CN106119635B - A kind of replacement QT400 aluminium alloys flywheel caliper material and its gravitational casting forming method - Google Patents
A kind of replacement QT400 aluminium alloys flywheel caliper material and its gravitational casting forming method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106119635B CN106119635B CN201610492969.4A CN201610492969A CN106119635B CN 106119635 B CN106119635 B CN 106119635B CN 201610492969 A CN201610492969 A CN 201610492969A CN 106119635 B CN106119635 B CN 106119635B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
- C22C21/14—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with silicon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D21/00—Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedure; Selection of compositions therefor
- B22D21/02—Casting exceedingly oxidisable non-ferrous metals, e.g. in inert atmosphere
- B22D21/04—Casting aluminium or magnesium
Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of aluminium alloy flywheel caliper shell material for substituting QT400, it is characterised in that：Principal component content is by weight percentage：Manganese Mn:≤ 2%, cadmium Cd:0.05%~0.5%, copper Cu:4.2%~8.0% and Cu >=0.8Mn+4.05%, silicon Si：0.5%‑2.0%；Lewis Acids and Bases make 120 microns of alloy mean grain size ＜, surplus is aluminium Al to total amount 1% × 10 4~2.0%.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of replacement QT400 aluminium alloy flywheel caliper materials and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Spheroidal graphite cast-iron（Abbreviation magnesium iron）Be widely used in manufacture transmission case body, pump case, cylinder body, piston, wheel hub, driving member,
The good part of tumbler equal strength high-wearing feature；Why widely used magnesium iron is, and also residing in it has the standard brand of subdivision, often
Kind of the trade mark defines more stringent accurate chemical composition combination, specification of heat treatment parameter, mechanical property and physical index etc., from
And subdivision is corresponded to using category.It is shown in Table 1.
The corresponding mechanical property of the spheroidal graphite cast-iron trade mark determining 1 GB/T 1348 of table and tissue
The mechanical performance index of magnesium iron and its classification, can be used as aluminum alloy materials innovative design, carry it is high performance to mark base
Plinth can simultaneously serve as the comparison channel of " with aluminium for steel ", i.e.,：If aluminium alloy can substitute certain trade mark magnesium iron, further
Replacement and the close steel of this trade mark performance, are just enough to lead a kind of trend or fashion in industrial circle.Realization is replaced with light strong structure
Generation weight strong structure.
From the perspective of natural characteristic and experience accumulation, aluminium alloy has the advantages that a variety of compared with magnesium iron：
1. aluminum material has fabulous cryogenic property, in low temperature environment as structural material with unique advantage, and magnesium iron
It then reduces and gradually occurs from toughness to brittle transformation, especially in brittle transition temperature hereinafter, under its impact resistance drastically with temperature
Drop or even generation " low-temperature brittle fracture ".
2. aluminium alloy specific strength is high, there is good fracture toughness（Metal material is weighed to what crackle was expanded suddenly to resist
Power）, and magnesium iron is strong to stress concentration sensitivity, can cause to be broken suddenly.
3. since aluminium and aluminium alloy are that non-magnetic material event electromagnetism interference performance is good, and magnesium iron is in the temperature of biological existence
In the range of be all good magnetic material, easily by electromagnetic interference.
4. the corrosion resistance of aluminium alloy in itself is significantly larger than steel and is more suitable for carrying out high-tech surface anticorrosion and decoration
Integrated treatment.
5. aluminium alloy is to the wetability of water well below steel, thus low temperature sleety weather aluminium surface will not be as steel surface
The attached weightening phenomenon of sleet ice easily occurs like that.
6. aluminum material alloying and heat treatment process are simple compared with magnesium iron and steel, the alloying temperature of aluminium is generally below 750
DEG C, heat treatment temperature is between 150~600 DEG C, and bulb ferroalloy temperature is more than 1400 DEG C, heat treatment temperature then 500~
1000 DEG C, consumption and discharge are several times or even more than ten times of aluminum materials.
7. comparing from processing technology, aluminum material can easily obtain the part of complicated shape or section, and use ball
The part of this complexity of ironworking needs more processes and equipment that can consume power more higher than aluminum material.
8. aluminium alloy is smaller than magnesium iron inertia, more advantage is frequently equipped in start and stop.
Aforementioned these steel shortcoming and the unique superior quality of aluminum material, the marked improvement for " with aluminium for steel " provide
The basis of reality that civilization of human society progress is pursued.
It, must in order to give full play to aluminium alloy with " light " advantageous characteristic for representative in the technology upgrading of " with aluminium for steel "
It must be made to have tremendous development in terms of " strong ", it could be expanded significantly and use field.This requires must be in aluminium alloy green wood
It makes a breakthrough first in material design.
