CN106016835A - System for recycling fuel gas and flue gas waste heat in multistage mode - Google Patents

System for recycling fuel gas and flue gas waste heat in multistage mode Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106016835A
CN106016835A CN201610598012.8A CN201610598012A CN106016835A CN 106016835 A CN106016835 A CN 106016835A CN 201610598012 A CN201610598012 A CN 201610598012A CN 106016835 A CN106016835 A CN 106016835A
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heat
flue gas
water
boiler
pump
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陈丽萍
王万江
齐典伟
彭维
袁建新
姚杰
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B30/00Heat pumps
    • F25B30/04Heat pumps of the sorption type
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22STEAM GENERATION
    • F22DPREHEATING, OR ACCUMULATING PREHEATED, FEED-WATER FOR STEAM GENERATION; FEED-WATER SUPPLY FOR STEAM GENERATION; CONTROLLING WATER LEVEL FOR STEAM GENERATION; AUXILIARY DEVICES FOR PROMOTING WATER CIRCULATION WITHIN STEAM BOILERS
    • F22D1/00Feed-water heaters, i.e. economisers or like preheaters
    • F22D1/36Water and air preheating systems
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/52Heat recovery pumps, i.e. heat pump based systems or units able to transfer the thermal energy from one area of the premises or part of the facilities to a different one, improving the overall efficiency

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Air Supply (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a system for recycling fuel gas and flue gas waste heat in a multistage mode. The system is mainly composed of a natural gas boiler, a separated heat pipe, an air preheater, a multistage spray unit direct contact type heat exchanger and an absorption type heat pump. Flue gas indirectly transfers heat to a generator through the separated heat pipe and drives the absorption type heat pump to operate; flue gas comes out of the separated heat pipe and enters the air preheater to preheat cold air, and heated cold air enters the boiler and is mixed with fuel gas to be combusted; flue gas coming out of the air preheater enters the multistage spray unit direct contact type heat exchanger and conducts heat exchange with cold water at a low temperature coming out of a heat pump evaporator, and the heated cold water at a low temperature returns to the evaporator to serve as a heat source of the evaporator; boiler low-temperature fed water entering a heat pump condenser through the absorption type heat pump is changed into high-temperature fed water to be sent into a boiler. The problem of matching between heat recycling and heat utilization is fully considered, multistage utilization of flue gas temperature is achieved, and heat of flue gas is fully recycled.

