CN1060797C - 制造含有金属氧化物的碳质热源的改进方法 - Google Patents
制造含有金属氧化物的碳质热源的改进方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1060797C CN1060797C CN94106205A CN94106205A CN1060797C CN 1060797 C CN1060797 C CN 1060797C CN 94106205 A CN94106205 A CN 94106205A CN 94106205 A CN94106205 A CN 94106205A CN 1060797 C CN1060797 C CN 1060797C
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F47/00—Smokers' requisites not otherwise provided for
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/165—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes comprising as heat source a carbon fuel or an oxidized or thermally degraded carbonaceous fuel, e.g. carbohydrates, cellulosic material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
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- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
- Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
提出了一种含有金属氧化物的碳质热源和制造这种热源的方法。该热源的发火点明显低于普通的碳质热源,而同时该产品在燃烧时实际上不产生一氧化碳。该热源的制法是将碳和粘合材料预成型为需要的形状,然后用含有金属氧化物前体的溶胶处理此成形物。金属氧化物前体沉积在此预成形的碳成形物中。进一步的处理将沉积的金属氧化物前体转化为金属氧化物。
Description
本发明涉及改进的碳质热源、由这种碳质热源燃烧所产生气体副产物(如一氧化碳)的转化以及制造这种热源的方法。本发明的方法和热源特别适用于如在共同转让的美国专利4,991,606中叙述的烟制品中。本发明的热源包括一种碳质材料和少量(重量基)金属氧化物。本发明的热源发火点低而燃烧温度高。在燃烧时,该热源的金属氧化物组分通过化学途径基本上将全部一氧化碳转化为无害物质。
按照本发明,将碳或者随后可以转化为碳的物质进行预成形。用含有一种金属氧化物前体(它随后可转化为金属氧化物)的溶胶处理此预成形的碳质材料。这致使该金属氧化物前体沉积到该预成形的碳质材料上。此预成形的碳质材料进一步被处理,使沉积的金属氧化物前体转化为金属氧化物,这样就用一种简化的方法制造出一种发火点低、运输耐受性好,燃烧时放热量大而一氧化碳排放少的热源。
以前一直有提供用于烟品热源的尝试。而当提供一种热源时,这些尝试一直未能制造出具有本发明所有优点的热源。
例如,Siegel的美国专利2,907,686叙述了一种用浓的糖溶液涂覆的炭棒,在燃烧过程中糖溶液形成了一层不透水层。据认为,这个层会容纳发烟过程中形成的气体,并将如此产生的热量集中在一起。
Ellis等人的美国专利3,258,015和3,356,094叙述了一种包括一种尼克丁源和一种烟草热源的发烟设施。
Boyd等人的美国专利3,943,941叙述了一种烟草替代物,它由一种燃料和至少一种浸渍了燃料的挥发物组成。该燃料主要由含有至少为80%(重量)碳的碳质材料制成的柔软、可燃并自粘合的纤维组成。这种碳是以只含碳、氢、氧的纤维素基纤维控制裂解的产物。