It is examined closely from the method for material preparation, material property is obtained by functional microcosmic object is combined, needs to obtain good
Functional object is combined, such as high intensity, high-ductility, high rigidity, corrosion-resistant etc., is the most termination that various preparation methods are pursued
Fruit, therefore there are close internal integrities with its technology of preparing for the Design of Chemical Composition of aluminium alloy, are how a kind of atom is tied
The relationship of " object phase molecule " needed for synthesis.It is to form material object phase molecule to combine that aluminium alloy, which is respectively formulated element by melting mixing,
The major contributing link of structure, crystal grain mutually determines the crystalline substance of alloy with the intermetallic compound molecule object of crystal boundary after process of setting
State combines (submicron particles:10~300 μm or so of scale), subsequent heat treatment is (micro- to fine structure under crystalline state group frame
Scale particles:1~30 μm or so of scale) or even more microcosmic precise and tiny structure (Subnano-class or sub-micron grade particle:Scale
1 μm of 10nm~＜) it is adjusted and perfect.
On engineer application, the size shape of metallic compound in aluminium alloy grain size and shape and crystal boundary, to alloy
Mechanical property have conclusive influence.The irregular crystals such as coarse plane crystalline substance, dendrite, column crystal and it is distributed in crystal boundary
Coarse brittle property intermetallic compound, the good fine structure of alloy and precise and tiny structure can contribute the obdurability of matrix
It all balances out, the means of rotten means conventional at present and crystal grain thinning, best effect can only refine to mean grain size
120~150 microns, and the form of dendrite is often without basic transformation, it is important that this is that alloy mechanical property further improves
Bottleneck problem.It is improved simultaneously to enable aluminum alloy to acquisition intensity and toughness, only the refinement of progress crystal grain and rounding, therefore how
The further mean grain size of refinement and rounding alloy, is the target that industrial circle is pursued always.
The spherical aberration correction scanning of very high resolution by being up to 0.08nm to aluminum bronze manganese systems (Al-Cu-Mn) alloy is saturating
The precise and tiny constituency analysis of electron microscope (STEM) is penetrated, obtains various phase structures, the Atomic Resolution established on an atomic scale
It is distributed with chemical element.Confirm wherein there are a series of hardening constituents, including well-known Al-Cu binary metastable phase (GP areas,
θ ＂, θ ＇), new disc phase and balance phase θ (Al2Cu)；Wherein inside matrix grain, a kind of forked (the T+ θ H) group of stick of new discovery
Close phase, the trunk portion T-phase of the combination phase is Al-Cu-Mn ternary phases, molecular structural formula Al20Cu2Mn3, molecule phase character is
Diameter about 100nm, length about 600~1000nm are in mandrel shape and { 010 } face coherence of its (010) face and alloy matrix aluminum；And T
The apposition growth secondary phase of Al-Cu binary of size larger (thickness about 20nm, being about 50nm) around phase, due to the secondary phase with
Other Al-Cu metastable phases (GP areas, θ ＂, θ ＇ or other disc phases) are compared in matrix, have very big difference in structure, particularly
The other Al-Cu metastable phases thickness of thickness ratio much, therefore the present invention be referred to as θ H phases, molecular structural formula Alx(x is likely less than Cu
2), it is a kind of richness Cu molecules.
According to alloy strengthening theory, the intensity of alloy is embodied in interface or dislocation movement by slip is hindered by particle, hinders to get over
Strong intensity is bigger, most strong around the obstruction that particle leaves dislocation ring and continues sliding.For aluminum bronze manganese systems (Al-Cu-Mn) alloy,
The Al-Cu Binary-phases in GP areas are the main intensifying factors of alloy, with θ ＂, θ ＇ or the binary Al-Cu metastable phases of other disc shapeds
Grow up, when disc greatly to a certain extent (diameter be more than 150nm and thickness only has 1~3nm), play and maximum hinder dislocation movement by slip energy
Power keeps larger contribution to the elongation percentage of matrix.
As previously mentioned, tradition magnesium iron（QT400）The major diameter transmission wheel disc of making, during practical manufacture, use
There are following defects：
1. because magnesium iron elongation percentage is relatively low, the sensibility of stress concentration is significantly increased, shows as deforming after surrendering
The smaller easy fracture of amount, causes the accident.
2. magnesium iron heat treatment process is complicated, equipment technology requirement is high, and consumes and discharge and is also very big.
3. along the entire life cycle that parts are applied, magnesium iron is lacked because of big, heavy, perishable, easy brittle failure of its inertia etc.
It falls into, material consumption, energy consumption and maintenance cost are higher than very much, and the value recycled is relatively low.
Aluminium alloy flywheel caliper shell has no correlative study at home, because of the limitation of common aluminum alloy basic material,
Its mechanical property is relatively low, especially high-temperature heat-resistance performance, and the temperature born is less than 300 DEG C, seriously affects the service life or even increases
Security risk.
Invention content
The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to：A kind of replacement QT400 aluminium alloys flywheel caliper material and its system are provided
Preparation Method, wherein addition Lewis Acids and Bases pair, effectively expedite the emergence of critical nucleus（Obtain equiax crystal）, alloy is made to obtain before curing
The best combined structure of molecule object（(T+ θ H) combines phase）, alloy crystalline state is promoted to optimize, base material is enabled aluminum alloy to and realizes 400MPa
And higher strength grade, so as to reach the Al-alloy products that production substitutes QT400 major diameters transmission wheel disc.