Description

A kind of system of multistage recovery combustion gas fume afterheat
Technical field
The present invention relates to the multilevel system that a kind of combustion gas fume afterheat degree of depth reclaims, belong to technical field of waste heat utilization.
Background technology
For control atmosphere pollution, domestic largest, " coal changes gas " engineering (coal-burning boiler changes gas fired-boiler into) that construction speed is the fastest has been carried out in Urumchi in 2012, Urumchi has become first " gasification " city comprehensively, the whole nation up to now, Urumqi City's air quality natural law up to standard 313 days in 2015, air treating effect is notable, " coal changes gas " engineering is to benefit people's livelihood air contaminant treatment " Blue Sky Project " undoubtedly, but also brings some problems." coal changes gas " Urumchi Natural gas consumption afterwards rises to 27.5 billion cubic meters of 2015 from 5 billion cubic meters of 2012, and Natural gas consumption is huge;The air supply source of Urumchi natural gas surpasses simultaneously ninety percent from Central Asia pipeline gas, natural gas motorcar external dependence degree is high.Therefore, how effective use natural gas reduces the usage amount of natural gas is present urgent problem.Smoke discharging residual heat recovery technology is used on natural gas boiler, can improve boiler thermal output thus reduce the usage amount of natural gas, and the advantage with water saving, environmental protection.
Existing patent, (1) Patent No. 201220539329.1, entitled " spray condensation, heat pump of high-temp water source associating flue gas waste heat recovery apparatus ", this device uses absorption heat pump and the combination of direct contact heat transfer device to reclaim gas fired-boiler fume afterheat.nullUse compression heat pump,Low-temperature cold water is produced with the vaporizer of heat pump,Direct-contact heat exchanger is used for and flue gas heat exchange,Improve flue gas condensing effect,Fully Mist heat recovering,Low temperature feedwater through absorption heat pump boiler becomes high temperature water-supply,Heated hot water temperature is made to meet boiler blow-down water temperature requirement,Absorption heat pump is used to make hot net water and flue gas keep apart,Avoid heated working medium to be contaminated and meet heat supply network recovery water quality requirement,But high-temperature flue gas directly contacts with shower water and may cause water carburation by evaporation in direct contact heat transfer device,Reduce heat transfer effect,And the optimum condition of heat pump to be maintained,The inflow temperature of source pump vaporizer is preferably no more than 30 DEG C,Because when inflow temperature more than 30 DEG C along with the rising of supply water temperature,The temperature and pressure of condensation raises,Difficult labour unboiled water steam in generator,And the rising of generator pressure can make absorber in pressure also increase,Have impact on the lithium-bromide solution Absorption to steam,Reduce and absorb thermal discharge,Thus cause the COP of source pump to decline,This device allows the low-temperature circulating water heat exchange of 170 DEG C of flue gases and 20 DEG C,Heated hot water is passed directly into the vaporizer thermal source as vaporizer,If this hot water temperature will reduce hot pump performance higher than 30 DEG C.(2) Patent No. 201410720602.4, entitled " flue gas waste heat recovery system of a kind of absorption heat pump cycle ", this system uses air preheater and absorption heat pump cooperation Mist heat recovering, first pass through air preheater heating cold air from natural gas boiler flue gas out and send into boiler furnace and natural gas mixed combustion, enter back into the vaporizer thermal source as vaporizer of absorption heat pump from air preheater flue gas out;The boiler low-temperature feedwater being entered condenser by absorption heat pump becomes high temperature water-supply feeding boiler, this completes the waste heat recovery of flue gas, the method can improve boiler feed temperature 5~8 DEG C, but flue gas enters directly into vaporizer meeting Pollution Cycle working medium, corrosion heat-transfer surface, thus shorten equipment life, cause equipment fault, cause economic loss.(3) Patent No. 201420716514.2, entitled " a kind of heating system utilizing compression heat pump to realize the recovery of the residual heat from boiler fume degree of depth ", this system uses and reduces exhaust gas temperature step by step with three grades of heat exchangers, wherein I and II is dividing wall type heat exchanger, the third level is dividing wall type and direct contact type combination, and high-temperature flue gas first passes through first order heat exchanger and directly heats hot net water supply boiler;Lowered the temperature by second level heat exchanger centering temperature flue gas again, control to enter third level heat exchanger flue-gas temperature, it is to avoid water-spraying evaporation vaporizes;Last flue gas enters third level heat exchanger recovered flue gas water vapour condensation heat.The optimum condition of heat pump is created and maintained to the circulating hot water of second and third grade of heat exchanger, as the low-temperature heat source of evaporator with heat pump,.Reduce exhaust gas temperature step by step by three grades of heat exchangers and realize the degree of depth recovery of fume afterheat, avoid water vapor in direct-contact heat exchanger, recirculated water through second and third grade of heat exchange enters evaporator with heat pump can maintain the optimum condition of heat pump, but flue gas continues through three dividing wall type heat exchangers, resistance will cause the most greatly smoke evacuation to be short of power, and uses compression heat pump to consume electric energy.