CN106143869B - 复合结构及其形成方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种复合结构(200)及其形成方法。该复合结构(200)包括:多个组件(204),所述多个组件被联接在一起形成接头(206),其中,所述多个组件(204)被定向成使得在其间至少部分限定间隙(216)。填料结构(220)位于所述间隙(216)中,所述填料结构包括闭室泡沫芯(222)。
Description
技术领域
本公开的领域总体上涉及复合结构,更具体地,涉及有助于限制复合结构分层的用于复合结构的填料。
背景技术
尤其在航空应用中的整体加强复合结构破裂常常是在位于复合结构的蒙皮和整体加强元件之间的界面处的半径填料(即,填条(noodle))中开始的。至少一些已知半径填料至少部分由一定量的树脂形成。树脂中的裂缝会由于不正确加工、不正确操纵工具和/或残余拉伸应变而在制造复合结构期间形成。例如,由于在半径填料中形成超过树脂临界破裂应变的应变环境的热膨胀系数之间的不匹配,导致会形成复合结构中的残余拉伸应变。环绕半径填料的结构的几何形状对在树脂被固化和硬化之后树脂冷却时的收缩形成三维限制。
示例性的半径填料包括(但不限于)预浸渍(即,预浸料)复合材料(例如,分层带和/或成卷预浸料复合材料)和/或纯树脂。在至少一些已知的复合结构中,半径填料中的裂缝蔓延可造成相邻层合接头中的层片分层。更具体地,半径填料中的裂缝蔓延会引起层合接头的劣化。虽然限制半径填料中形成裂缝将确保层合接头的完整性,但通常难以(如果并非不可能)完全防止裂缝形成。此外,当复合结构被构造为格外大的尺寸时,限制半径填料中的裂缝形成的难度增加。如此,需要确保半径填料中的裂缝不引起层合接头劣化的系统和方法。
发明内容
在一个方面,本发明提供了一种复合结构。该复合结构包括:多个组件,其被联接在一起形成接头,其中,所述多个组件被定向成使得在其间至少部分限定间隙。填料结构位于所述间隙中,并且所述填料结构包括闭室泡沫芯(closed cell foam core)。
在另一个方面,本发明提供了一种形成复合结构的方法。所述方法包括:将多个组件联接在一起形成接头,其中,所述多个组件被定向成在其间形成半径间隙。所述方法还包括:形成包括闭室泡沫芯的填料结构;将所述填料结构定位在所述半径间隙中;以及向所述多个组件和所述填料结构施加热或压力中的至少一者。
已经讨论过的特征、功能和优点可独立地在本公开的各种实现方式中实现或者可在其它实现方式中进行组合,可参照下面的描述和附图明白这些实施方式的其它细节。
附图说明
图1是示例性飞行器制造和维修方法的流程图。
图2是示例性飞行器的框图。
图3是可用于图2中示出的飞行器中的示例性复合结构的示意图。
图4是图3中示出的复合结构沿着区域A截取的放大示意图。
图5是图4中示出的闭室泡沫芯的放大示意图。
图6是示出制造可用在图3中示出的复合结构中的闭室泡沫芯的处理步骤的示例性顺序的示意性流程图。
图7是示出制造图6中示出的闭室泡沫芯的处理步骤的替代顺序的示意性流程图。
图8是形成复合结构的示例性方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
本文中描述的实现方式涉及包括半径填料结构的复合结构,该半径填料结构有助于限制复合结构中的半径间隙(即,填条区域)中的分层。在示例性实现方式中,填料结构包括闭室泡沫芯。闭室泡沫芯包括多个芯室(core cell),芯室包括侧壁和由侧壁限定的空隙空间。闭室泡沫芯由通过使侧壁能够响应于静水拉力而塑性屈服来吸收应变能的材料形成。具体地,填料结构位于复合结构的半径间隙中,且闭室泡沫芯具有被选择用于确保复合结构的结构完整性在其制造期间被基本上保持的物理性质。如此,本文中描述的填料结构不包括树脂,使得树脂中的裂缝蔓延不会引起层合接头的劣化。