The technical scheme is that：A kind of aluminium alloy flywheel caliper shell material for substituting QT400, principal component content are pressed
Weight percent meter：Manganese Mn:≤ 2%, cadmium Cd:0.05%~0.5%, copper Cu:4.2%~8.0% and Cu >=0.8Mn+4.05%, silicon
Si：0.5%-2.0%；Lewis Acids and Bases are to total amount 1% × 10-4~2.0%, make 120 microns of alloy mean grain size ＜, surplus is aluminium
Al。
The alloy grain is equiax crystal.
Sub-nanometer (T+ θ H) combination phase amount reaches >=1/square micron in the alloy grain.
The Lewis Acids and Bases to closing object, carbide, hydrogen peroxide adduct, one kind in main group dvielement for the metal cyanogen of metal,
Or more than one mixing.
The metal carbides：Including titanium carbide TiC.
The hydrogen peroxide adduct, including lithium hydride LiH.
The metal cyanogen closes object, and cadmium anion body [Cd (CN) is closed including four cyanogen4]2-。
The Lewis Acids and Bases pair account for Al matrix weight percent, ranging from by element additive amount：Mg ＜ 1.2%, [Cd
(CN)4]2-＜ 0.5%, TiC0.5%, LiH ＜ 0.5%.
A kind of preparation method for substituting QT400 aluminium alloy flywheel caliper materials, comprises the steps of：
(1) weight ratio is determined in the range of, element ratio, selecting one group of substance combination in aforementioned Lewis Acids and Bases, according to
The alloy total amount prepared is needed, extrapolates the weight of each required material；
(2) aluminium ingot or molten aluminum liquid are added in into smelting furnace, heat and is kept the temperature at 700 DEG C or more；
(3) manganese Mn, cadmium Cd, copper Cu, silicon Si stirring are added in, add in selected Lewis Acids and Bases pair or adds in what is selected
Lewis Acids and Bases stir evenly combination；
(4) and then to above-mentioned alloy melt furnace refining is carried out；
(5) slagging-off, standing, sampling analysis alloy composition after refining adjust chemical composition according to analysis result and extremely advise
In fixed deviation range；To 650 DEG C or more, aluminium alloy is come out of the stove for temperature adjustment, online degasification, slagging-off；
(6) it casts：Using gravitational casting.
The gravitational casting, step are as follows：
(1) melt is transferred to casting ladle from holding furnace；
(2) casting mold is preheated into suitable temperature；
(3) artificial cast or automation cast are taken, dipped out of stove with casting ladle aluminium alloy pour into mould gate pass through it is interior
Running channel is full of cavity；Natural cooling is strong cold；
(4) pickup is molded after melt solidification completely；
(5) product, natural cooling, cleaning sand core, sawing riser, polishing overlap are taken out in die sinking；
(6) appearance quality detection：Rough casting before presentation quality inspection is carried out, should clean out it is smooth, it is non-processing
The dead head in face should be cleaned to cast(ing) surface and flush；
(7) internal soundness detects；
(8) solution treatment：The blank that casting is completed to roughing and inside and outside quality testing is sent into solid solution furnace, carries out 550 DEG C
Following solution treatment enters water quenching at once after the completion of heat preservation；
(9) ageing strengthening：Will complete solution treatment casting be sent into aging furnace carry out ageing strengthening processing, 230 DEG C with
Lower ageing strengthening, natural cooling of coming out of the stove after heat preservation；
(10) sampling analysis test verification；
(11) practical performance is verified.
Beneficial effects of the present invention：By using lewis' theory of acids and bases, make Lewis Acids and Bases in aluminium alloy melt ring
Border occurs to disintegrate and conversion, to provide in the hyperfine microcell of melt the abundant disturbance of (0.1nm~10nm range scales) and activation
Effect reaches and expedites the emergence of critical nucleus and largely formed, alloy grain degree made further to be refined, shape more rounding；It is excellent simultaneously
Change very small areas (micron order:1~30 μm or so of scale) and precise and tiny region (Subnano-class or sub-micron grade particle:Scale 10nm
1 μm of~＜) object phase molecule composite structure, increase (T+ θ H) combination mutually content in alloy substrate, it is strong to enable aluminum alloy to matrix
Degree obtains big promotion, is well controlled between 400~600MPa in yield strength, this be the invention solves engineering
Application problem, i.e. alternate series ductile iron material and product.
