CN1062000A - 培养大肠菌群的培养基和检测大肠菌群的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明是关于培养大肠菌群的培养基和检测大
肠菌群的方法。它提供了一种每一升水溶液中含胰
蛋白胨10~20克,乳糖5~10克,氯化钠5克,十二
烷基硫酸钠0.4~1克,磷酸氢二钾3.75~9.75克,磷
酸二氢钾0.5~1.3克,硫酸镁0.02~0.05克,氯化铁
0.0025~0.005克,氯化钴0.01~0.02克的培养基及
使用该培养基检测大肠菌群的方法。该培养基反应
灵敏,抑制杂菌能力强并能加快目的菌生长。该方法
准确、全面、节材省时,整个检测时间约为15~18小
时。
Description
本发明是关于培养大肠菌群的培养基和检测大肠菌群的方法。
作为食品和饮用水卫生标准之一是测定大肠菌群,大肠菌群一方面能反映被检物有无粪便污染,根据数量多少判断样品被污染程度,另一方面在一定程度上反映了食品在生产、加工、运输、保存等过程的卫生状况,所以具有广泛的卫生学意义。
现有的检测方法国外有气相色谱法、放射性测定法和量热法、电化学法和双层培养基法,酶分解法。围内有倾注平皿复盖法、DC琼脂倾注法、TTC显色法,简易快速纸片法,以上大部分方法基本上仿效滤膜法,滤膜法有一定缺点,容易阻塞滤膜,这样就造成检查污水及食品不便;如遇到游走细菌造成细菌不典型,大肠菌群值高于发酵法等缺点,气相色谱法、放射性测定法需要特殊昂贵的仪器设备,技术复杂,不宜基层单位推广使用。双层培养基法、倾注平皿复盖法与DC琼脂倾注法都是出现典型菌落为依据,事实上往往大肠菌群在胆盐琼脂培养基上的菌落是多样的,这就造成了判断上的困难。电化学法是利用细菌产生分子氢的时间与接种细菌的数量成线性关系来快速测量大肠菌群,但大肠菌群细菌需生长至每毫升含菌105~106个时才能用上法测出,灵敏性差,酶分解法对一些志贺氏菌属变形杆菌属,普罗威登斯菌属梭菌属菌株也能产生谷氨酸脱羧酶而干扰。国内的纸片法将乳糖胆盐培养基加指示剂铺在滤纸上干燥后,加样品通过颜色反应表示发酵乳糖产酸,这样往往容易由于杂菌抑制不全使一些分解乳糖产酸不产气的菌株误为大肠菌群,如化脓性金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、珠白葡萄球菌、欧文氏菌种等,特别还有发酵乳糖产酸产气的气单胞菌无法排除。
现有国内普遍使用的检测方法,有部颁发酵法(GB法)包括如下步骤:
(a)检样稀释,以无菌操作将检样稀释
(b)将待检样品接种于乳糖胆盐发酵管内,接种量在1me以上者,用双料乳糖胆盐发酵管,1me及1me以下者用单料乳糖胆盐发酵管,每一稀释度接种3管,置36°±1℃温箱内,培养24±2小时,如所有乳糖胆盐发酵管都不产气,则可报告为大肠菌群阴性,如有产气者,则按下列程序进行:
(c)将产气的发酵管分别转种在伊红美蓝琼脂单板上,置36°±1℃温箱内,培养18~24小时,然后取出,
(d)在上述平板上,挑取可疑大肠菌群菌落1~2个进行革兰氏染色,同时接种乳糖发酵管,置36°±1℃温箱内培养24±2小时,观察产气情况,凡乳糖管产气革兰氏染色为阴性的无芽胞杆菌,可报告为大肠菌群阳性。
整个过程需要3~6天时间,既耗时,又费力,特别是检测冷饮食品,待检验结果出来时,往往销售已空。
现有技术中还有一种较先进的方法,即美国《水和废水标准检验》中所述的A-1法。其方法如下:
样品处理和接种量同GB法,接种后35℃±0.5℃温箱培养32小时,再转至44.5℃±0.2℃温水浴培养21±2小时,如出现有产气者,即表示粪大肠菌群为阳性,查表计算MPИ值。它的培养基为每升水溶液含胰蛋白胨20克,乳糖5克,氯化钠5克,水杨素0.5克,TritonX-100,1毫升。
它通过改良培养基和提高培养温度改为一步法检测,缩短了检测时间,但应用中操作较麻烦,而且方法也不全面,不能从生物形态上进行鉴别。象某些革兰氏阴性非发酵杆菌及非凝集性(ИAG)弧菌等,如嗜水气单胞菌,它是属于 弧菌科。近年来发现对人有致病性,可引起细菌性食物中毒,而生化特性发酵乳糖产气,容易误诊为大肠菌群,它无证实试验,影响它的特异性,培养基抑制杂菌效果差。且操作麻烦,需用两种温度培养。