(4) Patent No. 201410012655.0, entitled " method and device of a kind of spray-absorption formula combustion gas off-gas recovery ", this device utilizes gas driven heat pump high tension generator, the flue gas produced enters flue gas and drives low pressure generator to lower the temperature, flue gas after cooling and boiler smoke enter N level spray unit and contact cooling with from evaporator with heat pump low-temperature cold water out after mixing, the water outlet of every grade of spray unit is squeezed into next stage spray unit by feeding spraying pump and is sprayed, so flue gas in spray unit step by step cooling realize the total heat recovery of flue gas, the thermal efficiency is high.But the shower water every grade of spray unit is all upper level passes through heat exchange recirculation, reduce step by step in every grade of spray unit so that with flue-gas temperature, the temperature of Sprayer Circulation water gradually rises, and the temperature difference raising flue gas and recirculated water so that with progression is gradually reduced, and heat transfer effect is gradually deteriorated.Also absorbent can be polluted additionally, flue gas is passed directly into generator.
There is problems in that (1) does not considers matching problem between heat recovery and Btu utilization for above-mentioned combustion gas flue gas recovery device, recovery waste heat temperature does not uses within temperature range in the hot standby economical rationality of heat exchange: 1. enter that the cigarette temperature of direct-contact heat exchanger is too high causes water to evaporate;2. the too high optimum condition that can not maintain heat pump of evaporator with heat pump inflow temperature.(2) smoke pollution equipment, shortens equipment life: flue gas enters evaporator with heat pump, generator pollutes working medium, etching apparatus.
Summary of the invention
The invention aims to solve the problems referred to above, it is achieved fully, rationally, easily reclaim combustion gas fume afterheat target, it is provided that the system of a kind of multistage recovery combustion gas fume afterheat.
It is an object of the invention to be achieved through the following technical solutions: the system of described a kind of multistage recovery combustion gas fume afterheat, it specifically includes that natural gas boiler 1, separate heat pipe 2, air preheater 3, multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger 4, absorption heat pump 5, interior water circulating pump 6, outer circulation water pump 7, air-valve (8-1,8-2,8-3), flue (9-1,9-2) and blower fan 10 form.Indirectly transferred heat to the generator 5-1 of absorption heat pump by separate heat pipe 2 from natural gas boiler 1 flue gas out, drive operation of heat pump, produce low-temperature cold water as multi-stage spray unit direct contact heat transfer device 4 and the low temperature cold source of flue gas heat exchange, absorption heat pump 5 runs and directly utilizes flue gas heat without consuming high-grade electric energy, completes the power recovery of flue gas heat;Entering air preheater 3 from separate heat pipe 4 flue gas out and preheat cold air, heated air enters natural gas boiler 1 and natural gas mixed combustion, and heating cold air realizes the Exposure degree of flue gas;From air preheater 2, flue gas out enters multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger 4 and from evaporator with heat pump 5-4 low-temperature cold water heat exchange out, heated low-temperature cold water returns to the vaporizer thermal source as vaporizer, flue gas and low-temperature cold water contact heat-exchanging and realizes the recovery of latent heat of flue gas;Flue gas passes sequentially through separate type heat pipe exchanger 2, air preheater 3 and multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger 4, and temperature reduces step by step and is utilized the cascade utilization realizing flue gas;The boiler low-temperature feedwater entering absorption heat pump condenser 5-3 becomes high temperature water-supply feeding boiler.
Generator with heat pipe driven by exhaust heat 5-1, absorber 5-2, condenser 5-3, vaporizer 5-4, choke valve 5-5 and solution pump 5-6 that described absorption heat pump 5 is made up of separate heat pipe and generator form.Described condenser is provided with low temperature feedwater entrance 10 and high temperature water-supply outlet 11, and high temperature water-supply is connected with gas fired-boiler backwater entrance 12 by water lines and outer circulation water pump 7.
The effect of the generator with heat pipe driven by exhaust heat of described separate heat pipe 2 and generator 5-1 composition: use separate heat pipe to do heat transfer element, evaporator section working medium at heat pipe absorbs flue gas heat evaporation, heat is taken to generator heating lithium-bromide solution by gaseous working medium, after heat release, working medium is condensed into liquid and flows back to evaporator section again and again evaporate, so heat of flue gas just passes in lithium-bromide solution, this device instead of traditional generator, as the driving heat source of generator but absorbent is not polluted, it is to avoid the flue gas corrosion to equipment with flue gas.
The effect of described air preheater 3: preheating cold air, heated air enters boiler and combustion gas mixing burning, improve fire box temperature thus improve boiler efficiency, and control flue gas and enter the inlet temperature of multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger, it is to avoid the problem of water-spraying evaporation vaporization in multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger.