Cation body and anion body occur to divide as Louis " acid-base pair " in the hot environment of aluminium alloy melt
It solves, generates lewis acid and lewis base, there are one the incipient bubbles for the gaseous material formation that release is 1. decomposed under high temperature divides
Sub- size (being less than 1nm, i.e. secondary nanophase), specific surface area is maximum, has the disturbance ability of extremely strong activity and nanometer range, makes
Nuclear energy fluctuating, rise and fall of structure and composition fluctuations in into melt superfinishing microcell promote neighbouring more polyatom across crystallization gesture
It builds, a large amount of critical nucleus is formed, better than the effect of common alterant such as aluminium titanium boron；Positive and negative ion body is in secondary nanometer range simultaneously
Superfinishing microcell in disturb and activation effect, conventional additional purification bubble (diameter is more than 0.5mm) can not be realized；2. it decomposes
The metallic atom or cation of release have the specific surface area of volume more smaller than ligand and bigger, the disturbance to neighboring atom
It is stronger with activation effect, caused by superfinishing microcell state rise and fall it is more notable, to intermetallic compound reaction of formation be catalyzed and close
Auri body tissue Grain Refinement Effect is also stronger；3. division and reconstruct of the acid-base pair in high-temperature fusant enhance particle in microcell
Diffusion velocity, and restrained effectively aggregation and the length of the segregation of caused by additive alloying component and bulky grain particle
Greatly, the roughening of titanium Ti and rare-earth phase can be prevented；After 4. secondary reaction occurs for ligand bubble, by a series of variation purification gas rows
Go out melt or into slag, catharsis is more preferable than conventional gas purification mode effect.By this mechanism, make matrix knot
Crystalline state generally becomes equiax crystal, and grain size is averagely less than 120 μm, and it is average 50 that further effect of optimization can reach grain size
~100 μm.
In alloy melt, different metal atom or ion it is close, can also generate energy level splitting between them and heat occurs
The pattern of intermetallic compound is chemically reacted and (electronics transfer is not occurred) and formed, according to electronegativity size, AlxCu and
Al20Cu2Mn3Louis's " acid-base pair " can be regarded as.When adding in the external Lewis Acids and Bases in melt to decomposing, with matrix
The intermetallic compound presoma of Presence of an interface energy difference is obviously also disturbed and activates and recurring structure rises and falls, and generates more
Critical nucleus makes (T+ θ H) combination mutually concentration in the alloy and be evenly distributed density, make up to 1/[μm]2More than, this
Be exactly Lewis Acids and Bases to the disturbance of nanoscale and activation effect can increase Subnano-class particle (T+ θ H) combination mutually and
Nanoscale particle GP areas, θ ＂, θ ＇ tandem reinforcement phases mechanism.
Aluminium alloy melt is integrally as a rich, high temperature electron system, for electronegativity higher than its metallic element, be to
Electron, and for electronegativity less than its active metal element, and be electron acceptor, it is seen that aluminium alloy melt also has Louis
The general general character of this soda acid, itself and the element being added among it can also form broad sense " Lewis Acids and Bases to ", because
This, the various elements of adjustment melt chemistry activity, can uniformly be considered as " lewis acid " or " lewis base " of aluminium alloy, when
During using the main group dvielement of the invention provided, transition group dvielement such as Fe, interior transition dvielement such as Ce, to simplify the description,
And also to the prominent optimization function to aluminium alloy melt, individual element is also referred to as " Lewis Acids and Bases to ".
For aluminium alloy melt, hydrogen and the object such as lithium hydride LiH of metal with Covalent bonding together between atom, there is Louis
The feature of this acid-base pair, these particularly preferred substances of sufficiently stable in normal conditions and heat resistance, when with nanomorphic powder point
It blows into after melt scatteredly, due to high temperature, electron rich and very big specific surface area, the interface of generation can be enough to cause substance
Polarization deformation occurs for molecule or even disproportionation is decomposed, and also can cause disturbance and activation effect in nanometer range, can also be attributed to " Louis
This acid-base pair ".
To sum up, Lewis Acids and Bases pair of the present invention can show as variform, be formed including metal and ligand binding
Negative ions body, metal carbides, hydrogen peroxide adduct, main group dvielement, transition group dvielement, one kind in interior transition dvielement or
A variety of mixing.
In addition, since Lewis Acids and Bases are to being capable of providing to foreign peoples's material concentration of alloy melt bigger, increase
The constitutional supercooling degree of melt crystallization process causes nucleus quickly to cross critical dimension under stronger crystallization power, and in supercooling
It is freely nucleated and grows in liquid, being formed has isotropism and shape closer to spherical equi-axed crystal；Due to equiax crystal
It is this because of the free growing endogenetic forming mechanism of liquid internal, change the irregular crystals edge such as plane crystalline substance, dendrite, column crystal
In type wall life core, the unidirectionally extended growth pattern of extroversion liquid internal, therefore avoid or alleviate alloy certainly of casting mold cavity
Component segregation, coarse unidirectional, the non-uniform defect of macro property of crystallization, so that some for effectively avoiding or alleviating alloy are common
Defect, such as pin hole, stomata, shrinkage cavity and porosity, segregation, coarse solid solution, high hardness compound, crackle.
