CN1018609B - 碳质热源 - Google Patents
碳质热源Info
- Publication number
- CN1018609B CN1018609B CN89104936A CN89104936A CN1018609B CN 1018609 B CN1018609 B CN 1018609B CN 89104936 A CN89104936 A CN 89104936A CN 89104936 A CN89104936 A CN 89104936A CN 1018609 B CN1018609 B CN 1018609B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- thermal source
- charcoal
- additive
- flour
- described method
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 50
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 44
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims description 67
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007799 cork Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001508 potassium citrate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- QEEAPRPFLLJWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium citrate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O QEEAPRPFLLJWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011082 potassium citrates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 iron ion Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- LPQOADBMXVRBNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ac1ldcw0 Chemical compound Cl.C1CN(C)CCN1C1=C(F)C=C2C(=O)C(C(O)=O)=CN3CCSC1=C32 LPQOADBMXVRBNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- QXDMQSPYEZFLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium oxalate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O QXDMQSPYEZFLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002016 disaccharides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H ferric oxalate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960002635 potassium citrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium ion Chemical compound [K+] NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- MCDLETWIOVSGJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;iron Chemical compound [Fe].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MCDLETWIOVSGJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000002969 egg yolk Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960005191 ferric oxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010499 rapseed oil Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 description 8
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 6