Bolt等人的美国专利4,340,072叙述了一种由烟草、烟草替代物、烟草替代物和碳的混合物、其它可燃物(如木浆、稻草和热处理的纤维素式羧甲基纤维素钠,即SCMC)以及碳混合物挤出或模压成的环状态燃料棒。
Shelar等人的美国专利4,708,151叙述了一种带有可更换药盒(内装碳质燃料源)的管子,这种燃料源包括至少60-70%的碳,最好含有80%或更多的碳,它是由纤维素材料;例如木、棉、人造丝、烟草、椰子、纸等裂解或碳化而制得的。
Banerjee等人的美国专利4,714,082叙述了一种密度大于0.5克/百米3的可燃烧料单元。该燃料单元由研成细粉并重新组合的烟草和/或烟草替代物组成,最好含有20-40%(重量)的碳。
已公开的Hearn等人的欧洲专利申请0 117 355叙述了由裂解烟草或其它碳质材料,如花生壳、咖啡豆壳、纸、纸板、竹子或橡树叶等形式的碳热源。
已公开的Farrier等人的欧洲专利申请0 236 922叙述了一种碳燃料单元和制造这种碳燃料单元的方法。这种碳燃料单元含有碳粉、粘合剂和其它附加添加剂,含有60-70%(重量)的碳。
已公开的White等人的欧洲专利申请0 295 732公开了一种双重燃烧速度碳质燃烧单元,它使用了含有不同密度碳质材料的快速燃烧段和慢速燃烧段。
这些热源都是有缺陷的,因为它们不能向香料床进行满意的热传导,这就造成烟品不令人满意,也说是说无法模拟一般香烟的香味、感觉和抽吸次数。
共同转让的美国专利5,076,296通过提供一种碳质热源解决了这个问题,这种热源是由能最大限度向香料床传热的炭来形成的,借助于这种热传导,从香料床释放出含香料的气溶胶供吸烟者吸入,而同时使产生的一氧化碳的量尽可能减少。
然而,所有惯用的碳质热源在点燃时都会释放出一定数量的一氧化碳气体。再有,在这些热源中所含的碳的发火点都比较高,在平常香烟的正常点火条件下使通常的碳质热源点火十分困难。
早就有一种尝试,制造一种用于烟品的不可燃热源,其中用电来产生热,比如有Burruss,Jr.的美国专利4,303,083;Burruss的美国专利4,141,369;Gillert的美国专利3,200,819;McCormick的美国专利2,104,266和Wyss等的美国专利1,771,366。这些装置都不能实际应用,而且都没有任何商业上的成功。
早也有一种尝试,制造一种含有金属铝化合物的引火材料,它可以以一种受控的方式进行燃烧,借此使之可用作热追踪式导弹的伪装目标(比如Baldi的美国专利4,799,979。然而,这类设施燃烧太快,产生太集中的热,致使不能用作烟品中的热源。
制造一种可燃的非碳质热源,也已做过试尝。
共同转让的美国专利5,040,552公开一种金属碳化物热源,它的一氧化碳产生量仅为通常碳热源的十余分之一。
共同未决美国专利5,188,130涉及到一种金属氮化物热源,它在燃烧时基本上不产生一氧化碳或氧化氮。
在1990年7月20日提交的共同未决和共同转让美国专利申请07/556,732(PM-1347)涉及到一种含有碳和金属碳化物的热源,在燃烧时它也基本上不产生一氧化碳或氧化氮。
在1991年1月9日提交的共同未决并共同转让的美国专利申请07/639,241(PM-1336)涉及到一种金属碳化物热源,在燃烧时它也基本上不产生一氧化碳。
共同转让的美国专利4,146,934涉及到含有金属碳化物、金属氮化物和金属的混合物的热源,这种热源可进行分步点火。
在1991年7月19日提交的共同未决美国专利申请07/732,619涉及到含有金属的碳质热源,在燃烧时它基本不产生一氧化碳。
从气体燃烧产物中除去一氧化碳,也已做过尝试。Dale的美国专利4,317,460叙述了一种吸附在固体载体上的氧催化剂。这种催化剂可以位于烟品中,也可位于过滤嘴中。
Leary等人在Journal of Catalysis,101,pp.301-13(1986)的文章中谈到了用来氧化内燃机产生的一氧化碳用的催化剂。然而这类催化剂来自贵金属。