参照附图,可在飞行器制造和维修方法100(图1中示出)的背景下借助飞行器102(图2中示出)描述本公开的实现方式。在预制造期间,可在制造过程期间使用飞行器102的包括规格和设计104的数据并且可预固化106与机身关联的其它材料。在制造期间,发生飞行器102的组件和子组件制造108和系统整合110,之后飞行器102进入其认证和交付过程112。在成功妥善处理和完成机身认证时,飞行器102可入役114。当由顾客进行入役时,安排飞行器102进行周期性、常规和定期的维护和维修116,包括例如任何改装、重构、和/或翻新。在替代实现方式中,制造和维修方法100可借助除了飞行器外的车辆实现。
可由系统整合商、第三方、和/或运营商(例如,顾客)执行或完成与飞行器制造和/或维修100关联的各部分和过程。出于进行此描述的目的,系统整合商可包括(而不限于)任何数量的飞行器制造商和主系统分包商;第三方可包括(而不限于)任何数量的供货商、分包商和供应商;运营商可以是航空公司、租赁公司、军事单位、服务组织等。
如图2中所示,通过方法100生产的飞行器102可包括带有多个系统120和内部122的机身118。高级系统120的示例包括推进系统124、电气系统126、液压系统128和/或环境系统130中的一个或多个。可包括任何数量的其它系统。
可在方法100的任一个或多个阶段期间采用本文中实施的设备和方法。例如,可按与飞行器102在入役时生产组件或子组件类似的方式构造或制造对应于组件制造过程108的组件或子组件。另外,例如,通过相当大程度地加速完成组装飞行器102和/或降低飞行器102的组装成本,可在制造阶段108和110期间利用一个或多个设备实施方式、方法实施方式或其组合。类似地,例如,在定期的维护和维修116期间,可在维修或保养飞行器102的同时利用一个或多个设备实施方式、方法实施方式或其组合。
如本文中使用的,术语“飞行器”可包括(但不限于只包括)飞机、无人驾驶飞行器(UAV)、滑翔机、直升机和/或航空飞行的任何其它物体。另外,在替代实现方式中,本文中描述的飞行器制造和维修方法可用于任何制造和/或维修操作。
图3是可用于飞行器102(图2中示出)的示例性复合结构200的示意图,图4是沿着区域A截取的复合结构200的放大示意图。在示例性实现方式中,复合结构200包括联接在一起形成T型接头206的多个组件204。组件204包括蒙皮面板208、联接到蒙皮面板208的支持板210、联接到支持板210的第一加强件212、联接到支持板210的第二加强件214。组件204被定向成使得在支持板210与第一加强件212和第二加强件214之间限定半径间隙216。更具体地,半径间隙216沿着复合结构200的长度L延伸并且至少部分由第一加强件212和第二加强件214相对互补的弯曲部分218限定。在替代实现方式中,第一加强件212和第二加强件214可直接连接到蒙皮面板208。此外,另选地,组件204可具有任何构造,使得接头限定其间的半径间隙。
复合结构200还包括位于半径间隙216中的填料结构220。参照图4,填料结构220包括含有多个芯室224的闭室泡沫芯222。各芯室224包括侧壁226和由侧壁226限定并且基本上被空气填充的空隙空间228。如此,填料结构220不包括一定量的树脂。此外,如以下更详细描述的,闭室泡沫芯222由使得侧壁226响应于施加到复合结构200及由其施加的静水拉力230而塑性屈服的材料构成。具体地,空隙空间228有助于使闭室泡沫芯222能够吸收能量并且有助于限定闭室泡沫芯222内的孔隙率。选择闭室泡沫芯222的孔隙率,使得闭室泡沫芯222具有预定的能量吸收能力和体积压缩硬度。例如,在示例性实现方式中,闭室泡沫芯222包括在限定在占闭室泡沫芯222的体积的约20%和约40%之间的范围内的孔隙率。
闭室泡沫芯222可由使复合结构200如本文所描述地发挥作用的任何材料构成。用于构造闭室泡沫芯222的材料是基于该材料是否包括某些预定水平的物理性质进行选择的。示例性的物理性质包括(但不限于)体积模量、表面能和热膨胀系数。例如,选择体积模量,以有助于当复合结构200在制造期间暴露于升高的压力时限制闭室泡沫芯222的变形,选择表面能使得闭室泡沫芯222保持联接到组件204,选择热膨胀系数使得当暴露于变化的环境状况时基本上保持了闭室泡沫芯222的结构完整性。在示例性实现方式中,闭室泡沫芯222由诸如纽约奥尔巴尼的迈图高新材料集团(Momentive Performance MaterialsHoldings,Inc.of Albany,New York)制造的RTV566的硅基材料制成。