- 108010068370 Glutens Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 235000021312 gluten Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010777 Arachis hypogaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018262 Arachis monticola Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GBFLZEXEOZUWRN-VKHMYHEASA-N S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CSCC(O)=O GBFLZEXEOZUWRN-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000046109 Sorghum vulgare var. nervosum Species 0.000 description 1
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003532 endogenous pyrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011389 fruit/vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000003128 head Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108010052620 leukocyte endogenous mediator Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003863 metallic catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000214 mouth Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035807 sensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019615 sensations Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001027 sodium carboxymethylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/165—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes comprising as heat source a carbon fuel or an oxidized or thermally degraded carbonaceous fuel, e.g. carbohydrates, cellulosic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24C—MACHINES FOR MAKING CIGARS OR CIGARETTES
- A24C5/00—Making cigarettes; Making tipping materials for, or attaching filters or mouthpieces to, cigars or cigarettes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D1/00—Cigars; Cigarettes
- A24D1/22—Cigarettes with integrated combustible heat sources, e.g. with carbonaceous heat sources
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F42/00—Simulated smoking devices other than electrically operated; Component parts thereof; Manufacture or testing thereof
- A24F42/10—Devices with chemical heating means
Landscapes
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
- Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
- Pens And Brushes (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Materials For Photolithography (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
提供了一种供卷烟制品10用的碳质热源20。热源20被设计为可将最大限度的热量传送给在卷烟制品10中的香料层21。热源20基本上进行完全燃烧只留下最少的残留灰份,它具有相当低的热传导率并在常规香烟的正常燃亮条件可以着火燃烧。
Description
本发明涉及用在卷烟制品中的基本上产生不可见侧向气流烟雾的热源,本发明具体涉及卷烟制品用的含碳热源,这种热源可以提供充分热量,从而从香料层中释放出有香味的气溶胶供吸烟者吸入。
