CN106065903A - 装备有平移的位移检测装置的轴承 - Google Patents

装备有平移的位移检测装置的轴承 Download PDF

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CN106065903A
CN106065903A CN201610258150.1A CN201610258150A CN106065903A CN 106065903 A CN106065903 A CN 106065903A CN 201610258150 A CN201610258150 A CN 201610258150A CN 106065903 A CN106065903 A CN 106065903A
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bearing
ring
sensor element
control unit
depression
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CN106065903B (zh
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A.格拉德
M.尼古拉斯
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C41/00—Other accessories, e.g. devices integrated in the bearing not relating to the bearing function as such
    • F16C41/007—Encoders, e.g. parts with a plurality of alternating magnetic poles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/52—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with devices affected by abnormal or undesired conditions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/581—Raceways; Race rings integral with other parts, e.g. with housings or machine elements such as shafts or gear wheels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/14—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/244—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing characteristics of pulses or pulse trains; generating pulses or pulse trains
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M13/00—Testing of machine parts
    • G01M13/04—Bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C17/00—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C17/12—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load
    • F16C17/24—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load with devices affected by abnormal or undesired positions, e.g. for preventing overheating, for safety
    • F16C17/246—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load with devices affected by abnormal or undesired positions, e.g. for preventing overheating, for safety related to wear, e.g. sensors for measuring wear
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
    • F16C19/14—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load
    • F16C19/16—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with a single row of balls
    • F16C19/163—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with a single row of balls with angular contact
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2233/00—Monitoring condition, e.g. temperature, load, vibration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2300/00—Application independent of particular apparatuses
    • F16C2300/10—Application independent of particular apparatuses related to size
    • F16C2300/14—Large applications, e.g. bearings having an inner diameter exceeding 500 mm
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C43/00—Assembling bearings
    • F16C43/04—Assembling rolling-contact bearings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/244—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing characteristics of pulses or pulse trains; generating pulses or pulse trains
    • G01D5/245—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing characteristics of pulses or pulse trains; generating pulses or pulse trains using a variable number of pulses in a train

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)

Abstract

一种轴承，至少包括内环(2)和外环(3)，适于相对于彼此同心地旋转，装备有至少一个嵌入装置(16)，用于检测所述环相对于彼此的平移位移，该检测装置包括安装在所述环之一上的线性编码器元件(17)，以及安装在另一环上且与所述编码器元件相反的传感器元件(18)。

