小的细粒的形成。表1总结了有关数据。
表1
*布莱尔未涂覆的支撑剂砂
**PEARL品牌涂覆砂，来自Preferred Sands有限责任公司，雷德福，宾夕法尼亚州
表1的数据分析表明，树脂覆膜砂量的增加会减少压碎的支撑剂的比例和形成细粒的相应量。
虽然不希望受理论约束，看来在混合物或分层结构(如图1)中的树脂涂覆砂能用于防止未涂覆砂失效。表1中的数据表明物理混合物在低于预期比例时似乎工作良好，例如，30％树脂覆膜砂的存在削减了发生破碎的未涂覆砂的一半的量。一个可能的解释是，该树脂涂层变形以分散施加到支撑剂颗粒的闭合应力。树脂涂覆砂的涂层似乎对相邻支撑剂和附近的任何未涂覆的支撑剂起到类似的益处。由于每个涂覆颗粒可以与多个未涂覆颗粒接触，即使少量的涂覆支撑剂也可以同时减少多个颗粒上的破碎应力，从而得到较低的失效率。
表1中的数据表明，当与未涂覆砂基本同样混合或如果以交替区段放置时，树脂涂覆砂支撑剂可以用来降低整体细粒的产生。(未涂覆砂和涂覆砂)的交替区段可作为细粒控制区域，其将起到像一系列滤网或过滤器一样的作用，将控制从支撑裂缝矿田中的上游向井孔流动的压碎支撑剂细粒的移动。使用一个或多个，例如1至40个的这种竖直布置、水平交替，以沿着并贯穿支撑裂隙矿田的周期性的细粒控制区域可有助于通过控制细粒穿过支撑矿田向井孔的迁移来保持良好的导通性，在井孔处，开孔可由细粒堵塞从而降低或妨碍该矿田中的导通性。
那些本领域的技术人员将理解，这里呈现的实施例旨在是说明性的，并作为理解本发明的工具，而不是对所附权利要求的范围的限制。

Claims (18)

1.一种在油井或气井中形成被支撑的地下水力压裂矿田的方法，包括以下步骤：
在压裂步骤时或在压裂步骤稍后，将一定体积的第一支撑剂和一定体积的第二支撑剂注入压裂矿田，第一支撑剂呈现出平均破碎强度，第二支撑剂呈现出相对所述第一支撑剂较高的平均破碎强度，注入步骤包括：(i)第一支撑剂和第二支撑剂的混合；或(ii)反复并依序注入第一支撑剂和随后的第二支撑剂，这种交替注入至少进行两个周期，以在压裂的地下矿田中形成远离井孔的第一支撑剂和第二支撑剂的沿水平或竖直方向的分层结构。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第一支撑剂包括未经涂覆的砂或陶瓷。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中所述第一支撑剂包括未经涂覆的砂。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第二支撑剂包括树脂涂覆的砂或陶瓷。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中所述第二支撑剂包括树脂涂覆的砂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中所述第二支撑剂包括聚氨酯涂覆的砂。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中所述第二支撑剂包括聚脲涂覆的砂。
8.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中所述第二支撑剂的涂层包括酚醛树脂、环氧基树脂或树脂组合物。
9.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中所述第二支撑剂包括聚氨酯涂层和聚脲涂层。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第一支撑剂作为与所述第二支撑剂的混合物注入。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第一支撑剂和所述第二支撑剂依序注入以形成一系列竖直布置的支撑剂层结构，其朝向所述井孔沿水平方向变化且有效控制形成的细粒的迁移。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中所述注入步骤用交联压裂流体实施。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第一支撑剂和所述第二支撑剂依序注入以形成一系列水平布置的支撑剂层结构，其在裂隙中沿竖直方向变化。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中所述注入步骤用水、滑溜水压裂流体或其它不能实现支撑剂的完美运输的流体实施。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第一支撑剂的体积在泵入所述矿田的支撑剂总体积的从约1％至99％(体积/体积)范围内。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述第一支撑剂的体积在泵入所述矿田的支撑剂总体积的从约35％至95％(体积/体积)范围内。
17.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第二支撑剂的体积在泵入所述矿田的支撑剂总体积的从约1％至99％(体积/体积)范围内。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法，其中所述第二支撑剂的体积在泵入所述矿田的支撑剂总体积的从约5％至65％(体积/体积)范围内。
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