以前已经设法提供供这种卷烟制品用的热源,但这些努力还不是完全满意的。
例如,Siegel的美国专利2907686公开了一种灰分量在10-21%而孔隙率大约在50-60%之间的木炭棒。这种木炭棒涂有浓缩的糖溶液,以便在燃烧期间形成一个不可渗透层。人们认为,这一不可渗透层包含了在吸烟期间产生的气体并把由此产生的热量集中。木炭可以被活化,也可以不被活化。
Boyd等人的美国专利3943941公开了一种烟草代用品,该代用品由燃料和至少一种浸渍燃料的易挥发物质组成。燃料基本上由可燃的、柔软的和自粘合的纤维组成,该纤维用按重量其含碳量至少为80%的碳质材料制造。碳是纤维素基纤维的控制热解产物,该纤维仅含碳、氢和氧,而且在热解期间其重量损失至少在60%。
Bolt等人的美国专利4340072揭示了一种由烟草、烟草代用品、烟草代用品与碳及其它的可燃性物质的混合物挤压的或模压的环形燃料棒,其它的可燃性物质有例如木浆、稻草和热处理过的纤维素,或SCMC(羧基甲基纤维素钠)和碳的混合物。此燃料棒
的壁基本上是不能透过空气的。
Banerjee等人的美国专利4714082揭示了一种密度大于0.5g/cm3的短的可燃性燃料元件,在Banerjee的专利中揭示的这种燃料元件具有许多纵向通道,以便尽量增大传输到气溶胶发生器上的热量。
已出版的Hearn等人的欧洲专利申请0117355揭示了一种卷烟制品用的碳质热源和制造这种碳质热源的方法。这种碳质热源是用热解的烟草或其它碳质材料制造的并作成管状。制造碳质热源的方法包括三个步骤:热解步骤;控制的冷却步骤;或者氧吸附步骤、水解吸步骤,或者盐浸渍与随后的热处理步骤。
已出版的Farrier等人的欧洲专利申请0236992揭示了一种碳质燃料元件和制造这种碳质燃料元件的方法。揭示的碳质燃料元件包括碳粉、粘结剂和按要求加入的其它的添加配料,它具有一个或多于一个的纵向延伸的通道。采用下面方法制造碳质燃料元件:在非氧化气氛中热解含碳原料,在非氧化气氛中冷却热解的材料,然后研磨热解的材料,将粘结剂加入到研磨过的材料中以形成燃料元件,最后,在非氧化的气氛中热解已形成的燃料元件。加热步骤可以在研磨步骤之后进行,加热已研磨的材料。
已出版的White等人的欧洲专利申请0245732揭示了一种利用快速燃烧段和慢速燃烧段的二元燃烧速度的燃料元件。
因为这些热源不能提供充分的热量传输到香料层,结果形成不令人满意的卷烟制品,即不能形成可模拟常规香烟的香味、感觉和抽吸次数的卷烟制品,所以所有这些热源都是有缺陷的。
希望能提供一种能使尽可能多的热量传输到香料层的碳质热源。
还希望提供一种可基本上进行完全燃烧仅剩下最少残留灰分的热源。
还希望提供一种热源,该热源能在常规香烟正常燃亮的条件下着火。
本发明的目的是提供一种能使尽可能多的热量传输到香料层的碳质热源。
本发明的再一目的是提供一种可基本上进行完全燃烧仅剩下最少残留灰分的热源。
本发明的又一目的是提供一种热源,该热源能在常规香烟正常燃亮的条件下着火。
按照本发明,提供了一种卷烟制品用的热源。热源用木炭制造,它具有一个或多于一个的纵向空气流通道。每个纵向空气流通道具有多角星的形状。当热源被点燃,空气被吸入穿过卷烟制品时,随着空气穿过纵向空气流通道时,空气受到加热。受热的空气流过香料层,从而释放出供吸烟者吸入的有香味的气溶胶。
按照汞孔率计的测量,热源的空隙体积大于约50%,其平均细孔孔尺寸从大约1微米到大约2微米。热源的密度在大约0.2g/cm3至大约1.5g/cm3之间。用在热源中的木炭粒子用BET法(布鲁瑙厄-埃梅特-泰勒测定比表面积的方法)测量的比表面积在大约50m2/g至大约2000m2/g的范围内。另外,还可以将催化剂和氧化剂加入到木炭中,以促进完全燃烧和提供其它希望的燃烧特性。
还提供了制造本发明的热源的方法。方法包括三个基本步骤:将
希望粒度的木炭与适当的添加剂混合,将混合物模压或挤压成希望的形状并烘焙已挤压或已模压的材料。在烘焙之后将已挤压或已模压的材料再进行机械加工,达到最后的配合公差。
结合附图研究下面的详细说明将会理解本发明上述的和其它的目的和优点。附图中相同的参考编号指的是相同的部件,其中:
图1是其中采用本发明的热源的卷烟制品的纵向横截面图;
图2是热源一个实施例的端视图。
卷烟制品10由香烟卷纸14包裹的有源部分11,扩充腔管12和接口部分13组成。有源部分11包括碳质热源20和香料层21,当香料层与流过热源20的灼热气体接触时,该香料层便释放出有香味的蒸汽。蒸汽通过扩充腔管12形成气溶胶,该气溶胶通到接口部分13,因此进入到吸烟者的口腔。
为了使卷烟制品10能令人满意地吸用,热源20应当满足许多要求。它应当足够小,以便装在卷烟制品10中,而且燃烧产生的热还要足以保证流过其中的气体要充分受到加热,以便从香料层21释放出足够的烟草香味,从而将常规的香烟香味提供给吸烟者。热源20还要能够用有限量的空气进行燃烧,直到热源20中的碳耗尽。热源20在燃烧之后最好留下最少的残留灰分。在燃烧时,它产生的二氧化碳还应当比产生的一氧化碳多得多。热源20应当具有低的热传导性。如果太多的热量从热源20的燃烧区域传到热源20的其它部分,则当温度下降至低于热源20的熄灭温度时,在那点的燃烧将会停止。最后,热源20应当在常规香烟正常的燃亮条件下着火。
如上所述,热源20在燃烧后应当留下最少的残留灰分。残留的灰分容易形成一个阻挡层,阻挡氧气进入热源20的未燃烧的碳。残
留的灰分还可能吸入香料层21,或者脱离卷烟制品10。因此希望尽量减小燃烧后留下的灰分量。
用酸洗将形成灰分的无机物质从木炭中洗去是可能的,但是这种方法显著地增加了热源20的成本。
