CN105993086B - 用于电池的开关装置及具有这种开关装置的电池 - Google Patents

用于电池的开关装置及具有这种开关装置的电池 Download PDF

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CN105993086B
CN105993086B CN201580009047.7A CN201580009047A CN105993086B CN 105993086 B CN105993086 B CN 105993086B CN 201580009047 A CN201580009047 A CN 201580009047A CN 105993086 B CN105993086 B CN 105993086B
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于电池2的开关装置1，其中该开关装置1能通过声谐振效应来操作以中断该电池2的对外导电线。本发明还涉及电池2，其具有用于断开电池2的对外导电线的电动操作的功率开关21和至少一个这种开关装置1，其中该功率开关21和该开关装置1串联。

Description

用于电池的开关装置及具有这种开关装置的电池
背景技术
不久前，为了加强减少内燃机驱动的机动车的排放，研发出混合动力概念或纯电驱动概念，它们以纯电动车或混合动力车形式加入道路交通中。为此所需的电机按马达运行和发电机运行方式的运行的前提是各自车辆中有相应的蓄电器，在这里，正好在电动车辆中常需要数百伏电压且作为蓄电器所使用的电池在此须提供高达数百千瓦的功率。作为这种电池的例子，尤其采用被称为牵引用电池的、若干独立蓄电池单池的联合体，它们因高效和蓄电能力强的缘故而具有高的电压电位，这对于车辆乘客并且也对于在也被称为车祸的事故情况下的救援者来说可能是危险的危险来源，例如因为由此造成的火灾、爆炸或类似情况的危险。
现在，为了一方面通过遵守蓄电池的允许电压范围保证所需要的使用安全性且另一方面提供在事故情况下的安全性，通常采用所谓的电池管理系统。电池管理系统尤其用于防止若干蓄电池单池或整个电池的可能引发电池燃烧或爆炸的失控短路。因此，已知的电池管理系统的一部分尤其也是用于在全电动车辆或半电动车辆出事故时降低人员风险的安全装置，其如此构造，即主电池与相应的耗电负载的连接可以在发生事故时被断开。
作为这种用于在车祸时避免对人员高危的电压电位的安全装置的例子，DE102011013182A1描述了一种在电动车的牵引用电池上的装置，其中设有各种隔离机构，它们按照预定的标准将蓄电池单池相互隔离以及与车辆电路隔离。所述隔离机构在此是手动操纵的安全开关，它尤其包含手动紧急开关以及基于无线电的可外部操纵的用于触发单池组隔离过程的开关元件。所述安全开关在DE102011013182A1中以常见的通电的配电继电器或者电子功率开关形式构成，其需要电流源以便能被操纵。
这种电子功率开关的工作原理的示意图可以从图5中得到，在此，电动操作的功率开关91可以断开电池92与功率接收器93如电动车的或混合动力车的电动机之间的电连接。但是，为此所需的可用以控制功率开关91以断开所述电连接的电信号可能因车辆自身常见的12伏电池由事故决定的失效而或许不再是无故障的或根本无法再被提供。因此，无法总能可靠保证电池92与功率接收器93之间的断开。但是，因事故而受损的、在电池和耗电负载之间具有接通的电流连接的电动车或混合动力车可能将急救员、救援者以及乘客本身置于严重的危险中。
发明内容
现在，为了解决已知现有技术的上述问题，本发明提供一种用于电池且最好是用于电动车或混合动力车的充电电池的开关装置，其中该开关装置可通过声谐振效应被操作，以断开电池的对外导电线即电池与耗电负载例如电动机之间的电连接。因此，本发明的一个主要方面在于，作为常见的电动操作的功率开关的替代或补充，设有另一个开关装置，它可以通过非接触信号被操作并且不从车辆电池例如按标准设置的12伏车载电池获取电流。由此可以实现在电动车或混合动力车内的电流供应的可靠中断。术语“声谐振效应”与此相关地代表与声音相关的谐振对本发明开关装置的效应或作用，即通过开关装置固有频率的谐振提升，它由借助目标明确的声波的至少一次激振被触发。这种因目标明确的声波而出现的、也被称为定向特定谐振频率信号的谐振触发信号优选具有预定的方向特性，其中该声波信号由功率强劲的定向细声束或细音束构成并可被用于对准小的目标。所述目标可以通过该定向声音信号被激励谐振，在此，可以通过谐振提升而做到目标破坏。为此，根据本发明的开关装置是一种也被称为紧急断路开关的紧急开关。
