CN106192400A - 一种棉纤维的精练方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于染整技术领域,具体涉及一种棉纤维的精练方法。一种棉纤维的精练方法,该方法包括如下步骤:(1)棉纤维的预处理:将棉纤维浸在0.125~0.75mol/L的强碱溶液中充分润湿,控制棉纤维的带液率为100~300%,备用;(2)棉纤维的精练:将步骤(1)所得的棉纤维置于十甲基环五硅氧烷(D5)中浸渍处理,控制棉纤维与D5的质量比为m棉:mD5=1:30~50,浸渍温度为40~90℃,保温20~70min;(3)将步骤(2)所得棉纤维水洗,烘干即可。该方法精练过程中只消耗少量水和碱,且减少了废水排放,具有生态环保意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于染整技术领域,具体涉及一种棉纤维的精练方法。
背景技术
天然棉纤维除了纤维素为主要成分外,还含有6%~10%的天然杂质。在染色过程中,这些杂质影响了棉纤维的吸湿性,导致染色上染率低且染色不均匀,因此,在染色之前,还要进行去除天然杂质为主要目的的精练。棉纤维中的天然杂质主要是棉纤维的伴生物和棉籽壳。棉纤维的伴生物主要有果胶、含氮物质、蜡质、灰分、色素等。其中,果胶的主要成分是果胶酸的衍生物;含氮物质主要是以蛋白质的形式存在于纤维的最内胞腔中;蜡质主要包括脂肪族高级一元醇、游离的脂肪酸、高级一元醇的酯及固体和液体的碳氢化合物;灰分是由各种无机盐组成的,其中包括硅酸、碳酸、盐酸、硫酸和磷酸的钾、钠、钙、镁和锰盐,氧化镁和氧化铝;色素由黄柏素或棉色素组成,具有酸性染料的性质。棉籽壳的化学组成是木质素、单宁、纤维素、半纤维素及其他多糖类,除此之外,还含有少量的蛋白质、油脂和矿物质,但以木质素为主要成分。根据棉纤维中天然杂质的组成,当前使用比较广泛的方法是碱精练。
果胶在适当温度的强碱溶液中,酯键水解变成羧酸钠盐,分子链断裂,在水中溶解度提高,能被彻底去除。含氮物质一部分在热水中溶解去除,一部分在碱液当中长时间煮沸,肽键水解,蛋白质降解为氨基酸小分子,变为钠盐溶于水而去除。无机盐类水溶部分能在精练液中除掉,不溶部分只有经过酸洗溶解,再水洗除去。蜡质中的脂肪酸类物质在碱液中皂化,脂肪酸生成钠盐,转化成乳化剂,能使不易皂化的蜡质乳化去除。棉籽壳的主要成分木质素在碱煮过程中分子结构分解,另外,在高温碱液长时间作用下,棉籽壳发生溶胀,变得松软,由于部分成分已被溶去,残存部分经水洗和搓擦,棉籽壳便从纤维上脱落下来。
传统碱精练加工过程通常使用大量的碱和表面活性剂进行高温处理,使棉的伴生物分解、乳化而去除,精练后棉纤维变得比较洁净,吸水性获得显著提高。但在精练过程中不仅会消耗大量的水和能源,而且产生的碱性废水使化学需氧量/生化需氧量(COD/BOD值)变高。
近些年新开发的酶精练技术备受关注,酶精练利用酶的专一性、高效性和温和反应条件来代替高温强碱的精练处理。生物酶精练多采用单独用果胶酶或果胶酶与纤维素酶等混合酶的工艺。与碱精练相比较,酶精练用水少(约为碱精练的一半),处理液中的污染物少(其废水中的COD、BOD值比碱精练少50~75%);但精练效果如织物吸水性略差一些,特别是对棉籽壳的去除效果很差。
可见,目前用于棉纤维精练的技术都是在水浴中进行,废水对环境的污染仍然不能得到控制。“十三五”以来随着人们对环境污染的日益重视,国家相关部门对废水排放有了更高的要求。因此,开发出减少废水排放的棉纤维精练技术尤为重要。
发明内容
针对棉纤维精练过程中碱用量大,产生废水COD/BOD高且难处理的问题,本发明提供一种棉纤维的精练方法,精练过程中只需少量水和碱,节能环保,减少了废水排放。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是:
一种棉纤维的精练方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
(1)棉纤维的预处理:将棉纤维浸在0.125~0.75mol/L的强碱溶液中充分润湿,控制棉纤维的带液率为100~300%,备用;