The present invention is based on the contrast images to alloy microstructure very high resolution and precise and tiny constituency structural analysis, it was found that
The hyperfine structure of the forked combination phase of transgranular (T+ θ H) stick there is sub-micron grade.Compared with each binary of Al-Cu, (T+ θ H)
Combination mutually has many advantages, including：Particle size is big, and anti-dislocation movement by slip face is big；Trunk portion T is that high hard high stable compound is gathered
The rodlike twin formed is closed, strength support can be provided for alloy in a manner that dislocation bypasses；Its secondary θ H attachment is mutually on trunk
It is oblique or perpendicular to T mandrels direction and to surrounding matrix grow simultaneously with matrix coherence, enhance trunk to lattice-site around
The tightening ability of battle array or, in other words, T mandrels by adhering to thereon to the secondary phases of θ H of surrounding growth, tightening act on to
The matrix space of surrounding is transmitted and diffusion, and this act in time um region produces matrix reinforcing bar in similar building structure
Invigoration effect (can be described as " class concrete reinforced structure ") of the grid in concrete, greatly improves matrix strength.This effect, such as
Fruit is compared from monomer, be flake Al-Cu metastable phases in matrix (GP areas, θ ＂, θ ＇ or other disc phases) or a combination thereof all
Far from compared to；But in common aluminum bronze manganese systems (Al-Cu-Mn) alloy, since each binary Al-Cu metastable phases are in base
The distribution density in internal portion is significantly larger than the distribution density of (T+ θ H) combination phase, cause the effect of (T+ θ H) combination phase be blanked and
Never it is found.
(T+ θ H) combines the object phase molecule composite structure for mutually optimizing aluminum bronze manganese systems (Al-Cu-Mn) alloy, is carried for matrix
Making around strengthening effect and higher than metastable combined two kinds of the strengthening effects that cut through of free state Al-Cu for high Hard Inclusion T-phase is supplied
With；So must the emphasis that design of material is paid close attention to from tradition merely to Al-Cu it is metastable it is combined be transferred out, and concentrate on pair
(T+ θ H) combination phase is expedited the emergence of in effect.
Inventive formulation is configured as one of technical way, is to combine the crystalline state of alloy to realize mean grain size ＜
Under the premise of 120 microns of equiax crystal, can also be achieved inside alloy grain (T+ θ H) combination phase amount 1/[μm]2More than.Cause
This principal component is designed as by weight percentage：Manganese Mn:≤ 2%, cadmium Cd:0.05%~0.5%, copper Cu:4.2%~8.0% and Cu >=
0.8Mn+4.05%, silicon Si0.85~2%；Lewis Acids and Bases are to total amount 1% × 10-4~2.0%, make alloy mean grain size ＜ 120
Micron, surplus are aluminium Al, and the cast mobility of molten aluminum can be improved by increasing silicon, improve hardness, improve the machinability of alloy,
Improve compressive property.
The result obtained by DSC differentia scanning calorimetries is it is found that the chemistry of aluminum bronze manganese systems (Al-Cu-Mn) alloy
The difference for the high lower bound of temperature range that fuel factor occurs has 100 DEG C, in each phase of Al-Cu binary, the Al of equilibrium state2Cu (θ) is mutually common
Brilliant fusing point is up to 548 DEG C, in the temperature position that fuel factor takes place on DSC curve, when temperature is at 648.5 DEG C
Fuel factor is maximum, just without chemical calorific effect after temperature higher.Such case it is reasonable infer be and matrix coherence (T+
θ H) combination mutually occur fusing (matrix melts simultaneously) and caused by endothermic thermal event.
The trunk T-phase of (T+ θ H) combination phase substantially increases the heat resistance and calorific intensity of alloy；And (T+ θ H) combination number of phases
The raising of amount and distribution density then improves the intensity, hardness and elongation percentage of alloy simultaneously.
According to metal freezing theory, in terms of macroscopic perspective, critical nucleus it is a large amount of formed need in melt in free
" jump " of the atom of state to lattice dot matrix ordered state reduces potential energy threshold, and this low threshold comes from two conditions：When
Reducing the surface tension of liquid metal makes original nucleus easily diffusion and the easy atom for absorbing surrounding free state, and a kind of form is just
It is to create the heterogeneous crystallization nuclei of stable state as much as possible.
According to lewis' theory of acids and bases, aluminum melt is an electron rich high temperature system, that is, belongs to strong lewis base, served as
After the copper manganese of amount adds in, since the electronegativity of copper manganese is stronger, the more electron cloud of suction makes the alkali of alloy melt to be formed
Property reduce, surface tension increase, be unfavorable for the generation of critical nucleus；After adding in electron rich substance, the acid effect of copper manganese is balanced
Should, the interfacial tension that original nucleus faces reduces, thus the original nucleus for promoting the trunk T-phase of (T+ θ H) combination phase is grown into
Critical nucleus, so as to determine that mutually quantity and distribution density significantly improve in the alloy for (T+ θ H) combination.
Specific embodiment
The specific embodiment of the invention includes 2 parts, and first part is prompting and explanation, and second part is specific implementation
Example.