Harata等人在Jourmal of Catalysis,115,pp.301-309(1989)的文章中谈到了用来在低温下转化一氧化碳的氧化催化剂的制法。
Walker等人在Journal of Catalysis,110,pp.298-309(1988)的文章中谈到了能同时氧化一氧化碳和丙烷的氧化铁基催化剂。
Schlatter等人的已公开PCT专利申请90/04930叙述了在其表面涂布有一种金属催化剂的碳质燃料单元,这种催化剂减少了一氧化碳的释放。
这些试尝没有能制造出一种具有本发明所有优点的组合物。
人们希望提供一种在燃烧时基本不释放一氧化碳的热源。
人们还希望提供一种发火点低,使得在通常香烟典型的条件下易于点燃,而同时能供应足够的热,使香料床中能释放出香料。
人们也希望提供一种用简单的制造技术制造出的耐用热源。
本发明的一个目标是提供一种在燃烧时基本不释放一氧化碳的热源。
本发明的另一个目标是提供一种低发火点热源,使得在通常香烟的典型条件下可以点火,同时,又能供应足够的热量,使得能从香料中释放出香料。
本发明的再一个目标是提供一种能用简单的制造技术制造的耐用热源。
按照本发明,提供了一种含有少量金属氧化物的耐用碳质热源,它可以用溶胶使金属氧化物沉积在碳质材料上而制得。
在参照附图考虑如下的详细叙述时,本发明的上述目标和其它目标,以及优点就十分明显,所有相同的数字表示相同的部件,其中:
图1描述了本发明热源一个具体实施方案的俯示图;
图2描述一个烟品的纵剖面,其中可以使用本发明的热源。
图3描述碳质热源的增重(%重量)是半成品碳棒在氧化铁溶液中浸渍时间的函数。
图4描述了排放气体的CO/CO2是半成品碳棒在氧化铁溶胶中浸渍时间的函数。
在燃烧时,此热源将基本不产生一氧化碳。燃烧就是在抽吸时该热源同氧发生相互作用,产生光和热,这种燃烧是没有火焰但是是灼热的。
这种热源应有合适的热导体。如果从燃烧区传导到该热源其它部分的热太多,那么当某一点上的温度跌到该热源的熄火点以下时,燃烧就会停止,这就会造成该热源难以点燃,以及在点燃后发生过早的自熄。如有一种基本上进行100%燃烧的热源也可防止这种过早的自熄。
当这种热源用于烟品时,它还应满足几个附加的要求,以便使此烟品的性能尽如人意。它应该小得足以放入烟品内部并仍能燃烧得足够热,以保证流过的气体能被加热得足以从香料床中释放出足够的香料,以向吸烟者提供香味。使烟品容易燃点,也用能使通常的香烟在通常条件下容易点燃的有足够低点燃温度的热源。
按照下述的方法可以制造这种热源。用碳质材料制造半成品碳棒,然后再用它来制造本发明的最终热源。这里的碳可以来自各种含碳材料,比如木头、树皮、花生壳、椰子壳、烟草、稻壳、或者任何具有高的碳转化率的纤维素或纤维素衍生物。使用如美国专利3,152,985中所述的制造木炭或树皮灰所用的方法相似的半氧化法可使这些产碳的前体发生碳化。最好用软木炭来制造此半成品碳棒。软木炭不像硬木炭那么密实,所以软木炭比较容易燃烧。
这种碳可以是经活化的,也可是未活化的。一般说来,对碳进行活化会增大碳的有效表面积。加大有效表面积是重要的,因为这会使更多的氧出现在燃烧点上,因此就更容易点火和燃烧,剩下的残渣也最少。具有大表面积的碳是人们所希望的,因为会得到更热的燃烧热源。然而,表面积极大的材料其表面积大于1500米2/克时对碳质热源是不利的。之所以如此是因为这种碳质材料孔隙率太高,用这种碳制造的热源在结构上太脆弱,将不具备在制造过程中来回搬动所要求的耐久性。碳颗粒的表面积应在约100米2/克至约800米2/克之间,优选约200米2/克至约800米2/克之间,这样就可使溶胶能适当地浸入热源的孔隙中,而同时为热源提供足够的结构稳定性。
在决定最终热源的性质时,碳颗粒的尺寸也是重要的。颗粒越小则表面积就越大。这些碳颗粒的尺寸可以不大于约300微米。碳颗粒的平均尺寸最好在亚微米到约40微米。
可以按需要的尺寸制备此颗粒,也可以将其制成较大尺寸,然后研磨成所需尺寸。可以用各种类型的磨或其它研磨机将碳颗粒磨成所需尺寸。最好使用喷射磨。