热源20可以用硬木木炭或软木木炭制作。通常用软木木炭或硬木木炭生产出热源,按重量这种热源包含大约89%的碳、大约1%的氩、大约3%的氧和大约7%的形成灰分的无机物。希望尽量增大每克热源20所含的纯碳量,以提供充足的燃料。木炭可以用各种具有高碳产额的产生碳的原料制取,例如用木料、树皮、花生壳、椰子壳、烟草、稻壳、或任何纤维素,或制取纤维素的材料。采用类似于制造树木木炭所用方法的半氧化法,或按美国专利3152985中说明的树皮飞灰工艺使这些产生碳的原料碳化。
最好用软木木炭来制造热源20。软木木炭不像硬木木炭那样致密,因而软木木炭容易燃烧。
木炭可以活化,也可以不活化,活化木炭一般增加了木炭的有效表面积。有效表面积的增大很重要,因为这允许更多的氧出现在燃烧,从而增加了着火、燃烧的容易程度并提供了最少的残渣。
如前所述,还希望防止从热源失去太多的热量,以避免热源20的燃烧熄灭。另外,尽量减小热损失有助于使热源20在吸烟者两次抽吸卷烟制品10之间保持在它的燃烧温度附近。这就尽可能减少了在一次抽吸时间内热源20的温度升到其燃烧温度所需的时间。这因此就保证了在吸烟者抽吸卷烟制品10的过程中有相当热的气体穿过香料层21,从而使从香料层21释放的烟草香味最大。
热源20的外部几何表面积应当尽可能减小,以使辐射热损失减到最少。最好将热源20成形为圆柱体,采用这种方法,热源20的外部几何表面积可以达到最小。确保在热源20的周围形成一个环形空气空间,这样可以将传导到卷烟制品10四周包裹纸上的传导热损失减到最小。热源20最好具有大约4.6mm的直径和大约10mm的长度。4.6mm的直径允许在热源20的周围形成空气空间,而同时又不使卷烟制品10的直径大于常规香烟的直径。
然而,热源20应当将尽可能多的热量传到香料层21。实现这种热传送的一种方法是使一个或多于一个的纵向空气流通道22穿过热源20。为了促进热量传到流过热源20的空气,纵向空气流通道22应当具有大的几何表面积。将纵向空气流通道22的几何表面积尽可能增大,便可使传送到香料21的热量尽可能增加。纵向空气流通道22的形状和数目应当这样选择,使得热源20的内部几何表面积等于或大于热源20的外部几何表面积。将每个纵向空气流通道22成形为多角星的形状便可以实现将最大的热量传到香味层21。最好的是,每个多角星应当具有长而窄的星角,由星的内缘确定的内圆周要小(图2)。另外,可以采用一个或多于一个的多角星形的纵向空气流通道22使热源20的内部几何表面积增至最大,这导致热源20有较大的面积可供燃烧。这种较大的燃烧面积导致较大的碳量进入燃烧,因而形成较热的燃烧热源。
如前所述,热源20还应当具有低的热传导率。因为热源20应当燃烧并将热量传给流过其中的空气而不是将热量传给香料层21,所以要求热传导率小。如果热源20传热,则加速燃烧的时间将增加。这是不希望的,因为卷烟制品10将需用较长时间燃亮。另外,如前所述,在热源20的燃烧区域内还必须保持热量。最好使用具有
相当低的热传导率的木炭,以防止装配构件24吸收在热源20的燃烧期间产生的高热,装配构件24被用来将热源20安置在卷烟制品10中。装配构件24应当阻止氧气进入热源20的后部,从而有助于在香料层21被耗尽之后熄灭热源20。这也防止热源脱落。
原料木炭颗粒的尺寸是热源20的另一重要考虑因素。木炭应当呈小颗粒的形状。这些小颗粒在热源20中提供较大的可供燃烧的碳的表面积,结果形成更容易反应的热源。这些颗粒的尺寸可以高达700微米。这些木炭颗粒的平均尺寸最好在从大约5微米至大约30微米的范围。可以采用各种型式的磨碎机或其它的研磨机来研磨木炭,磨细到要求的尺寸。最好采用喷射碾机。
用BET法测定的木炭颗粒的比表面积应在大约50m2/g至大约2000m2/g的范围内。用BET法测定的木炭颗粒的比表面积最好应当在大约200m2/g至大约600m2/g的范围内。比表面积越大,木炭越容易起反应,因为用于同氧气及应发生燃烧的碳表面积较大。这是希望的,因为它产生更热的燃烧热源和更少的残灰。
要求木炭颗粒小随之而来的是要求有足够的氧气(即空气),以便促进燃料的燃烧。保证热源20具有较大的空隙体积便可提供充分的氧气。热源20的空隙体积最好是大约50%至大约60%。另外细孔尺寸,即在木炭颗粒之间的空间,根据汞孔率计的测量,最好在大约1微米至大约2微米之间。
为了使卷烟制品10可以给吸烟者提供和常规香烟相同的静态燃烧时间和抽吸次数,需要一定的最小碳量。热源20燃烧的量通常是长10mm直径4.65mm的约65mg的碳圆柱体。考虑到由装
配物件24环绕的并在该构件前面的不燃烧的热源20的体积,需要较大的量。如前所述,由装配构件24环绕的并在该构件前面的那部分热源20不燃烧,因为缺乏氧气。
除开碳量而外,热传送效率,即传送给流过热源20的空气的单位碳重量产生的热量也影响香料层21可利用的热量。热传输效率依赖于热源20的设计。如前所述,当纵向空气流通道22的几何表面积至少等于而最好大于热源20的外部几何表面积时,可以达到最佳的热传送特性。采用一个或多于一个的每个具有多角星形状的纵向空气流通道22可以达到这一点,该多角星具有长而窄的星角,而且由星的最内缘确定的内圆很小。
热源20应当具有大约0.2g/cm3至大约1.5g/cm3的密度,密度最好在大约0.5g/cm3和大约0.8g/cm3之间,最佳密度使碳量和燃烧点上存在的氧都达到最大。理论上密度可以高达2.25g/cm3,这是形成石墨晶体形态的纯碳的密度。但是,如果密度太高,则热源20的空隙体积将降低。较小的空隙体积意味着在燃烧点可利用的氧气较少。这导致热源难以燃烧。但是如果在热源20中加入催化剂,则可能使用致密的热源,即使用空隙体积小的密度接近2.25g/cm3的热源。
在热源20中可以使用某些添加剂,以便或者降低热源20的着火温度,或者帮助热源20燃烧。这种帮助可以采取在较低的温度下促使热源20燃烧的形式,或者采取在较低的氧浓度时促使燃烧的形式,或者采取在二者皆有的情况下促使燃烧的形式。