图5是闭室泡沫芯222的放大示意图。如以下更详细描述的,向组件204施加热或压力中的至少一个,以有助于形成复合结构200(均在图3中示出)。总体上,由于填料结构220在从形成复合结构200期间的升高温度开始冷却时不能收缩,导致进行静水拉力230(图4中示出)是静水的。如此,侧壁226在变窄区域227局部拉伸(即,不能够收缩),从而导致其屈服后塑性变形。更具体地,侧壁226是相对薄的隔膜,使得拉伸侧壁226不是静水的。相反,闭室泡沫芯222由使侧壁226能够在变窄区域227局部屈服以有助于在其中的应变能量吸收的材料制成。
图6是示出制造闭室泡沫芯222的处理步骤的示例性顺序232的示意性流程图,图7是示出制造闭室泡沫芯222的处理步骤的替代顺序234的示意性流程图。在示例性实现方式中,通过将一定量的液化闭室泡沫材料(未示出)倾倒在模具236中来制造闭室泡沫芯222。模具236包括内部腔体238,内部腔体238接纳所述一定量的闭室泡沫材料并且具有与闭室泡沫芯222的最终所需形状基本上类似的形状。然后,在第一处理步骤240中固化所述一定量的闭室泡沫材料,使得闭室泡沫芯222具有当其形成时与半径间隙216基本上类似的横截面形状。此外,第一处理步骤240有助于在闭室泡沫芯222中形成空隙空间228。例如,第一处理步骤240有助于通过将起泡剂引入所述一定量的闭室泡沫材料或者通过借助缩聚来制造闭室泡沫芯222当中的至少一者来形成空隙空间228。示例性的起泡剂包括物理或化学起泡剂,诸如(但不限于)二氧化碳、戊烷和碳酸盐材料。
参照图7,通过将一定量的闭室泡沫材料倾倒在模具242中来制造闭室泡沫芯222。模具242包括内部腔体244,内部腔体244接纳所述一定量的闭室泡沫材料并且具有与使顺序234如本文所述地发挥作用的任何形状。例如,在示例性实现方式中,内部腔体244具有基本上矩形的横截面形状。然后,在第一处理步骤240中如上所述固化所述一定量的闭室泡沫材料,使得形成中间闭室泡沫芯246。在诸如切割、铣削或机加工的第二处理步骤248中,中间闭室泡沫芯246的尺寸减小。如此,实现第二处理步骤248,以将中间闭室泡沫芯246形成为具有与半径间隙216基本上类似的横截面形状的闭室泡沫芯222。另选地,多个中间闭室泡沫芯246可在模具242中制成,被联接在一起,并且随后通过第二处理步骤248被减小尺寸,以形成闭室泡沫芯222。此外,另选地,各种形状的多个闭室泡沫芯246可按预定定向制造并且被联接在一起,以形成闭室泡沫芯222。
图8是形成复合结构(诸如,复合结构200)的示例性方法300的流程图。方法300包括将组件204联接302在一起形成T型接头206,其中,组件204被定向成在其间形成半径间隙216。形成304包括闭室泡沫芯222的填料结构220。方法300还包括将填料结构220定位306在半径间隙216中,并且向组件204和填料结构220施加308热或压力中的至少一者。可借助真空袋装处理施加热和/或压力,和/或可将复合结构200放入压热器(未示出)中。
在一些实现方式中,形成304填料结构220包括将一定量的闭室泡沫材料倾倒在具有与半径间隙216的横截面形状基本上类似的横截面形状的模具236中,并且固化模具236中的所述一定量的闭室泡沫材料。另选地,形成304包括将一定量的闭室泡沫材料倾倒在模具242中,固化模具242中的所述一定量的闭室泡沫材料以形成中间闭室泡沫芯246,并且成形中间闭室泡沫芯246使得填料结构220具有与半径间隙216的横截面形状基本上类似的横截面形状。成形中间闭室泡沫芯246包括切割、铣削或机加工中间闭室泡沫芯246中的至少一种加工。
形成304填料结构220还包括:用闭室泡沫材料制造闭室泡沫芯222,闭室泡沫材料的体积模量有助于限制当施加308压力时填料结构220的变形;以及用硅基材料制造闭室泡沫芯222。在一个实现方式中,形成304填料结构220包括:形成包括侧壁226的闭室泡沫芯222,侧壁226被构造成响应于静水拉力230而塑性屈服;以及形成由侧壁226限定的空隙空间228。空隙空间228基本上被空气填充。