为了现在通过这种谐振效应实现本发明的开关装置的操作，它最好具有至少一个通过弹簧件被预紧的容器，该容器通过声谐振或换言之通过声音激振而可能破坏其谐振频率。该弹簧件且最好是螺旋弹簧、碟簧或类似件通过抵接弹簧地安置该容器而被预压紧，由此在弹簧件内积蓄弹簧能量。在与声谐振相关地损坏了该容器之后，该弹簧件可伸长，由此该开关装置被打开，例如做法是支承该容器的一个元件即支承件例如用作作为导电线一部分的接触底板的板通过该弹簧件被顶离导电线，并且相应地断开导电线。最好在此使该支承件移动离开导电线，从而也能中断在大致450伏时的例如1000安培或更高的大电流。作为本发明开关装置的一部分的容器最好是空心体，它由易碎材料构成。由此，可以通过声谐振效应实现容器的可靠破坏。这样的易碎材料在此可以是陶瓷材料如高岭石或类似材料或者玻璃材料如碱石灰玻璃或类似材料。为了能可靠打破容器，最好须遇到容器的相关谐振频率，该信号须具有所需的声强或声功率，且须尽量准确地用细窄成形的声束击中所述目标即容器以便尽量强地激励容器的谐振提升。容器材料为此必须是精心挑选的且与声音信号协调，从而谐振效应不会出现在车辆正常行驶状态中。另外，该谐振频率也必须是精心挑选的，从而触发的声音信号不会与其它的无线应用重叠或其它无线应用不会在容器中引起谐振效应。为了防止对车辆或车辆电池的破坏行为，必须保持该容器的谐振频率对所有参与乘客是隐秘的。
尤其还为了能够阻止在突出的支承件和导电线之间可能有的也被称为电弧放电的电弧，本发明开关装置的容器可以具有惰性气体例如环保的灭弧气体，其最好包含二氧化碳、氩气或氮气。因此，通过在容器破损时释放惰性气体，可以获得在支承件和导电线之间的潜在生成的电弧的快速灭弧或消灭，由此可以获得导电线在容器损坏后的可靠中断。
根据本发明的另一个观点，提供一种具有用于中断电池的对外导电线的可电动操作的功率开关及至少一个如上所述的开关装置的电池，其中所述功率开关和开关装置串联，即在导电线中前后布置，从而该开关装置能在可电动操作的功率开关对此不再有能力的情况下造成导电线的中断。为了在车辆事故情况下在事故地点允许急救员或救护者识别在该电池中的本发明开关装置的开关状态，该开关装置可从外侧看到地安置在电池的壳体中，最好是设于该壳体内的视窗中，通过该视窗可以从电池外面看到容器状态即容器完好无损或受损的状态，进而看到开关装置的开关状态，并且可以相应地评估由电池带来的潜在危险。为了通过声音作用破坏本发明开关装置的容器，可以在电池中或电池上设有用于输出声音信号的信号发送器，例如膜片式发射器或类似物。
作为其替代方式，也可以在电池外设置这样的信号发送器，例如以救援者的所提供的辅助工具形式，只要输出的声音信号能以足够高的强度一直前进至该开关装置。但在任何情况下须限制谐振信号的波谱，从而通过信号发送器的输出功率产生在由开关装置形成的紧急开关和声音信号发送器之间的有效的柔软起伏(Weichreite)，例如为0.5米或更短。该信号发送器还可以最好具有自身的电流源例如自身为此设置的电池，用于保证信号发送器的功能。
尤其为了识别在开关装置附近存在气体，电池还可以具有气体传感器，其例如能确定惰性气体流出该容器，即容器损坏或破损。由此，基本可以确认虽然不一定操作该开关装置但气体可以流出容器的容器轻微损坏，并且对外发信表示需要维修开关装置等，例如通过更换开关装置或至少更换开关装置的容器。
最后，本发明的电池基本可以由多个蓄电池单池构成的联合体构成，最好由锂离子电池的联合体或结合体构成，它们可以众所周知地作为电源被用在电动车或混合动力车中。
针对电动车的或混合动力车的电池，本发明的开关装置除了提供通常已设有的用于中断在车辆的电池和耗电负载之间的导电线的可电动操作的功率开关外，还提供附加的中断开关。但该附加的紧急开关未利用与事故相关地受到失效威胁的12伏车载电池，而是与车辆电流无关地或者说与12伏车载电池无关地工作。由此可以保证在事故情况下的导电线的中断，如果可电动操作的功率开关失效，从而通过破坏在电池和耗电负载之间的导电线来保护急救员、救护者或还有乘客自身免于电击。
附图说明
图1示出具有处于接通状态的根据本发明优选实施方式的开关装置的电动车的电路示意图；