金属离子源例如钾离子或铁离子源可以用作催化剂。和不加催化剂的热源20中发生的情况比较,这些钾离子或铁离子可以在较低的
温度下,或者在热源可以加以利用的氧的浓度较低时促进热源20的燃烧。可以采用碳酸钾、柠檬酸钾、氧化铁、草酸铁、草酸钙、柠檬酸铁或乙酸亚铁。另外一些可能的催化剂包括钼、铝、钠、钙和镁的化合物。为了保证这些添加剂在整个热源20内均匀分布,这些添加剂最好是水溶性的。
氧化铁、草酸铁或草酸钙可以产生向热源20供给更多氧的附加的好处。这种增加的氧有助于热源20的燃烧。其它已知的氧化剂也可以加入热源20,促使热源20更完全燃烧。
如前所述,热源20应当具有最少量的形成灰分的无机物质。但是,木炭的形成灰分的无机物质含量约为5%,金属催化剂的加入将形成灰分的无机物质含量增加到6%至8%。高达大约18%的形成灰分的无机物质含量是可以接受的,但是,构成灰分的无机物质含量达到大约8%是最好的。
热源20可以按照下述方法进行制造。首先将木炭研磨到要求的粒度。如前所述,颗粒的尺寸可以高达大约700微米。颗粒最好被研磨到平均颗粒尺寸在大约5微米至大约30微米。
将木炭颗粒粘结在一起所用的粘结剂最好是用相当纯的原料作的二元粘结剂体系。第一种粘结剂是面粉,例如小麦面、大麦面、玉米面、燕麦面、黑麦面、大米面、高粱面、蛋黄面或大豆面。上述的那些面粉中,高蛋白(12-16%)或高面筋(12-16%)的面粉是最好的。高蛋白的小麦面是合乎要求的。高蛋白含量的面粉是合乎需要的,因为它们增加了面粉的粘结特性,因此增加了成品碳质热源的强度。第二粘结剂是单糖或双糖,最好是蔗糖(食糖)。使用蔗糖可以减少需要的面粉量。它也有助于挤压混合物。这两类粘结剂
在碳化时都形成相当容易反应的碳质物料。还可能用面粉或其它已知粘结剂的一元粘结剂体系来制造碳质热源。
如下面叙述的,可以采用各种粘结剂浓度,但是要求尽量降低粘结剂浓度以减小热传导率和改进热源20的燃烧特性。所用的粘结剂被碳化并留下充分使碳颗粒粘结在一起的碳架。碳化处理使这样的可能性减至最低限度,即在热源20燃烧期间,将从未碳化的粘结剂形成复杂的产物。
在木炭被研磨到需要的尺寸以后,将它同面粉、糖、一种或多种燃烧添加剂和水混合并混合一段预定的时间。在最佳实施例中,采用大约4重量%至大约45重量%的高蛋白小麦面粉,最好采用大约7重量%至大约30重量%。在最佳实施例中,采用大约1重量%至大约25重量%的糖,最好采用大约5重量%至大约14重量%。在最佳实施例中,采用大约20重量%至大约95重量%的木炭,最好采用大约50重量%至大约85重量%。在最佳实施例中,采用高达8重量%的柠檬酸钾,最好采用大约2.7重量%至大约5重量%。最好也将氧化铁加入到混合物。在最佳实施例中,采用高达2重量%的氧化铁,最好采用大约0.3重量%至1重量%。加入足够量的水以便使混合物形成可挤压的糊剂。
混合的时间可以用简单的常规试验确定。混合应当保证各种物质的完全均匀分布。如果以批量方式混合大量混合物,则最好要混合大约15分钟至大约1小时。如果以连续方式例如在连续混合一挤压机中混合少量体积的混合物,则只需要混合几秒钟。
混合物然后被模压或挤压成需要的形状。最好用挤压,因为这种方法比模压经济。如果要挤压热源20,则可以在上述的一段预定的
时间期满之前大约5分钟,将挤压剂(例如任何植物油,像玉米油)加入到混合物中。这种油润滑混合物,有利于它的挤压。可以采用由不同公司制造的各种类型的挤压机。最好采用挤泥箱或连续混合挤压机例如Baker-Perkins双螺旋挤压机。已挤压的混合物的密度应当在大约0.75g/cm3至大约1.75g/cm3之间。
在混合物被模压或挤压之后,将其干燥到水份量约在大约2%和大约11%之间,最好在大约4%和大约6%之间。然后将干燥的已被挤压或模压的材料在惰性气氛中在足以使粘结剂碳化和足以从热源20中驱除易挥发物的温度下焙烧。木炭还可以在它同粘结剂和催化剂混合之前进行焙烧以除去剩余有机物。已挤压的或已模压的材料一般应在大约500°F至大约3000°F的温度下进行焙烧。最好在大约1400°F至大约1800°F的温度下焙烧已挤压的或已模压的材料。焙烧温度必须足够高,以便将在已挤压的或已模压的材料中的可挥发物除去。但是,随着焙烧温度增加,热传导率增加。如前所述,热源20的热传导率增加是一种不希望的特性。因此必须选取折衷温度。
焙烧热源20的惰性气氛最好是氦气和氩气。或者采用氦气气氛或者采用氩气气氛将天然存在的氮气除去。如果采用氮气气氛,碳将同气氛中一些氮发生反应。这将导致在热源20燃烧时形成氮的氧化物。如前所述,传给吸烟者的主要燃烧气体最好是二氧化碳。
在焙烧期间,已挤压的或已模压的材料将会收缩大约4%至大约10%。因此,为了把这种收缩考虑进去,挤压的或模压的材料应当被挤压或模压到稍微大于用作热源要求的尺寸。
在已挤压或已模压的材料被焙烧之后,将其在惰性气氛中冷却到
大约200°F以下。已挤压或已模压的材料也可以在由惰性气体和氧或含氧化合物的混合物构成的气氛中进行冷却。随后将已挤压或模压的材料切成要求的长度和研磨到供在卷烟制品中作热源使用最后要求的尺寸。已挤压的或已模压的材料可以首先被研磨到要求的尺寸,然然后再切成要求的长度。最好采用无心磨削法将已挤压或已模压的材料研磨到最后要求的尺寸。
例1
将下列混合物在Sigma叶片混料器中混合大约30分钟,制成可挤压的混合料:
65克被碾磨到平均颗度为30微米的硬木木炭;
70克原色小麦面(Pillsbury的原色浓缩小麦面);
40克糖(Domino纯甘蔗糖);
50克水。