Description

装备有平移的位移检测装置的轴承
技术领域
本发明涉及轴承领域，特别地减摩轴承，该减摩轴承包括内环，外环和至少一排滚动元件，例如布置在所述环之间的滚柱和/或滚珠。
特别地，本发明涉及特别地用于机械和系统中的必需承受高的轴向和径向载荷的用于构成具有竖直旋转轴的旋转枢轴轴承的大直径轴承的领域。
背景技术
由于重的载荷，部分的轴承，其协作以传递载荷，特别地滚动元件的座圈，磨损。该磨损导致所述环相对于彼此的位移以及因此连接到所述环的底盘(chassis)或部分的相对运动。这样的运动影响轴承的合适功能，风险是轴承的环接触以及支承所述环的底盘或部分的碰撞。
此外，当轴承磨损时通常要更换轴承。这样的干预是昂贵的，尤其地由于机器或实施所需要的停工期。因此希望这样的变化进行不太早也不太晚。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是要解决以上困难。
设置了包括能够相对于彼此同心地旋转的至少内环和外环的轴承。
该轴承设置有至少一个嵌入装置，用于检测所述环相对于彼此的平移位移，该检测装置包括安装在所述环之一上的线性编码器元件，以及安装在其他环上并且与所述编码器元件相反的传感器元件。
所述编码器元件可包括磁化条带部分，该磁化条带部分具有以连续的磁极(+)和磁极(-)同轴地磁化的轨道。
所述条带部分可插入到附连在相应环上的密封支撑件中。
所述支撑件可被插入到相应环的凹陷中。
所述支撑件可包括覆盖有薄膜的框架。
所述检测装置可包括控制单元，该控制单元连接到嵌入相应环上的所述传感器元件。
所述控制单元可包括显示器。
所述传感器元件可安装在相应环的径向孔中。
所述传感器元件可被安装成在所述径向孔中是径向可调节的。
所述控制单元可被插入到设置于所述环中的凹陷中，所述凹陷将控制单元承载在与所述编码器元件相反的侧面上，所述径向孔通向所述凹陷中。
附图说明
现在将借助于由附图示出的非限制性例子描述根据本发明的轴承，在附图中：
图1示出装备有平移位移的检测装置的滚动轴承的轴向截面半视图；
图2示出图1的检测装置的放大的轴向截面；以及
图3示出如上所述的检测装置的分解透视图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示的，滚动轴承1包括围绕旋转轴(未示出)同心地设置的内环2和外环3，所述旋转轴将通过例子被认为处于竖直位置。
环2和3用来固定到底盘(未示出)以允许一个相对于另一个的旋转以及在它们之间传递载荷。为了支撑径向载荷，滚柱轴承1包括，例如，一排4的滚动元件5，例如滚珠，在分别布置成在内环2和外环3的圆柱面8和9中的凹陷的形式的相反环形座圈6和7上滚动。
为了支撑轴向载荷，滚动轴承1包括，例如，一排10的滚动元件11，例如滚柱，分别在内环2和外环3的相反的径向环形座圈12和13上滚动。内环2的径向座圈12轴向向外地定位在轴承上，以使得从顶部向下施加在内环2的力经由所述一排10的滚动元件11由外环3获得。环2和3之间的环形空间，其中运动的是成排4和10的滚动元件5和11，借助于设置在该环形空间的环形端部区域中的环形密封件14和15密封，所述密封件在与所述一排4的滚动元件5相同的一侧上并且远离该排4的滚动元件5，以及密封件15位于与所述一排10的滚动元件相同的一侧上并且远离该一排10的滚动元件11。
滚动轴承1装备有嵌入装置16，用于检测所述环2和3在轴向平移中相对于彼此的位移。在示出的例子中，该检测装置14适合于检测所述环2和3相对于彼此的轴向位移，也就是说，在轴承1的旋转轴的方向上的位移。
检测装置16包括由外环3承载的线性编码器元件17以及传感器元件18，该传感器元件18由内环2承载并定位成距离编码器元件15一定距离并面向该编码器元件15且对所述编码器元件17作出响应。
编码器元件17被放置在所述环2和3之间的环形空间中，在其中运动的是成排4和10的滚动元件5和11，传感元件18通向该环形空间。
如在图2和3中更具体地示出的，编码器元件17包括线性部分的条带19，该条带以平坦方式，例如借助于粘合层，抵靠着布置在外环3的柱形内表面9中的轴向凹陷20的底部，被附连到所述一排4的滚动元件5和密封件14之间的区域中。
线性条带部分19由倚靠在轴向凹陷20的底部上的框架21围绕。该框架21覆盖有薄膜22，该薄膜还覆盖线性条带部分19。框架21和薄膜22由被旋拧到外环3中的固定螺钉23，例如凹陷头部类型的固定螺钉23，穿过。
由此，线性条带部分19被安装在密封腔中。
根据另一个实施例，线性条带部分19压靠形成在覆盖有薄膜的平坦表面中的空腔的底部，该组以平坦方式借助于螺钉被安装在轴向平坦区域20上。
构成所述编码器元件17的线性条带部分19被磁化并包括轴向增量代码轨道，其以连续的磁极(+)和(-)磁极被轴向地编码。
传感器元件18为柱体24的形式，其被旋拧到衬套25中，该衬套被旋拧到内环2的径向通孔26中并具有环形台肩27，该环形台肩27支靠环形台肩28，该环形台肩28构成从内环2的外柱形壁8的形成在径向通孔26中的沉孔29的底部。径向通孔26穿过内环2的柱形表面8通向所述环2和3之间的环形空间，其中成排4和10的滚动元件5和11在运动。为的是保持柱体24在调节的希望的径向位置，其中，柱体24的端部24a距离所述编码器元件17的预定距离，柱体24通过支靠所述衬套25的螺母30以及支靠所述螺母30的防松螺母31被设置在沉孔29中。
如在图1和3中示出的，检测装置14进一步包括安装在内环2上的控制单元32。更具体地说，内环2具有形成在内环2的内柱形表面34中的凹陷33，径向孔26通向到该凹陷33中。控制单元32以不漏的方式被嵌入到中间支架35的开口35a中，所述支架被密封地夹持在凹陷33中并通过螺钉36被固定到内环2。
控制单元32经由电连接线38被连接到传感器元件18，所述电连接线在凹陷33内、在支架35之下和/或穿过支架35和/或在电子设备壳体32之下延伸。
控制单元32容置电子电路(未示出)和供电电池(未示出)，所述电子电路适合于分析来自于传感器元件18的信号并将值输出到显示器37上。
在所述环2和3相对于彼此的旋转时，前述的座圈磨损，所述排4和10的滚动元件5和11在该座圈上滚动。因此存在内环2相对于外环3的沿着旋转轴向下的位移，相应地，传感器元件18相对于编码器元件17的向下平移的位移。
编码器元件18将与编码器元件17的线性条带部分19的轴向增量编码轨道的代码对应的电信号传送到控制单元32。
控制单元32的电子电路计算距离内环2相对于外环3的起点的竖直位置的平移位移或相应的竖直位置的对应值，并且将该值传送到显示器37，以使得使用者可读取该值并被告知轴承损坏。
当显示值达到预定阈值时，使用者，其报告该值，然后被告知轴承1已经达到预定磨损以使得它适于更换轴承1。
根据另一个实施例，轴承1的磨损的该预定阈值可在电子单元32的电子电路中编程，以使得后者在当达到该磨损阈值时例如通过具体二极管的点亮或显示值的闪烁来供给具体的光或可听信号。
根据另一个实施例，轴承1的磨损值可例如通过电线或通过远距离传送装置被传送到远程显示器，电子单元32的电子电路包括无线电发送机用于该目的。
在以上的描述中，滚动轴承包括两排滚动元件。然而，本发明可被应用到包括至少一排的滚动元件的滚动轴承。本发明还可以应用到没有插入在所述环之间的滚动元件的轴承，例如滑动轴承或球节。