在将碳研磨成所需尺寸以后将其与粘合剂混合。用来将碳颗粒粘合在一起的粘合剂最好是使用比较纯净原料的双组分粘合体系。优选的粘合剂如麦粉、大麦粉、玉米粉、燕麦粉、大米粉、高粱粉、蛋黄酱粉或大豆粉。在上述的粉中含高蛋白(12-16%)或高谷朊(12-16%)的是优先选择的。高蛋白小麦粉是最优先选择的,粉中蛋白质含量越高越好,因为高蛋白质含量会增大粉的粘合性,因此就增加了最终碳质热源的物理强度。另一种优选的粘合剂是单糖或双糖,最好是蔗糖(食糖)。使用蔗糖会减少所需的粉量。它也有助于混合物的挤压加工。这些粘合剂在碳化时形成活性较大的碳质材料。用一种粉或其它已知粘合剂(如羧甲基纤维素钠,即SCMC)的单组分粘合剂体系也可以制造碳质热源。SCMC可以与其它添加剂如氯化钠、蛭石、膨润土或碳酸钙一起使用。可使用的其它粘合剂包括如瓜耳胶之类的树胶、其它纤维素衍生物(如甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素和羟丙基纤维素)、淀粉、藻酸盐和聚乙烯醇。
可以使用各种不同浓度的粘合剂,但希望尽量减小粘合剂的浓度以便降低热导率并改善热源的燃烧特性。在加热时使用的粘合剂发生碳化,剩下了足可以把碳颗粒粘合在一起的碳骨架。碳化的方法使得在热源燃烧过程中由未碳化的粘合剂产生不希望有的复杂产物的可能性减到最小。使用小颗粒的碳可以用较少的粘合材料。
也可以使用某些燃烧助剂,用来降低发火点或以别的方法帮助热源的燃烧。这种帮助可以采取在较低的温度下促进热源燃烧的方式,或者采取在较低的氧浓度下可促进热源燃烧的方式,或者二者兼而有之。这种燃烧助剂一般包括氧化剂如过氯酸盐、氯酸盐、硝酸盐、高锰酸盐或任何燃烧快于燃烧单元的物质。热源中燃烧助剂的含量约为热源重量的约0.05-10%,最好为约0.2-4%。
研磨好的碳颗粒与粘合剂、水(以及如有必要时和一种或几种燃烧助剂)混合。在最佳实施方案中,使用了约4-约45%的高蛋白小麦粉:约1-约14%的蔗糖、约20-约95%的碳和达约8%的柠檬酸钾。更好是使用约7-约30%的高蛋白质小麦粉、约3-约20%的蔗糖、约50-约85%的碳和约2.7-约5%的柠檬酸钾。加入足够量的水使由混合物成为可挤压成型的膏状物。
混合所需时间可由常规实验方法确定。混合应确保各种物质均匀分布。如果批量混合大量物料,最好混合约15分钟至约1小时。如果是连续式生产混合小量物料,混合只需几秒钟。
然后可将混合物成形为所需形状。可以使用任何使混合物成形的方法。推荐的方法包括浆料浇注、注塑和模压,而最常用的是挤压成型。
制造半成品碳成形品的方法部分决定于加入混合物中粘合剂的量。例如,依靠压力或形的方法,比如模压、注塑和浆料浇注所用的粘合剂的量要比如挤压的方法少。
本专业领域的技术人员将会明白,特定的用途可要求特定的形状。当热源用在烟品中时,通过热源可能形成一个或多个纵向的空气流道,为的是最大限度从热源将热传导到香料床中。纵向空气流道应有较大的几何表面积,以协助向流经热源的空气传热。纵向空气流道的形状和数目的选择原则是,使热源的内几何表面积等于或大于其外几何表面积。当使用如图1所显示的那种纵向空气流道时,通过把每个纵向空气充道(22)都制成多角星的形状来实现最大限度向香料床传热。如果像图2那样,每个多角星都有长而尖的角,而由星的最内边构成的内周长较少则更好。这种星状纵向空气流道提供了较大的燃烧面积,这就造成有较多数量的碳参与了燃烧,因而热源烧得更热。
在一个最佳实施方案中,混合物成形为一根长条棒,称之为生料棒。生料棒的长度决定于静态燃烧时间长短以及吸烟者抽吸次数。推荐的热源长度要让静态燃烧时间和吸烟者抽吸次数都与平常的香烟相似。因此,生料棒长度约为30厘米。热源的直径可在约3.0-8.0毫米之间,最好在约4.0-约5.0毫米之间。最后直径4.0毫米使得在热源周围的环状空气空间不会造成发烟制件的直径大于通常香烟的直径。因此生料棒的直径最好为4.0毫米。