在一些实现方式中,形成304填料结构220包括:形成闭室泡沫芯222,闭室泡沫芯222包括限定在占闭室泡沫芯的体积的约20%和约40%之间的范围内的孔隙率;以及形成304不包括一定量树脂的填料结构220。
在以下的条款1A-20B中提供根据本公开的主题的(可要求或可不要求保护的)例证性、非排他性示例。
1A.一种复合结构,该复合结构包括:
多个组件,所述多个组件联接在一起形成接头,其中,所述多个组件被定向成使得在其间至少部分限定间隙;
填料结构,该填料结构位于所述间隙中,所述填料结构包括闭室泡沫芯。
2A.根据条款1A所述的复合结构,其中,所述闭室泡沫芯包括多个芯室,所述芯室包括被构造成响应于静水拉力而塑性屈服的侧壁。
3A.根据条款2A所述的复合结构,其中,所述多个芯室包括由所述侧壁限定的空隙空间,所述空隙空间基本上被空气填充。
4A.根据条款1A-3A中的任一项所述的复合结构,其中,所述闭室泡沫芯由硅基材料制成。
5A.根据条款1A-4A中的任一项所述的复合结构,其中,所述闭室泡沫芯包括被选择成使得所述闭室泡沫芯具有预定的能量吸收能力的孔隙率。
6A.根据条款5A所述的复合结构,其中,所述孔隙率在限定于占所述闭室泡沫芯的体积的约20%和约40%之间的范围内。
7A.根据条款1A-3A中的任一项所述的复合结构,其中,所述填料结构不包括一定量的树脂。
8A.根据条款1A-7A中的任一项所述的复合结构,其中,所述填料结构具有与所述间隙的横截面形状基本上类似的横截面形状。
9A.根据条款1A-8A中的任一项所述的复合结构,其中,所述多个组件联接在一起,使得所述间隙沿着所述多个组件的长度延伸。
10A.根据条款1A-9A中的任一项所述的复合结构,其中,所述多个组件中的至少一个组件包括弯曲部分,使得在所述多个组件之间限定半径间隙。
11B.一种形成复合结构的方法,所述方法包括:
将多个组件联接在一起形成接头,其中,所述多个组件被定向成使得在其间限定半径间隙;
形成包括闭室泡沫芯的填料结构;
将所述填料结构定位在所述半径间隙中;以及
向所述多个组件和所述填料结构施加热或压力中的至少一者。
12B.根据条款11B所述的方法,其中,形成所述填料结构的步骤包括:
将一定量的闭室泡沫材料倾倒在模具中,所述模具具有与所述半径间隙的横截面形状基本上类似的横截面形状;
固化所述模具中的所述一定量的闭室泡沫材料。
13B.根据条款11B所述的方法,其中,形成所述填料结构的步骤包括:
将一定量的闭室泡沫材料倾倒在模具中;
固化所述模具中的所述一定量的闭室泡沫材料,以形成中间闭室泡沫芯;以及
成形所述中间闭室泡沫芯,使得所述填料结构具有与所述半径间隙的横截面形状基本上类似的横截面形状。
14B.根据条款13B所述的方法,其中,成形所述中间闭室泡沫芯的步骤包括切割、铣削或机加工所述中间闭室泡沫芯中的至少一种加工。
15B.根据条款11B-14B中的任一项所述的方法,其中,形成填料结构的步骤包括用闭室泡沫材料制造所述闭室泡沫芯,所述闭室泡沫材料具有有助于限制当被施加压力时所述填料结构变形的体积模量。
16B.根据条款11B-15B中的任一项所述的方法,其中,形成填料结构的步骤包括用硅基材料制造所述闭室泡沫芯。
17B.根据条款11B-16B中的任一项所述的方法,其中,形成填料结构的步骤包括形成具有被构造成响应于静水拉力而塑性屈服的侧壁的所述闭室泡沫芯。
18B.根据条款17B所述的方法,其中,形成所述闭室泡沫芯的步骤包括形成由所述侧壁限定的空隙空间,所述空隙空间基本上被空气填充。
19B.根据条款11B-18B中的任一项所述的方法,其中,形成填料结构的步骤包括形成具有在限定于占所述闭室泡沫芯的体积的约20%和约40%之间的范围内的孔隙率的所述闭室泡沫芯。
20B.根据条款11B-15B中的任一项所述的方法,其中,形成填料结构的步骤包括形成不具有一定量的树脂的所述填料结构。
本文中描述的实现方式涉及填料结构,该填料结构有助于限制在复合结构的填条区域中开始的所述复合结构的分层。该填料结构由包括响应于静水拉力而塑性屈服的侧壁的闭室泡沫芯制成。例如,当在制造所述复合结构期间施加所述静水拉力时,所述侧壁屈服,但该填料结构具有有助于限制闭室泡沫芯的变形并且在增加的压力下保持所述复合结构期望形状的体积模量。此外,该填料结构不包括一定量的树脂,使得填条区域中的应变被所述闭室泡沫芯吸收,并且使得消除了因树脂中的裂缝蔓延造成分层。