Described multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger uses the spray mode of side spray, arranges multistage shower nozzle 20, i.e. flow of flue gas direction is vertical with shower nozzle, and flue gas flows through between the cold water that the multistage shower nozzle in both sides sprays and carries out heat exchange with cold water.
The effect of described multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger 4: use the spray mode of side spray to reduce the flow resistance of flue gas, multi-stage spray unit is used to achieve the abundant heat exchange of flue gas and water, flue gas enters direct-contact heat exchanger and from evaporator with heat pump low-temperature cold water heat exchange out, heated low-temperature cold water returns to the vaporizer thermal source as vaporizer, owing to temperature is less than 30 DEG C, thus maintain the optimum condition of heat pump.
Described multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger exhanst gas outlet is provided with blower fan 10, increases the power that flue gas is got rid of, and solves the problem that flue gas causes smoke evacuation to be short of power due to temperature drop, sets air-valve 8-3 on above-mentioned blower fan 10 rear pass.
Described natural gas boiler is provided with flue 9, flue 1(9-1) it is flue collector, flue 2(9-2) it is by-pass flue, the standby flue as flue collector uses when flue collector breaks down or flue overhauls;Air-valve is all installed on described flue, is used for opening and closing flue.
The useful effect of the present invention is: (1) use flue gas to drive heat pump recovered flue gas heat neither to consume electric energy the most not consume combustion gas more energy efficient;(2) in heat pump generator, introduce the power of heat exchange of heat pipe Mist heat recovering, effectively solve flue gas and directly contact the problem causing Working medium pollution, equipment corrosion with heat pump;(3) by heat exchange of heat pipe, air preheater and and the direct-contact heat exchanger recycling step by step to flue gas heat, it is achieved that the total heat recovery of power recovery, Exposure degree and recovery of latent heat;(4) problem of coupling between heat recovery and Btu utilization is taken into full account, it is achieved that the cascade utilization of flue-gas temperature.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the system schematic of a kind of multistage recovery combustion gas fume afterheat of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger structural map.
nullIn figure: 1、Natural gas boiler,2、Separate heat pipe,3、Air preheater,4、Multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger,5、Absorption heat pump,5-1、Generator,5-2、Absorber,5-3、Condenser,5-4、Vaporizer,5-5、Choke valve,5-6、Solution pump,6、Interior water circulating pump,7、Outer circulation water pump,8-1、Air-valve 1,8-2、Air-valve 2,8-3、Air-valve 3,9-1、Flue 1,9-2、Flue 2,10、Condenser low temperature feedwater entrance,11、Condenser high temperature water-supply exports,12、Natural gas boiler backwater entrance,13、Air preheater cool air inlet,14、Air preheater hot air outlet,15、Multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger circulating water outlet,16、Vaporizer chilled water inlet,17、Vaporizer chilled water outlet,18、Multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger recirculated water entrance,19、Multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger exhanst gas outlet,20、Shower nozzle.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with Figure of description, provide embodiments of the invention as follows.
Fig. 1 is the system schematic of a kind of multistage recovery combustion gas fume afterheat of the present invention, when this system is properly functioning, air-valve 1(8-1) air-valve 3(8-3) open, air-valve 2(8-2) close, combustion gas flue gas out enters separate type heat pipe exchanger 2 by flue 9-1 from natural gas boiler 1, heat is passed to generator 5-1 by separate type heat pipe exchanger 2 indirectly, as the driving force of absorption heat pump 5, drives absorption type heat pump operation;Entering air preheater 3 from separate type heat pipe exchanger 2 flue gas out and enter the cold air adverse current of air preheater from air preheater cool air inlet 13 and carry out heat exchange, heated cold air enters combustor and the natural gas mixed combustion of gas fired-boiler 1 by air preheater hot air outlet 14;Multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger 4 is entered from air preheater 3 flue gas out, with from vaporizer chilled water outlet 17 chilled water direct contact heat transfer out, the recirculated water after heat exchange enters from the chilled water inlet 16 of vaporizer 4-4 through interior water circulating pump 6 and returns to vaporizer.Boiler is entered through outer circulation water pump 7 from natural gas boiler backwater entrance 12 after low temperature feedwater condensed device 4-3 heat exchange.
Air-valve 1(8-1 when systems are functioning properly), air-valve 3(8-3) open, air-valve 2(8-2) close;When system malfunctions or maintenance time, air-valve 2(8-3) open, air-valve 1(8-1), air-valve 3(8-3) close.
Fig. 2 is multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger structural map, this heat exchanger is provided with multi-stage spray unit, add the heat-exchange time of flue gas and water, shower nozzle 20 is arranged on the sidewall both sides of heat exchanger, shower nozzle is vertical with flow of flue gas direction, uses the mode flue gas of side spray to cross the resistance reducing flow of flue gas at intermediate flow from shower nozzle.Multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger outlet 19 is provided with blower fan 10 and improves the power that flue gas is got rid of, and solves the problem that smoke evacuation is short of power.