在成形之后,将生料棒干燥至含水量在约2%至约11%之间,最好为约4至约6%。然后在足可以使粘合剂碳化并把挥发物从生料棒中赶出的温度下,在惰性气氛下焙烧干的生料棒。一般是在约260℃至约1650℃之间,最好是在约760℃至约980℃之间焙烧生料棒。焙烧温度必须高以足以使生料棒中所含的溶剂气化。此焙烧步骤得到的产物称作半成品碳棒。
一旦生料棒转变为具有所需形状的半成品碳棒,就可用溶胶处理。
这种溶胶含有金属氧化物前体。适当的金属氧化物前体是可以转化成可同一氧化碳反应的金属氧化物的物质。可同一氧化碳反应的金属氧化物是氧化铝、氧化铬、氧化钴、氧化钒、氧化硅、氧化锗、氧化镓、氧化铟、氧化铂和氧化钯。金属氧化物优选氧化铁,最好是三氧化二铁。因此,在推荐的实例中,金属氧化物前体包括金属的硫酸盐、硝酸盐、草酸盐、乙酰丙酮酸铁,水合金属硝酸盐和金属氯化物,最好是硝酸铁和硝酸铁水合物。
该溶胶还包括含羟基有机化合物。该含羟基有机化合物以二元醇或三元醇为好,最好是乙二醇或丙二醇。金属氧化物前体加到含羟基有机化合物中,当在约60至150℃加热时,它就反应生成含有铁和有机成分的聚合物或齐聚物。该种溶胶粘度一定不能高到使之不能很容易地浸透碳质材料。此外,还希望溶胶有良好的浸润性能,以有助于半成品碳棒吸收此溶胶。
在本发明的一个最佳实施方案中,用下述方法制备此溶胶。将金属氧化物前体溶于乙二醇,使金属氧化物前体的浓度为10%(重量)。在干燥的气氛下,在约60至150℃的高温下搅拌此溶液,直至溶液粘度增大。这个加热时间将随着溶胶加热的温度而变化。例如,在80℃加热溶胶,在大约10小时后其粘度就大大增加。
然后用此溶胶处理半成品碳棒。只要使溶胶能浸透半成品碳棒,则任何处理半成品碳棒的方法都是合适的。最好用溶胶对半成品碳棒进行涂布、浸涂或者浸渍。为了进行高速制造,最好是当碳棒在传送带上移动时进行喷涂。可用几种不同类型喷嘴的任一种进行这种喷涂。气助高压喷涂将有助于此溶胶渗入多孔的半成品碳棒中。高压喷涂此溶胶将能提高制造速度,同时能使溶胶比用常压喷涂法更容易渗入半成品碳棒。喷涂应该用能提供粒度在约0.05-200微米,最好在约0.05-40微米的很小液滴的喷嘴进行。
用溶胶处理半成品碳棒的时间越长,则渗透时入半成品碳棒的溶胶的量(也就是金属氧化物前体的量)就越大。延长半成品碳棒的处理时间会改善最终热源的催化转化性能,但是会有损于热源的点火性能和机械强度。因此必须在所希望的最终热源催化性能和它的点火和机械性能之间找到一个平衡点。通过常规试验可以找到这个平衡点。
例如,对于一根半成品碳棒,已经发现,溶胶喷涂量是碳棒重量的约0.5%至6%将会达到所需的特性。当使用浸涂技术将溶胶涂在半成品碳棒上时,发现5-10分钟的浸渍时间就能达到所需的特性。当用浸渍处理时,浸渍时间超过15分钟会造成碳棒易成粉状。
当用溶胶处理了半成品碳棒之后,随之将碳棒进行焙烧,以制造最终碳质热源。处理过的半成品碳棒最好以均匀升温的方式在约100℃至约400℃之间焙烧约90分钟。最初以0.5℃/分至10℃/分的速度慢慢加热,藉之从处理过的碳棒中基本除去所有流体。在液体蒸发之后,剩下的溶胶中组分发生分解生成金属氧化物。如果使用一种金属硝酸盐溶胶,必须让金属硝酸盐分解成为氧化物,否则当热源燃烧过程中金属硝酸盐分解时,产生所不希望有的副产品氧化氮。通过热重量分析(TGA)可以确定溶胶分解为氧化物的百分比。
得到的产物就是碳质热源。据认为,将该溶胶处理过的半成品碳棒加热会将沉积的氧化物前体转化为金属氧化物或混合金属氧化物,并使处理过的半成品碳棒干燥。此外,当在溶胶中使用氧化铁前体时,这种低温处理可用来生成高活性态的氧化铁(Fe2O3)。
已经发现,在热源中沉积的金属氧化物的量在不大于5-约6%时与燃烧时产生的一氧化碳的量成反比。最终热源的重量应比半成品碳棒的重量有察觉的增加。此增重是由于加入了金属氧化物而造成的。为了使减少一氧化碳产生的有益效果达到最大,也为了使点火性能达到最佳,此增重应在大约0.1%至约20%。最好让热源由于金属氧化物增重达约4%至约6%。