Claims (10)

1.一种轴承，至少包括适于相对于彼此同心地旋转的内环(2)和外环(3)，其特征在于，它装备有至少一个嵌入装置(16)，用于检测所述环相对于彼此的平移位移，该检测装置包括安装在所述环之一上的线性编码器元件(17)，以及安装在另一个环上且面向所述编码器元件的传感器元件(18)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的轴承，其中所述编码器元件(17)包括磁化的条带部分(19)，该磁化的条带部分具有以磁极(+)和磁极(-)连续地、轴向地编码的轨道。
3.根据权利要求2所述的轴承，其中所述条带部分(19)被插入到固定于相应的环的密封支撑件(21，22)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的轴承，其中所述支撑件(21，22)被插入到相应的环的凹陷(20)中。
5.根据权利要求3和4之一所述的轴承，其中所述支撑件包括由薄膜(22)覆盖的框架(21)。
6.根据前述权利要求1-4中的任一项所述的轴承，其中嵌入装置包括控制单元(32)，该控制单元被连接到嵌入在相应的环上的所述传感器元件(18)。
7.根据权利要求6所述的轴承，其中所述控制单元(32)包括显示器(37)。
8.根据前述权利要求1-4中的任一项所述的轴承，其中所述传感器元件(18)被安装在相应环的径向孔(26)中。
9.根据权利要求8所述的轴承，其中所述传感器元件(18)被安装成在所述径向孔(26)中是径向可调节的。
10.根据权利要求8所述的轴承，其中所述控制单元(32)被插入在设置于所述环中的凹陷(33)中，在与所述编码器元件(17)相反的一侧上，所述径向孔(26)通向所述凹陷中。
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