Claims (4)

1. the system of a multistage recovery combustion gas fume afterheat, it is characterised in that: mainly include natural gas boiler (1), separate heat pipe (2), air preheater (3), multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger (4), absorption heat pump (5), interior water circulating pump (6), outer circulation water pump (7), air-valve (8-1,8-2,8-3) flue (9-1,9-2) and blower fan (10);Flue gas indirectly transfers heat to generator (5-1) by separate heat pipe (2) and drives absorption heat pump (5) to run;Flue gas out enters air preheater (3) preheating cold air from separate heat pipe (2), and heated air enters natural gas boiler (1) and combustion gas mixing burning;Entering multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger (4) and from evaporator with heat pump (5-4) low-temperature cold water heat exchange out from air preheater (3) flue gas out, heated low-temperature cold water returns to the vaporizer thermal source as vaporizer;The boiler low-temperature feedwater being entered heat pump condenser (4-3) by absorption heat pump (5) becomes high temperature water-supply feeding boiler.
A kind of system of multistage recovery combustion gas fume afterheat, it is characterized in that: described flue (9-1) is sequentially connected with separate heat pipe (2), air preheater (3), multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger (4);Generator (5-1) combination of described separate heat pipe (2) and absorption heat pump (5);Described air preheater (3) hot air outlet (14) and natural gas boiler (1) connect;Described multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger (4) outlet (15) is connected with vaporizer (4-4) chilled water inlet (16) by interior water circulating pump (6) and corresponding water lines, and vaporizer chilled water outlet (17) is connected with multi-stage spray unit direct contact heat transfer device circulating water intake (18).
A kind of system of multistage recovery combustion gas fume afterheat, it is characterised in that: generator with heat pipe driven by exhaust heat (5-1), absorber (5-2), condenser (5-3), vaporizer (5-4), choke valve (5-5) and solution pump (5-6) that described absorption heat pump (5) is made up of separate heat pipe and generator form;Above-mentioned generator (5-1) is hot water or steam-powered generator, hot water or steam are provided by separate type heat pipe exchanger;Described condenser (5-3) is provided with low temperature feedwater entrance (10) and high temperature water-supply outlet (11), and high temperature water-supply is connected with gas fired-boiler backwater entrance (12) by water lines and outer circulation water pump.
A kind of system of multistage recovery combustion gas fume afterheat, it is characterized in that: described multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger (4) uses the spray mode of side spray, multistage shower nozzle (20) is set, shower nozzle (20) is arranged on the sidewall both sides of heat exchanger, i.e. flow of flue gas direction and shower nozzle (20) is vertical, flue gas flows through between the cold water that the multistage shower nozzle in both sides sprays and carries out heat exchange with cold water, multi-stage spray unit direct-contact heat exchanger outlet (19) is provided with blower fan (10) and improves the power that flue gas is got rid of, solve the problem that smoke evacuation is short of power.
CN201610598012.8A 2016-07-27 2016-07-27 System for recycling fuel gas and flue gas waste heat in multistage mode Pending CN106016835A (en)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109737447A (en) * 2019-01-21 2019-05-10 广东双燃节能环保科技有限公司 A kind of boiler heat-energy recovery system
CN113007921A (en) * 2021-04-01 2021-06-22 煤科院节能技术有限公司 Boiler waste heat cascade utilization and deep water heat recovery system based on absorption heat pump
CN113324260A (en) * 2021-04-01 2021-08-31 昊姆(上海)节能科技有限公司 Open type absorption and open type generation heat pump system and method for improving boiler efficiency

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103105078A (en) * 2013-02-07 2013-05-15 清华大学 Multi-stage side spray type spray cooling system used for flue gas waste heat recovery
WO2014189248A1 (en) * 2013-05-23 2014-11-27 포스코에너지 주식회사 System for producing heat source for heating or electricity using medium/low temperature waste heat and method for controlling same
CN205383632U (en) * 2016-02-24 2016-07-13 陈丽萍 Natural gas waste heat of boiler flue gas cascade utilization system
CN205825498U (en) * 2016-07-27 2016-12-21 陈丽萍 A kind of system of multistage recovery combustion gas fume afterheat

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103105078A (en) * 2013-02-07 2013-05-15 清华大学 Multi-stage side spray type spray cooling system used for flue gas waste heat recovery
WO2014189248A1 (en) * 2013-05-23 2014-11-27 포스코에너지 주식회사 System for producing heat source for heating or electricity using medium/low temperature waste heat and method for controlling same
CN205383632U (en) * 2016-02-24 2016-07-13 陈丽萍 Natural gas waste heat of boiler flue gas cascade utilization system
CN205825498U (en) * 2016-07-27 2016-12-21 陈丽萍 A kind of system of multistage recovery combustion gas fume afterheat

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109737447A (en) * 2019-01-21 2019-05-10 广东双燃节能环保科技有限公司 A kind of boiler heat-energy recovery system
CN113007921A (en) * 2021-04-01 2021-06-22 煤科院节能技术有限公司 Boiler waste heat cascade utilization and deep water heat recovery system based on absorption heat pump
CN113324260A (en) * 2021-04-01 2021-08-31 昊姆(上海)节能科技有限公司 Open type absorption and open type generation heat pump system and method for improving boiler efficiency

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