在混合之后,用挤泥箱式挤压机挤压混合物,使其具有0.200英寸外径24英寸长的尺寸和内部星形通道。随后将形成的棒干燥到大约5%的水份。将棒切成12英寸长,随后装入连续用氮气冲洗的不锈钢容器中。将此容器放入炉中并按照下列炉温周期焙烧至1000°F的温度:
室温至425°F,3.5小时;
425°F至525°F,1.5小时;
5.25°F至1000°F,2小时;
保持在1000°F,2小时;
1000°F至室温,随着炉子冷却。
-当冷却之后,将棒从不锈钢箱取出,切成10mm长度,随后便可用作碳质热源。
例2
将下列混合物在Sigma叶片混料器中混合大约20分钟;
119克采用类似于美国专利№.3152985的方法制造的软木树皮木炭飞灰〔也称作木炭(Bar Char)或树皮炭(Bark Char)〕。在使用之前通过旋转焙烧炉并将蒸气注入焙烧炉对树皮木炭进行处理,使树皮飞灰活化。将由此获得的碳碾磨到90%通过325目筛(粉末活性炭,Acticarb Industries商标:Watercarb)。然后,将得到的粉末喷射碾磨至最后平均颗度约为10至12微米;
44克高蛋白或高面筋小麦面(Pillsbury的“均衡”级高面筋原色小麦面);
1克氧化铁,其颗度小于44微米。
混合之后,将下列组份的溶液加入到干的配料中并再混合30分钟:
120克水;
22克糖(Domino的纯蔗糖);
9克柠檬酸钾。
混合之后,将3克玉米油(Mazola 玉米油)加入到混合物并再混合5分钟。玉米油被用作为挤压助剂。
在掺和之后,用挤泥箱式挤压机挤压混合物,使其具有0.200英寸外径12英寸长的尺寸和内部星形通道。为了便于处理,将从挤
压机头出来的棒收集出具有V形凹槽的石墨板上。将V形凹槽石墨板和已挤压的棒放入不锈钢容器并连续用氦气冲洗。然后将容器放入炉子并按照下列炉温周期焙烧到1700°F的温度。
室温至425°F,3.5小时;
425°F至525°F,1.5小时;
525°F至1700°F,2小时;
保持在1700°F,3小时,
1700°F至室温,随炉子冷却。
冷却之后,从不锈钢容器中取出V形凹槽石墨板和已挤压的棒。从石墨上取下棒,切成10mm的长度并研磨至4.65mm外径。
例3
除开采用类似于美国专利№.3152985的方法制造的软木树皮飞灰〔也称作木炭(Bar Char)或树皮炭(Bark Char)〕不被活化外,重复例2的过程。
例4
除开下面的过程外,也只是重复例2的过程:将制造的棒干燥至5%的水份并将其放在连续带式焙烧炉的传送带上,焙烧炉保持在1700°F的温度下并连续用氦气或氩气冲洗。
例5
采用双螺旋挤压机来混合和连续挤压下列三种组份按2.55∶1.41∶1.0之比混合的混合物:(A)已掺和的干配料〔9.7磅高蛋白或高面筋的小麦面(Pillsbury的“均衡”级高面筋原色小麦面);35.0磅碳(与例2中用的碳相同)和0.29磅氧
化铁(其粒度小于44微米)〕;(B)包含17.65磅水、4.85磅糖(Domina的纯蔗糖)和2.35磅柠檬酸钾的溶液;(C)17.65磅水(标称值)。
将上述三种组分在双螺旋挤压机中混合、掺和并挤压(按照需要调节水量使挤压出的棒达到相当一致)至0.195英寸外径的尺寸寸,然后切成12英寸的长度。生产出的棒还具有内部星形通道。然后将棒干燥至约5%的水份。将棒置于具有V形凹槽的石墨板上。进一步的处理同例2。
因此,可以看出,本发明提供了一种碳质热源,这种碳质热源使传送到香料层的热量达到最大限度,并几乎达到完全燃烧仅留下最小量的残留灰份,而且它具有低的热传导率,可以在常规香烟的正常条件下着火。
Claims (38)
1、一种用于卷烟制品中的热源,包括一个具有一个或一个以上的穿过其中的纵长流体通道的含碳材料本体,其特征在于:每条通道(22)被成形为多角星状的横断面,该流体通道的几何表面积至少等于所述热源(20)的外部几何表面积。
2、按照权利要求1所述的热源,其特征在于:热源(20)基本上为圆柱形的。
3、按权利要求1所述的热源,其特征在于;所述热源(20)由木炭颗粒组成。
4、按权利要求3所述的热源,其特征在于:所述木炭颗粒来源于软木木炭或硬木木炭。
5、按权利要求4所述的热源,其特征在于:所述木炭是被活化过的。
6、按权利要求5所述的热源,其特征在于;所述活化是利用蒸气氧化实现的。
7、按权利要求4所述的热源,其特征在于:所述热源的含碳量为89(重量)%。
8、按权利要求4所述的热源,其特征在于:所述木炭颗粒尺寸最高可达700微米。
9、按权利要求8所述的热源,其特征在于:木炭颗粒尺寸由5微米达到30微米。
10、按权利要求4所述的热源,其特征是:上述热源的空隙体积为大约50%至60%。
11、按权利要求4所述的热源,其特征是:上述热源的细孔尺寸在大约1微米至大约2微米。
12、按权利要求4所述的热源,其特征在于:所述木炭颗粒用BET法测定的比表面积在大约50m2/g至2000m2/g的范围内。
13、按权利要求12所述的热源,其特征在于:所述木炭颗粒用BET法测定的比表面积在200m2/g至600m2/g。
14、按权利要求4所述的热源,其特征在于:木炭颗粒具有形灰份的无机物含量最高可达18%。
15、按权利要求14所述的热源,其特征在于:木炭颗粒具有形成灰分的无机物含量高达8%。
16、按权利要求4所述的热源,其特征在于,所述热源至少包含一种燃烧添加剂。
17、按权利要求16所述的热源,其特征在于,上述燃烧添加剂选自一群物质,这群物颀由柠檬酸钾、碳酸钾、氧化铁、草酸钙、草酸铁、钾离子、铁离子、柠檬酸铁、乙酸亚铁、钼的化合物,铝的化合物,钙的化合物,镁的化合物,钠的化合物或氧化剂组成。
18、按权利要求4所述的热源,其特征是,热源的密度为0.2g/cm3至1.5g/cm3。
19、按权利要求18所述的热源,其特征是,热源的密度是0.5g/cm3至0.8g/cm3。