热源的优选密度会使燃烧时碳、金属氧化物及得到氧的量达到最佳。从理论上说,密度可高达2.25克/厘米3,这基本类似呈石墨态的纯碳的密度。然而,如果密度太大,则热源的孔隙体积就太小了。热源孔隙体积小就意味着在燃烧点可得到的氧少,这就导致热源较难点火并难于支持燃烧。然而,通过向热源中加入燃烧助剂可以解决这个问题。可以使用的燃烧助剂上面已提到过,包括比如硝酸钾、氯酸钾、高氯酸钾、硝酸铵和高氯酸铵之类的氧化剂,很小的用量对催化点火温度就很有效。在加入粘度剂的同时加入燃烧助剂。如果是在热源中加入燃烧助剂,就可以使用致密的热源,即密度约2.25克/厘米3的小孔隙体积的热源。热源的密度以在约0.4至2.25克/厘米3为好,最好为约0.5至1.5克/厘米3。
本领域的专业人员将会理解,可以将棒在溶胶中处置一次或几次,而且棒在溶胶中处理的次数对热源中最后沉积下来的金属氧化物的量是有影响的。例如,单浸短于2分钟一般造成的增重少于约5%。通过增加棒在溶胶中处置的次数,或延长处置时间,或兼而有之都可以使更多的金属氧化物沉积下来。
实例1:氧化铁溶胶的制备
将水合硝酸铁(Ⅲ)(Fe(NO3)3·9H2O)溶于乙二醇来制备氧化铁溶胶。乙二醇中硝酸铁的浓度为10%(重量)。然后在氮气流下在80℃搅拌此溶液。在80℃下10小时以后,溶液失去其流动性,其粘度大大增加。当将此溶液在200℃的空气中干燥3小时,得到深棕色的粉末。用TGA和X射线粉末衍射来检测此溶胶以及产生的深棕色粉末的性能。其结果表明,在220℃下,所有的乙二醇都蒸发了,在溶液中的聚合物或低聚物已经分解。红外光谱分析及X射线粉末衍射表明得到的粉末是结晶Fe2O3。溶胶的T.G.A.分析能计算出金属铁的含量,它表明,制得的溶胶中含金属铁2.0%(重量)。
实例2:用溶胶处理碳颗粒
将半成品碳棒浸入实例1中的氧化铁溶胶中两分钟,然后在150℃的空气中干燥2小时,藉此将氧化铁沉积在碳棒中。最终碳质热源由于沉积氧化铁导致的增重为5%。
实例3:
按照如实例2中所述相似的程序操作,不同之处是改变半成品碳棒在氧化碳溶胶中的浸渍时间。得到的最终碳质热源增重与浸渍时间的关系表示在图3中。
实例4:CO/CO2释放气体比
使用改进的氧指数技术在20%氧/80%氮的气氛中进行闷烧实验。用FTIR光谱仪测定的CO/CO2释放气体比的变化与浸渍时间的关系表示在图4中。在碳粒上沉积了氧化铁比不沉积氧化铁的对照碳粒的CO/CO2比要低得多。2分钟的浸渍时间得到观察到的最低CO/CO2比(1%)。
实例5:放热
用扫描差示热分析(DSC)测定碳粒在空气中闷烧时的放热。结果列在下面表I中
表I
浸渍时间(分钟) 放热(4卡/克)
2 -3.39
15 -3.39
30 -3.39
由此可以看到,本发明提出了一个让碳质材料与含有金属氧化物前体接触,以制造在燃烧时能产生很少一氧化碳的热源的方法。本领域的专业人员都会理解,可以用与所述实例不同的方式实施本发明,这些实例是用来说明而非限定本发明,只有下述权利要求项才限制本发明。法。本领域的专业人员都会理解,可以用与所述实例不同的方式实施本发明,这些实例是用来说明而非限定本发明,只有下述权利要求项才限制本发明。
Claims (28)
1.制造含有碳质材料和氧化铁的热源的方法,其中此方法包括以下步骤:
a)将二元醇或三元醇与氧化铁前体混合以形成溶胶;
b)加热由a)步骤得到的混合物以形成聚合物或齐聚物。
c)用此溶胶处理碳质材料;以及
d)加热c)步骤的产物以从溶胶中蒸发液体,并随后分解所述溶胶以形成氧化铁。
2.如权利要求1的方法,其中二元醇和三元醇分别是乙二醇和丙三醇。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述氧化铁前体选自草酸铁、乙酰丙酮酸铁、硫酸铁、硝酸铁、水合硝酸铁和氯化铁。
4.权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述氧化铁是三氧化二铁。
5.权利要求3的方法,其中氧化铁前体为水合硝酸铁。