本发明的目的之一,就是提供一种抑制杂菌敏感,并能加速大肠菌群生长的培养基,以缩短检测时间,提高功效,节约成本。
本发明的另一个目的,就是提供一种用上述培养基快速检测大肠菌群的方法,它灵敏、简便,快速、准确、全面,操作容易,
一方面,本发明提供了一种能有效抑制杂菌生长并加快大肠菌群生长的培养基,它是一种干粉组合物,经溶解水后可得到一种每1升水溶液含下列组分的培养基:
胰蛋白胨10~20克,乳糖5~10克,氯化钠5克,十二烷基硫酸钠0.4~1克,磷酸氢二钾3.75~9.75克,磷酸二氢钾0.5~1.3克,硫酸镁0.02~0.05克,氯化铁0.0025~0.005克,氯化钴0.01~0.02克。
此组分中的磷酸氢二钾和磷酸二氢钾是成对选择的。
本培养基中的胰蛋白胨含丰富的色氨酸,能增加营养,促进大肠菌群的生长。缓冲盐类,是成配对含量加入的,不必调整培养基的PH值。选择适宜量的十二烷基硫酸钠能有效抑制杂菌生长,本培养基选择0.4~1克/升的量,能使抑制杂菌效果最佳,其抑制杂菌能力比采用胆盐和美国A-1法中的TritonX-100大2~3倍,且成本低。培养基中加入的微量元素,是为了增加大肠菌群的营养成份,增加大肠菌群的生命代谢活力,加快生长,加快和促进对乳糖发酵产气迟缓的大肠菌群产气,补充目的菌的无机盐中的金属盐类;另一方面,本发明提供了一种使用上述培养基全面、灵敏、快速地检测大肠菌群的方法,它包括:
(1)检样稀释;
(2)将上述样品接种于上述培养基中;
其特征在于:培养温度为35℃~37℃,时间为13~15小时;
(3)证实试验
a、培养物直接涂片革兰氏染色镜检;
b、培养物直接氧化酶试验;
c、培养物直接吲哚反应试验。
本方法采用上述公开的培养基,缩短了培养时间,其证实试验是直接挑取培养物作试验,同时在大肠菌群的检测中对其作氧化酶试验,排除非肠杆菌科细菌对乳糖产酸产气的假阳性;直接吲哚试验用于表明是否存在粪大肠菌群。(本法培养基能排除乳糖和其他试剂对吲哚反应试验的干扰。)
本发明提出了一种简便经济,反应灵敏,抑制杂菌强并加快目的菌生长的新型培养基,把胰蛋白胨提高营养成份,采用十二烷基硫酸钠抑制杂菌,并适量加入微量元素以促进目的菌的生长发育并发酵产气,不加指示剂便于做证实试验。本发明提供的方法中氧化酶试验能有效排除非肠杆菌科细菌对乳糖产酸产气,再加涂片镜检验证第(2)步骤的结果,准确、全面、直接显示吲哚反应检测粪大肠菌群,采用价廉的十二烷基硫酸钠代替昂贵的胆盐,并有效地抑制杂菌,整个检测时间由部颁法GB法的3~6天美国A-1法24小时缩短至15~18小时,提高功效分别为3.6~7.2倍,1.2~1.6倍,成本由部颁法GB法一个样品需0.467~0.694元,美国A-1法0.189元减少到0.117元,节约经费分别为:74.94~83.14%、38.1%(按87年市场价计算)
实施例1
将胰蛋白胨20克,乳糖5克,氯化钠5克,十二烷基硫酸钠0.5克,磷酸氢二钾9.75克,磷酸二氢钾1.3克,硫酸镁0.025克,氯化铁0.003克,氯化钴0.01克混合放入球磨机中,搅拌均匀,取出,放入1升蒸馏水中加热溶解,分装装有小倒管的试管中各5毫升;高压灭菌115℃20分钟,检测过程如下:
(1)样品按常规法经前处理后操作;
(2)根据样品污染程度,接种不同量于上述培养基内,10毫升及以上用双料,1毫升及以下用单料,温度为置37℃温箱内,15小时观察结果,如出现有产气者,即表示为阳性管。
以上阳性管继续做证实试验
(3)证实试验:
a、菌液涂片革兰氏染色镜检:有革兰氏阴性无芽胞杆菌,而杂菌少或无。
b、氧化酶试验:产气管取约1毫升培养物,滴加试剂2~3滴,红色为氧化酶阳性,不变色或呈试剂的本色为阴性反应。
c、吲哚反应试验:约0.2毫升试剂直接加入培养管中,紫红色为吲哚反应阳性。