20、一种制造供卷烟制品用的热源的方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
(a)通过碳化产生碳的原料并研磨该产品成粉末来制备木炭颗粒;
(b)将木炭颗粒与粘结剂,要求的添加剂及水彻底混合;
(c)将上述木炭和添加剂挤压或模压成热源的形状;
(d)焙烧所述挤压过的或模压过的木炭和添加剂;该方法的特征在于:在步骤(a)中碳化产生碳的原料是在氧化气氛中进行的。
21、按权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于:所述粘结剂包括一种面粉,最好是小麦面粉,大麦面粉,玉米面、黑麦面、大米面、高梁面、蛋黄面、大豆面、燕麦面、及它们的混合面。
22、按权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于:所述粘结剂包括单糖或双糖。
23、按权利要求22所述的方法,其特征在于:所述粘结剂包括蔗糖。
24、按权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于:所述粘结剂是一种二元粘结剂。
25、按权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于:所述粘结剂是面粉,及单糖或双糖。
26、按权利要求20所述的方法,其特征是;在混合步骤期间将油加入到所述木炭和添加剂中。
27、按权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于:加入玉米油或其他菜油。
28、按权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于:所述焙烧步骤是在260至1648℃的温度下进行的(500~3000°F)。
29、按权利要求20所述的方法,其特征是:所述焙烧步骤是在760至982℃(1400°F至1800°F)的温度下进行的。
30、按权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于,所述焙烧步骤是在惰性气氛中进行的。
31、按权利要求30所述的方法其特征在于:所述焙烧步骤是在氦气或氩气中进行的。
32、按权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于:在焙烧之间,干燥上述已挤压或模压过的木炭和添加剂。
33、按权利要求32所述的方法,其特征在于:所述挤压过或模压过的木炭和添加剂被干燥为水份含量在2%和11%之间。
34、按权利要求33所述的方法,其特征在于:所述挤压过或模压过的木炭和添加剂被干燥为水份含量在4%和6%之间。
35、按权利要求34所述的方法,其特征是,在焙烧步骤之后,冷却所述挤压过或模压过的木炭的添加剂。
36、按权利要求35所述的方法,其特征是:在焙烧步骤之后,冷却所述挤压过或模压过的木炭的添加剂低于93℃(200°F)。
37、按权利要求36所述的方法,其特征在于:所述已挤压或已模压过的木炭和添加剂是在惰性气氛中冷却的。
38、按权利要求36所述的方法,其特征在于所述已挤压或已模压过的木炭和添加剂是在惰性气体和氧气或氧的化合物的气氛中冷却。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US07/223,232 US5076296A (en) | 1988-07-22 | 1988-07-22 | Carbon heat source |
US223,232 | 1988-07-22 |
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CN1039711A CN1039711A (zh) | 1990-02-21 |
CN1018609B true CN1018609B (zh) | 1992-10-14 |
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CN89104936A Expired CN1018609B (zh) | 1988-07-22 | 1989-07-21 | 碳质热源 |
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1988
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-
1989
- 1989-07-12 PH PH38975A patent/PH27077A/en unknown
- 1989-07-18 IL IL91020A patent/IL91020A0/xx unknown
- 1989-07-20 EP EP89307360A patent/EP0352108B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-20 AT AT89307360T patent/ATE118991T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-07-20 ES ES89307360T patent/ES2068248T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-20 NZ NZ230008A patent/NZ230008A/en unknown