(2)棉纤维的精练:将步骤(1)所得的棉纤维置于十甲基环五硅氧烷(D5)中浸渍,控制棉纤维与D5的质量比为m棉:mD5=1:30~50, 浸渍温度为40~90℃,保温20~70min;
(3)将步骤(2)所得棉纤维水洗,烘干即可。
本发明所述的棉纤维的精练方法是以十甲基环五硅氧烷(D5)为非水介质的棉纤维精练方法。
自美国学者发现D5(十甲基环五硅氧烷)可作为干洗剂后,D5越来越广泛的应用于清洗等方面。鉴于D5的独特性质,同样也具有取代水作为一种全新的用于棉纤维精练介质的潜力。D5可以溶解棉纤维中的蜡状物质,从而对棉纤维具有一定的精练效果,但仅用D5作为精练介质存在着一些不足。首先,D5不能溶胀棉纤维,对棉纤维内部杂质去除不彻底,大大降低了棉纤维后期染色的性能;其次,棉纤维中的果胶等杂质,D5不能对其去除。为解决这些问题,本发明设计了将棉纤维在一定浓度的碱液中浸轧,使其带有一定量的碱液,然后将其放入D5介质中进行精练的方法。在棉纤维的D5介质精练过程中,碱液与D5起到协同作用,D5对棉纤维表面的油蜡物质有去除效果,碱液可以与棉纤维中的果胶等杂质发生反应去除。
作为优选,烘干是在烘箱中105-110℃下完成。
作为优选,步骤(1)中棉纤维的带液率为150~250%。
作为优选,步骤(2)中m棉:mD5=1:30~40。
作为优选,所述强碱为氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾。
本发明由于采用了以上技术方案,具有显著的技术效果:
(1)由于碱液与D5完全不互溶,即使是纤维表面的碱液也具有强烈的亲纤维而憎D5的趋势,因此纤维能稳定地携带碱液,在少量水存在的条件下形成超低浴比精练环境,节省了大量的水资源,大大减少了废水排放。在棉纤维的D5精练过程中,碱液会慢慢渗透到纤维内部,从而达到良好的精练效果。
(2)D5作为一种干洗剂,可以溶解棉纤维中的蜡状物质。在D5体系的精练过程中,D5与碱液可以起到协同作用,从而可以达到良好的精练效果。
(3)D5是一种无色、无嗅、易挥发的无毒油性液体环状硅氧烷,安全环保,且可以回收。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例,对本发明的技术方案作进一步的具体说明。应当理解,本发明的实施并不局限于下面的实施例,对本发明所做的任何形式上的变通和/或改变都将落入本发明保护范围。
在本发明中,若非特指,所有的份、百分比均为重量单位,所采用的设备和原料等均可从市场购得或是本领域常用的。下述实施例中的方法,如无特别说明,均为本领域的常规方法。
实施例1:
一种棉纤维的精练方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)棉纤维的预处理:称取棉纤维10g,将其浸入到0.125mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液中,充分润湿,控制带液率为200%,备用。
(2)将步骤(1)所得的棉纤维置入D5中,控制棉纤维与D5的质量比为m棉:mD5=1:30,控制温度为90℃,保温20min。
(3)将步骤(2)所得棉纤维水洗,并于烘箱中105℃下烘干至恒重,取出放入干燥器中平衡30min。
实施例2:
一种棉纤维的精练方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)棉纤维的预处理:称取棉纤维10g,将其浸入到0.5mol//L的氢氧化钾溶液中,充分润湿,控制带液率为300%,备用。
(2)将步骤(1)所得的棉纤维置入D5中,控制棉纤维与D5的质量比为m棉:mD5=1:40,控制温度为70℃,保温40min。
(3)将步骤(2)所得棉纤维水洗,并于烘箱中110℃下烘干至恒重,取出放入干燥器中平衡30min。
实施例3:
一种棉纤维的精练方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)棉纤维的预处理:称取棉纤维10g,将其浸入到0.75g/L的氢氧化钠溶液中,充分润湿,控制带液率为100%,备用。
(2)将步骤(1)所得的棉纤维置入D5中,控制棉纤维与D5的质量比为m棉:mD5=1:50,控制温度为40℃,保温70min。