First part：Prompting and explanation
The step of alloy melt prepares：
(1) weight ratio is determined in the range of, element ratio, selecting one group of substance combination in aforementioned Lewis Acids and Bases, according to
The alloy total amount prepared is needed, extrapolates the weight of each required material, works out alloy production list of ingredients, and select by list of ingredients
The various stocks of foot；
(2) suitable aluminium ingot or molten aluminum liquid are added in into smelting furnace, heating is allowed to completely melt and protect at 700 DEG C or more
Temperature；To prevent melt from sucking excessive air, fusion process should as far as possible in a short time with completed in enclosed environment；
(3) manganese Mn, cadmium Cd, copper Cu, silicon Si are added in by formula rate, after stirring evenly, adds in selected Lewis Acids and Bases
The Lewis Acids and Bases that right or addition is selected stir evenly combination；
If the Lewis Acids and Bases pair are either combined can be directly added into melt or to press auxiliary square in solid block
Formula adds in melt；
If the Lewis Acids and Bases pair or combination are linear in solid filament, can cast with on-line automatic wire feeding mode
When be continuously added to or be cut into suitable segment, add in casting ladle before each casting or scoop wooden dipper；
The Lewis Acids and Bases pair, the selection of active metal element add in melt, high-melting-point insoluble metal member in the form of protecting
Element selection complex form, readily soluble heavy metal select elemental stage；
Solid powder form is made in advance in the Lewis Acids and Bases pair or combination, compound or complex selection；
The Lewis Acids and Bases pair or combination select to add in melt after the completion of the melting of alloy host element or molten
Body adds in melt and either adds in melt after refining purifies or melt is added before cast form when refining；
(4) and then to above-mentioned alloy melt furnace refining is carried out, the refining selection operates in enclosed environment, the envelope
It closes environmental selection and the exhaust gas that refining generates continuously is excluded in a manner of exhausting；
(5) slagging-off, standing, sampling analysis alloy composition after refining adjust chemical composition according to analysis result and extremely advise
In fixed deviation range；
The adjustment selection of chemical composition is adjusted in a manner of adding in Lewis Acids and Bases pair or combination；
To 650 DEG C or more, aluminium alloy is come out of the stove for temperature adjustment, online degasification, slagging-off；
The degasification can select the agitation of graphite-pipe sleeve rotor to be blown into purification gas；
The purification gas can select nitrogen, argon gas, chlorine or their mixture；
The slagging-off can select surface filtration method either to be selected to remove coarse particle or melt in melt except removing dross
The sediment of bottom；
The filtration method can select ceramic filter plate either glass fibre or filter cloth as filter medium；
The filtering can carry out single-stage filtering either double-stage filtering or multistage filtering；
The coarse particle can be the particle that granularity is not less than 10 microns；
(6) it casts.Casting refers to aluminium alloy injection type intracavitary solidification and crystallization；
The cavity can be metal pattern cavity, sand mo(u)ld cavity or the sand core+gold of the fixed shape of casting and structural casting
Belong to model cavity；
The injection selection gravity casting and pouring, step are as follows：
1. pourable casting after melt filtration, casting temperature control can be at 700~730 DEG C；
2. mold should be preheating to 450 DEG C or so before casting, sand core is installed, is dried up mold cavity with compressed air
Only, it prevents field trash from entering alloy and causes waste product；
3. being completed on convertible gravity casting machine, artificial cast or automation cast, closed die can be taken simultaneously to make casting machine
Certain angle is turned to, dipping appropriate aluminium alloy out of stove with casting ladle pours into mold switching packet, and casting machine is made slowly to be turned to water
Prosposition is put, and in switching process, aluminium alloy is full of cavity from switching packet by ingate；Natural cooling is strong cold；
4. product, natural cooling, cleaning sand core, sawing riser, polishing overlap are taken out in die sinking；
5. appearance quality detection：Rough casting should clean out smooth, non-processing face before presentation quality inspection is carried out
Dead head should be cleaned to cast(ing) surface and flush；
Casting can examine presentation quality, the visual quality of casting visually or with low power magnifying glass or other test methods
Refer to include surface roughness, surface defect or dimensional accuracy；
On the non-processing face of casting, casting is allowed there are the traces such as parting, mandril and venting plug, allows have finishing that can cut
Except the defects of, but be not allow for the repairing trace such as welding, viscose glue, the dead head residual quantity in face to be processed is not greater than 2mm；
The mark of all castings on rough casting must clear and legible knowledge；
Approved sample is carried out to the blank for meeting surface roughness requirements, addressee to be tested is checked and accepted with the comparison of approved sample part；
（7）Internal soundness detects.Section dye penetrant inspection detection or integral fluorescence or X-ray check；
The section dye penetrant inspection detection, casting random inspection one or pieces that can be per batch be dissected, and check casting
The main heat energy-saving position of part or the internal soundness at the larger position of wall thickness；