- 1989-07-20 DE DE68921383T patent/DE68921383T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-21 ZA ZA895569A patent/ZA895569B/xx unknown
- 1989-07-21 FI FI893523A patent/FI88857C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-07-21 DK DK362389A patent/DK362389A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-07-21 BR BR898903633A patent/BR8903633A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-07-21 AU AU38814/89A patent/AU613216B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-07-21 NO NO893002A patent/NO172561C/no unknown
- 1989-07-21 KR KR1019890010335A patent/KR910002386A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-07-21 CN CN89104936A patent/CN1018609B/zh not_active Expired
- 1989-07-21 PT PT91241A patent/PT91241B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-07-24 JP JP1191209A patent/JP3024703B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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1991
- 1991-05-20 AU AU77129/91A patent/AU629124B2/en not_active Ceased
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1995
- 1995-04-27 GR GR950401061T patent/GR3015947T3/el unknown
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1996
- 1996-06-19 HK HK106396A patent/HK106396A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
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GR3015947T3 (en) | 1995-07-31 |
ATE118991T1 (de) | 1995-03-15 |
DK362389D0 (da) | 1989-07-21 |
IL91020A0 (en) | 1990-02-09 |
EP0352108A2 (en) | 1990-01-24 |
NO172561B (no) | 1993-05-03 |
EP0352108B1 (en) | 1995-03-01 |
PH27077A (en) | 1993-02-01 |
US5076296A (en) | 1991-12-31 |
JP3024703B2 (ja) | 2000-03-21 |
DE68921383T2 (de) | 1995-10-12 |
CN1039711A (zh) | 1990-02-21 |
AU613216B2 (en) | 1991-07-25 |
NZ230008A (en) | 1993-03-26 |
PT91241A (pt) | 1990-02-08 |
EP0352108A3 (en) | 1990-03-28 |
NO172561C (no) | 1993-08-11 |
BR8903633A (pt) | 1990-03-13 |
DK362389A (da) | 1990-01-23 |
HK106396A (en) | 1996-06-28 |
KR910002386A (ko) | 1991-02-25 |
FI88857B (fi) | 1993-04-15 |
PT91241B (pt) | 1995-03-01 |
FI893523A (fi) | 1990-01-23 |
NO893002D0 (no) | 1989-07-21 |
JPH0286759A (ja) | 1990-03-27 |
FI893523A0 (fi) | 1989-07-21 |
ES2068248T3 (es) | 1995-04-16 |
AU7712991A (en) | 1991-08-15 |
NO893002L (no) | 1990-01-23 |
AU629124B2 (en) | 1992-09-24 |
AU3881489A (en) | 1990-01-25 |
ZA895569B (en) | 1990-07-25 |
DE68921383D1 (de) | 1995-04-06 |
FI88857C (fi) | 1993-07-26 |
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