(3)将步骤(2)所得棉纤维水洗,并于烘箱中105℃下烘干至恒重,取出放入干燥器中平衡30min。
对照例1:
采用传统水浴碱精练方法,控制棉纤维精练时间、温度及碱液浓度与实施例1相同。精练方法是先将棉纤维用水润湿,充分润湿后,将棉纤维放入0.125mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液中,浴比(m棉纤维:m碱液)为1:30。其他条件同实施例1。
对照例2:
与对照例1的不同之处在于,控制棉纤维精练时间、温度及碱液浓度与实施例2相同。精练时间为40min;精练温度为70℃;精练碱液为0.5mol/L的氢氧化钾溶液; 浴比(m棉纤维:m碱液)为1:40。其他条件同对照例1。
对照例3:
与对照例1的不同之处在于,控制棉纤维精练时间、温度及碱液浓度与实施例3相同。精练时间为70min;精练温度为40℃;精练碱液浓度为0.75mol/L; 浴比(m棉纤维:m碱液)为1:50。其他条件同对照例1。
表1 棉纤维的D5精练与常规水浴精练的效果比较
断裂强力(cN) | 白度(%) | 染色K/S值 | |
实施例1(D5精练) | 4.3 | 45.7 | 13.2 |
实施例2(D5精练) | 4.2 | 52.5 | 15.3 |
实施例3(D5精练) | 4.3 | 37.9 | 14.4 |
对照例1(水浴精练) | 4.2 | 44.5 | 13.3 |
对照例2(水浴精练) | 4.1 | 49.8 | 14.9 |
对照例3(水浴精练) | 4.1 | 36.4 | 13.8 |
未精练样 | 4.5 | 23.6 | 2.6 |
注:
1)染色K/S值测试:准确称取染色后的棉纤维0.2g,用刷子捋顺,应用SF600X 测色配色仪(美国DataColor公司),以超微小孔径测试其最大吸收波长处的K/S值,以CIE 标准照明体D65和10°视角标准观察者进行颜色计算,不同位置测试3次,取平均值。所用染料为6%(o.w.f)靛蓝染料,按常规水浴方法染色。
2)白度测试:应用SF600X测色配色仪(美国DataColor公司)测试CIE白度,样品准备同上。
3)纤维强力测试:采用YG001型单纤维强力测试仪并参照GB/T14337进行测试,取50次强力数据平均值作为该试样强力值。
由表1结果可知,棉纤维在D5中精练可以获得与传统水浴精练几乎相同的染色性能;与传统水浴碱精练相比,在D5中精练白度更高,原因是D5可以对棉纤维中的油性杂质有较好的去除效果;因为水浴碱精练中含碱量较大对纤维损伤较大,所以纤维断裂强力损失较大。
以上仅为本发明的具体实施例,但本发明的技术特征并不局限于此。任何以本发明为基础,为解决基本相同的技术问题,实现基本相同的技术效果,所做出地简单变化、等同替换或者修饰等,皆涵盖于本发明的保护范围之中。
Claims (5)
1.一种棉纤维的精练方法,其特征在于该方法包括如下步骤:
(1)棉纤维的预处理:将棉纤维浸在0.125~0.75mol/L的强碱溶液中中充分润湿,控制棉纤维的带液率为100~300%,备用;
(2)棉纤维的精练:将步骤(1)所得的棉纤维置于十甲基环五硅氧烷(D5)中浸渍处理,控制棉纤维与D5的质量比为m棉:mD5=1:30~50, 浸渍温度为40~90℃,保温20~70min;
(3)将步骤(2)所得棉纤维水洗,烘干即可。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:烘干是在烘箱中105-110℃下完成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中棉纤维的带液率为150~250%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中m棉:mD5=1:30~40。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述强碱为氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾。
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