The section, can cut most be also easy to produce stomata, sand holes casting position such as housing installation foot, valve body mounting hole, side
The big position of thickness of lid mounting hole or master cylinder tail portion etc., is detected, whether range estimation has the defects of stomata, sand holes with colorant；
Integral fluorescence detection be casting is impregnated whether there is through irradiation observation surface and certain depth after fluorescent liquid it is fine
The defects of crackle, pin hole, micropore；
The X-ray check is that casting is transmitted through X-ray to detect its internal metallurgical quality, and observation has pin-free, stomata, contracting
Hole loose, shrinkage porosite, segregation, coarse phase particle, is mingled with, slag inclusion, cold shut, cold shot or crackle；
（8）Solution treatment：The blank that casting is completed to roughing and inside and outside quality testing is sent into solid solution furnace, carries out 560 DEG C
Following solution treatment, quenches at once after heat preservation, water cooling or oil cooling；
（9）Ageing strengthening：The casting for completing solution treatment is sent into aging furnace and carries out ageing strengthening processing, ageing strengthening work
150~240 DEG C of skill, after heat preservation, natural cooling of coming out of the stove；Cast(ing) surface can carry out impeller blasting；
（10）Sampling analysis test verification：Coupon is cut from the casting after Overheating Treatment, sampling point is selected in hair
Base ontology has the position that the appropriate location of allowance, casting ontology are loaded uniform or concentrate, and each sampling point should be cut
Three coupons；
Can to sample carry out Resarch on A New Type, Metallographic Analysis, secondary densimetry solid solution and timeliness degree detecting or
Profound Micro-Structure Analysis；
The mechanics property analysis includes tensile strength, yield strength, elongation percentage, hardness, and numerical indication is：Tensile strength
450 ± 50Mpa, 350 ± 50Mpa of yield strength, elongation percentage 10 ± 5%, 120 ± 10HBS of hardness；
The Metallographic Analysis include grain morphology, grain size, coarse brittlement phase or notable defect, grain morphology should be etc.
Axialite, grain size is average≤and 120 μm, coarse brittlement phase granularity≤25 μm, there is no the hole more than 15 μm or crystal boundary without analysis
Go out band notable defect；
The secondary densimetry detection solid solution and timeliness degree completion rate are not less than 80%；
（11）Practical performance is verified.After being machined, being surface-treated and assemble, the practicality of simulation applying working condition is carried out
Performance detection is tested, including selection fatigue test, wear test, reverse overload test or overvoltage test.
Second part：Specific embodiment
Embodiment 1
1. a kind of aluminium alloy flywheel caliper shell material weight percentages of components of replacement QT400 is：Mn:0.3%, Cd:
0.05%, Cu:5.3%, Si：1.3%, Mg：0.5%, TiC0.05%, [Cd (CN)4]2-：0.01%, LiH：0.15%, surplus is aluminium Al；
2nd, preparation method：Melt → cast → cavity is tumbled → mold filling and solidification → solid solution → timeliness
（1）Melt cast temperature >=690 DEG C；
（2）Mold preheating temperature >=400 DEG C；
（3）Filling time≤25s；
（4）The degrees second of cavity tipping speed >=30, retention time >=3min；
（5）Condition of heat treatment：T6- solid solutions add full artificial aging；
3rd, product microstructure index：Metallographic structure is equiax crystal, and 120 μm of mean grain size, (T+ θ H) is combined in crystal grain
Phase amount 5/[μm]2；
4th, casting mechanical performance：Tensile strength 440Mpa, 336 Mpa of yield strength, elongation after fracture 13%, Brinell hardness
125。
Embodiment 2
1. a kind of aluminium alloy flywheel caliper shell material weight percentages of components of replacement QT400 is：Mn:0.5%, Cd:
0.06%, Cu:6.8%, Si：1.8%, Mg：0.55%, Ti：0.03%, [Cd (CN)4]2-：0.02%, LiH：0.12%, surplus is aluminium
Al；
2nd, preparation method：With embodiment 1；
3rd, product microstructure index：Metallographic structure is equiax crystal, and 115 μm of mean grain size, (T+ θ H) is combined in crystal grain
Phase amount 4/[μm]2；
4th, casting mechanical performance：:Tensile strength 435Mpa, 320 Mpa of yield strength, elongation after fracture 12.5%, Bu Shi is hard
Degree 120.
Embodiment 3
1. a kind of aluminium alloy flywheel caliper shell material weight percentages of components of replacement QT400 is：Mn:0.5%, Cd:
0.06%, Cu:6.0%, Si：0.8%, [Cd (CN)4]2-：0.45%, surplus is aluminium Al；
2nd, preparation method：With embodiment 1；
3rd, product microstructure index：Metallographic structure is equiax crystal, and 115 μm of mean grain size, (T+ θ H) is combined in crystal grain
Phase amount 3-4/[μm]2；
4th, casting mechanical performance：:Tensile strength 425Mpa, 310 Mpa of yield strength, elongation after fracture 12.5%, Bu Shi is hard
Degree 110.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of aluminium alloy flywheel caliper shell material for substituting QT400, it is characterised in that：Principal component content is by weight percentage
Meter：Manganese Mn:≤ 2%, cadmium Cd:0.05%~0.5%, copper Cu:4.2%~8.0% and Cu >=0.8Mn+4.05%, silicon Si：0.5%-
2.0%；Surplus is aluminium Al；Additive total amount 1% × 10-4~2.0%, make 120 microns of alloy mean grain size ＜, in alloy grain
Sub-nanometer (T+ θ H) combination phase amount reaches >=1/square micron；The molecule knot of sub-nanometer (T+ θ H) combination phase in alloy grain
Structure formula is (Al20Cu2Mn3+AlxCu), the thickness that wherein x is less than 2, θ H phases is 20nm, a length of 50nm；The additive is metal
Metal cyanogen close object, carbide, one kind in hydrogen peroxide adduct or more than one mixing or main group dvielement in one kind with before
State the mixing of one or more of compound.