6.权利要求3的方法,其中氧化铁前体是硝酸铁。
7.权利要求3的方法,其中氧化铁前体是草酸铁。
8.权利要求3的方法,其中氧化铁前体是乙酰丙酮酸铁。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中用溶胶处理c)步骤的碳质材料1至10分钟。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中用涂布、浸渍或浸涂的方法用溶胶处理c)步骤的碳质材料。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中用喷涂的方法用溶胶处理c)步骤的碳质材料。
12.权利要求1或2的方法,其中在c)和d)步骤中连续地输送该碳质材料。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中在150℃至300℃的温度下将c)步骤的产物加热约60分钟。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中c)步骤的碳质材料是一种碳棒,该碳棒长约30厘米,直径为3.0毫米至8.0毫米。
15.权利要求2的方法,其中步骤d)的产物比用溶胶处理前步骤c)的碳质材料增重0.1%至20%。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中步骤d)的产物比用溶胶处理前步骤c)的碳质材料增重2%至15%。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中步骤d)的产物比用溶胶处理前步骤c)的碳质材料增重4%至8%。
18.权利要求1的方法,其中步骤d)产物的密度为0.5克/厘米3至7克/厘米3。
19.权利要求18的方法,其中步骤d)产物的密度为1克/厘米3至4克/厘米3。
20.权利要求1或2的方法,其中该碳质材料中包含有燃烧助剂。
21.权利要求20的方法,其中燃烧助剂选自高氯酸盐、氯酸盐、硝酸盐和高锰酸盐。
22.权利要求1或2的方法,其中碳质材料的表面积为0.5米2/克至2000米2/克。
23.权利要求22的方法,其中碳质材料的表面积为100米2/克至800米2/克。
24.权利要求1或2的方法,其中氧化铁的表面积为4米2/克至200米2/克。
25.权利要求1或2的方法,其中氧化铁的颗粒尺寸为200埃至40微米。
26.权利要求1或2的方法,其中金属氧化物的颗粒尺寸为800埃至5微米。
27.一种含有碳和金属氧化物的热源,其中该热源是按照权利要求1至26中任一项所述的方法制造的。
28.权利要求27的碳质热源在制造烟品中的用途。
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KR100321430B1 (ko) | 2002-06-20 |
ES2136702T3 (es) | 1999-12-01 |
US5595577A (en) | 1997-01-21 |
KR950000081A (ko) | 1995-01-03 |
EP0627174A1 (en) | 1994-12-07 |
DE69420313T2 (de) | 2000-02-03 |
ATE183891T1 (de) | 1999-09-15 |
JP3655649B2 (ja) | 2005-06-02 |
DE69420313D1 (de) | 1999-10-07 |
HK1013938A1 (en) | 1999-09-17 |
CN1100453A (zh) | 1995-03-22 |
EP0627174B1 (en) | 1999-09-01 |
US5468266A (en) | 1995-11-21 |
JPH07145395A (ja) | 1995-06-06 |
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