上述过程中,如有产气、从形态上见到革兰氏阴性的无芽胞杆菌,并且氧化酶阴性,表示有大肠菌群存在,然后再做吲哚试验,反应阳性表示粪大肠菌群存在,然后查表计算MPИ值。
实施例2
培养基组分中十二烷基硫酸钠为1克,磷酸氢二钾为3.75克,磷酸二氢钾为0.5克,其余均同实施例1。
实施例3
培养基组分中磷酸氢二钾为7.5克,磷酸二氢钾为1.0克,其余同实施例1。
Claims (3)
1、一种培养大肠菌群的培养基,其特征在于:它为一种干粉组合物,经溶解水后可得到一种每1升水溶液含下列组分的培养基:
胰蛋白胨10~20克,乳糖5~10克,氯化钠5克,十二烷基硫酸钠0.4~1克,磷酸氢二钾3.75~9.75克磷酸二氢钾0.5~1.3克,硫酸镁0.020~0.05克,氯化铁0.0025~0.005克,氯化钴0.01~0.02克。
2、根据权利要求1所述的培养基,其特征在于:磷酸氢二钾和磷酸二氢钾的组分是成对选择的。
3、一种使用上述培养基检测大肠菌群的方法,它包括:
(1)检样稀释;
(2)将上述样品接种于上述培养基中;
其特征在于:培养温度为35℃~37℃,时间为13~15小时;
(3)证实试验
a、培养物直接涂片革兰氏染色镜检;
b、培养物直接氧化酶试验;
c、培养物直接吲哚反应试验。
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Cited By (3)
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CN101831485A (zh) * | 2010-05-11 | 2010-09-15 | 佛山市海天调味食品有限公司 | 食品中大肠菌群的快速检测方法 |
CN101864383A (zh) * | 2010-05-11 | 2010-10-20 | 佛山市海天调味食品有限公司 | 大肠菌增菌增酶培养液及其制备方法 |
CN108841915A (zh) * | 2018-07-12 | 2018-11-20 | 成都科美迪检验检测有限公司 | 一种食品中大肠杆菌的检验检测方法 |
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DE3735824C1 (en) * | 1987-07-02 | 1988-10-27 | Schoeller Lebensmittel | Method for the quantitative determination of coli bacteria using a rapid test |
JPH0257198A (ja) * | 1988-08-22 | 1990-02-26 | Tokyo Metropolis | 大腸菌群数の計測方法 |
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CN101831485A (zh) * | 2010-05-11 | 2010-09-15 | 佛山市海天调味食品有限公司 | 食品中大肠菌群的快速检测方法 |
CN101864383A (zh) * | 2010-05-11 | 2010-10-20 | 佛山市海天调味食品有限公司 | 大肠菌增菌增酶培养液及其制备方法 |
CN101864383B (zh) * | 2010-05-11 | 2012-06-06 | 佛山市海天调味食品股份有限公司 | 大肠菌增菌增酶培养液及其制备方法 |
CN101831485B (zh) * | 2010-05-11 | 2013-07-03 | 佛山市海天调味食品股份有限公司 | 食品中大肠菌群的快速检测方法 |
CN108841915A (zh) * | 2018-07-12 | 2018-11-20 | 成都科美迪检验检测有限公司 | 一种食品中大肠杆菌的检验检测方法 |
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