2. a kind of replacement QT400 aluminium alloy flywheel caliper shell materials according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Alloy
Crystal grain is equiax crystal.
3. a kind of replacement QT400 aluminium alloy flywheel caliper materials according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：Described
Metal carbides：Including titanium carbide TiC.
4. a kind of replacement QT400 aluminium alloy flywheel caliper materials according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：Described
Hydrogen peroxide adduct, including lithium hydride LiH.
5. a kind of replacement QT400 aluminium alloy flywheel caliper materials according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：Described
Metal cyanogen closes object, and cadmium anion body [Cd (CN) is closed including four cyanogen4]2-。
6. a kind of replacement QT400 aluminium alloys flywheel caliper material according to one of claim 1-5, it is characterised in that：
The additive accounts for Al matrix weight percent, ranging from by element additive amount：Mg ＜ 1.2%, [Cd (CN)4]2-＜ 0.5%,
TiC0.5%, LiH ＜ 0.5%.
7. a kind of preparation method for substituting QT400 aluminium alloy flywheel caliper materials as claimed in claim 6, feature exist
In：It comprises the steps of：(1) in the range of aforementioned additive, element ratio, one group of substance combination is selected, determines weight ratio, root
According to the alloy total amount that needs are prepared, the weight of each required material is extrapolated；(2) aluminium ingot or molten aluminum are added in into smelting furnace
Liquid is heated and is kept the temperature at 700 DEG C or more；(3) manganese Mn, cadmium Cd, copper Cu, silicon Si stirring are added in, add in selected additive or
Selected additive combination is added in, is stirred evenly；(4) and then to above-mentioned alloy melt furnace refining is carried out；(5) it is removed after refining
Slag, standing, sampling analysis alloy composition are adjusted according to analysis result in chemical composition to defined deviation range；Temperature adjustment
To 650 DEG C or more, aluminium alloy is come out of the stove, online degasification, slagging-off；(6) it casts：Using gravitational casting.
8. a kind of preparation method for substituting QT400 aluminium alloy flywheel caliper materials according to claim 7, feature exist
In：The gravitational casting, step are as follows：(1) melt is transferred to casting ladle from holding furnace；(2) casting mold is preheated into suitable temperature；(3) it adopts
Artificial cast or automation cast are taken, dipping aluminium alloy out of stove with casting ladle pours into mould gate by ingate full of cavity；
Natural cooling is strong cold；(4) pickup is molded after melt solidification completely；(5) product, natural cooling, cleaning sand core, saw are taken out in die sinking
Cut riser, polishing overlap；(6) appearance quality detection：Rough casting should be cleaned out flat before presentation quality inspection is carried out
Whole, the dead head in non-processing face should be cleaned to cast(ing) surface and flush；(7) internal soundness detects；(8) solution treatment：Casting is complete
Solid solution furnace is sent into the blank of roughing and inside and outside quality testing, less than 550 DEG C solution treatment is carried out, enters at once after the completion of heat preservation
Water quenching；(9) ageing strengthening：The casting for completing solution treatment is sent into aging furnace and carries out ageing strengthening processing, below 230 DEG C
Ageing strengthening, natural cooling of coming out of the stove after heat preservation；(10) sampling analysis test verification；(11) practical performance is verified.
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| GB709527A (en) * | 1951-09-25 | 1954-05-26 | Fulmer Res Inst Ltd | Improvements relating to aluminium-base copper-containing alloys and the heat treatment thereof |
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| CN103131879A (en) * | 2011-11-29 | 2013-06-05 | 贵州铝厂 | Aluminum alloy metamorphism processing method |
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| GB709527A (en) * | 1951-09-25 | 1954-05-26 | Fulmer Res Inst Ltd | Improvements relating to aluminium-base copper-containing alloys and the heat treatment thereof |
| CN103060620A (en) * | 2011-10-24 | 2013-04-24 | 贵州华科铝材料工程技术研究有限公司 | Carbonyl compound M(CO)6 modified high-performance aluminum alloy material and preparation method thereof |
| CN103131879A (en) * | 2011-11-29 | 2013-06-05 | 贵州铝厂 | Aluminum alloy metamorphism processing method |
| CN103131995A (en) * | 2011-12-05 | 2013-06-05 | 贵州铝厂 | Low zinc hot-dipping aluminum alloy plating materials of Cu-Mg and multi-combination metamorphism |
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