本书面描述使用示例公开了各种实现方式(包括最佳模式),还使本领域的任何技术人员能够实践各种实现方式,包括制成和使用任何装置或系统和执行任何与之结合的方法。本公开的可专利范围由权利要求书限定,并且可包括本领域的技术人员想到的其它示例。如果其它示例具有与权利要求书的书面语言没有差异的结构元件,或者如果其它示例包括与权利要求书的书面语言没有实质差异的等同结构元件,则这种其它示例旨在在权利要求书的范围内。
Claims (8)
1.一种复合结构(200),该复合结构包括:
多个组件(204),所述多个组件(204)被联接在一起形成接头(206),其中,所述多个组件(204)被定向成使得在其间至少部分限定半径间隙(216);以及
填料结构(220),该填料结构(220)位于所述半径间隙(216)中,所述填料结构(220)包括闭室泡沫芯(222),其中,所述闭室泡沫芯(222)包括多个芯室(224),所述多个芯室(224)包括被构造成响应于静水拉力而塑性屈服的侧壁(226),所述闭室泡沫芯(222)包括在限定在占所述闭室泡沫芯(222)的体积的20%和40%之间的范围内的孔隙率,使得所述闭室泡沫芯(222)具有预定的能量吸收能力和体积压缩硬度,
其中,所述填料结构(220)具有与所述半径间隙(216)的横截面形状类似的横截面形状,所述闭室泡沫芯(222)由硅基材料制成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合结构(200),其中,所述多个芯室(224)包括由所述侧壁(226)限定的空隙空间(228),所述空隙空间(228)基本上被空气填充。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的复合结构(200),其中,所述多个组件(204)被联接在一起,使得所述半径间隙(216)沿着所述多个组件(204)的长度延伸。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的复合结构(200),其中,所述多个组件(204)中的至少一个组件包括弯曲部分,使得在所述多个组件(204)之间限定所述半径间隙(216)。
5.一种形成根据权利要求1所述的复合结构(200)的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
将所述多个组件(204)联接在一起形成所述接头(206),其中,所述多个组件(204)被定向成在其间形成所述半径间隙(216);
形成包括所述闭室泡沫芯(222)的所述填料结构(220);
将所述填料结构(220)定位在所述半径间隙(216)中;以及
向所述多个组件(204)和所述填料结构(220)施加热或压力中的至少一者。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中,形成所述填料结构(220)的步骤包括:
将一定量的闭室泡沫材料倾倒在模具中,所述模具具有与所述半径间隙(216)的横截面形状类似的横截面形状;以及
固化所述模具中的所述一定量的闭室泡沫材料。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中,形成所述填料结构(220)的步骤包括以下步骤:
将一定量的闭室泡沫材料倾倒在模具中;
固化所述模具中的所述一定量的闭室泡沫材料,以形成中间闭室泡沫芯(246);以及
成形所述中间闭室泡沫芯(246),使得所述填料结构(220)具有与所述半径间隙(216)的横截面形状类似的横截面形状。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,成形所述中间闭室泡沫芯(246)的步骤包括切割、铣削或机加工所述中间闭室泡沫芯(246)中的至少一种加工。
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