图2示出具有处于打开状态的根据本发明优选实施方式的开关装置的图1所示的电动车电路的示意图；
图3示出具有用于处于接通状态的如图1和图2所示的开关装置的容器的视窗的电池；
图4示出如图3所示的、具有用于处于打开状态的如图1和图2所示的开关装置的容器的视窗的电池；
图5示出根据现有技术的电动车的电路的示意图。
具体实施方式
在图1和图2中示出本发明的开关装置1的优选实施方式，其基于图5所示的现有技术在电动车或混合动力车的电池2和作为功率负载的电动机3之间与电动操作的功率开关21串联地布置在导电线4中。功率开关21在图1和图2中确实如图所示位于电池2外，但其最好是电池2的一体组成部分。功率开关21由(未示出)12伏车载电池供应电流。如图1所示处于接通状态的且此时电池2和电动机3之间的导电线是接通的开关装置1与功率开关21相似地如图所示位于电池2外，但也最好是电池2的一体组成部分。功率开关21在接通状态下接通导电线4的触点41、42之间的接触。开关装置1与12伏车载电池(未示出)无关。根据优选实施方式的开关装置1基本由在此优选实施方式中呈螺旋弹簧形式的弹簧件11构成，该弹簧在一侧与一个支承件一体连接并在另一侧被固定，例如固定在一个固定不动的部件112上。在此优选实施方式中呈具有弹簧头部的板111形式的支承件支承或保持容器12，该容器在其与板111对置的一侧被固定就位，例如通过接触面113。板111具有多个触点1111和1112，其中，触点1111在开关装置1接通状态下与导电线4的一个触点43接触，而触点1112在开关装置1接通状态下与导电线4的一个触点44接触。容器12被夹紧在板111和接触面113之间，其中弹簧件11提供将板111压向容器12的预紧力。容器12在本发明开关装置1的优选实施方式中由空心玻璃容器构成，空心玻璃容器用惰性灭弧气体充满。在正常情况下即在车辆正常运行中，没有出现谐振激振频率并且容器12应保持完整无损。作为紧急开关的开关装置1为此保持在平衡状态下，此时容器12保持其外形。此时如此设定容器12的长度，即，板111在其触点1111、1112保持与导电线4的对应触点43、44的紧密接触。弹簧件11处于压紧状态，但在此压紧状态下该弹簧件因容器12完好无损而不会将板111顶离所述触点43、44。
在图2中，除了图1所示的零部件之外，还示出了信号发送器22，它如该图所示位于电池2外。信号发送器22能够例如在车辆事故情况下或是自动地或是依据指令发出声音信号221，该指令可以由乘客或急救员或救护者在事故地点发出。用于可靠破坏容器12的声音信号221须被选择成它遇到玻璃容器12的谐振频率，声音信号具有所需要的声强或声音功率且恰好对准容器12。如果满足这些前提条件，则容器12被激励谐振，容器12的外壁由此被破坏，即容器12的玻璃壁破碎，位于容器12内的惰性灭弧气体流出，尤其如图2所示。通过打破容器12，如图2所示通过破碎的容器12'，板111现在可以通过弹簧11被顶离其支承点，由此，开关装置1被打开且因而导电线4中断。通过这种方式方法，即便功率开关21如图2所示保持接通，导电线4也被中断。因此，换言之，在紧急情况下通过信号发送器22产生谐振激振，谐振激振不是自动触发的，而是由乘客、救护者或急救员人工触发的。开关装置1由此不再处于其平衡状态，因为容器12通过由信号发送器22产生的具有一定的声音谐振频率和一定的声音功率的谐振激振被置于谐振中，借此破碎并因而不再是完好无损的。由此使弹簧11能够伸长，由此，板111连同其触点1111、1112被顶离导电线4或触点43、44，因此导电线4中断。
图3和图4示出根据本发明优选实施方式的电池2。电池2在此具有作为电池壳的壳体20，其具有设于其中的视窗201用于目视控制容器12的完整性，在视窗至少部分看到开关装置1。此外，在图3中能看到处于正常的完好无损状态即在事故前的车辆正常状态下的电池2，其中该开关装置1处于接通状态。这可以如此来识别，能在视窗201内看到完好无损的容器12。由此可以得出板111的触点1111、1112与导电线4的触点43、44紧密接触，由此，导电线4未被中断。即，如图3所示的视图是呈现给观看者的图像，观看者查看在开关装置1未触发状态下的电池2。如果开关装置1现在要被触发以便例如在事故情况下保护观看者免于电击，则可以利用相应的信号发送器22对准视窗201且因此准确对准容器12，并通过呈声波或声波信号形式的信号输出将其破坏，而不必接触电池2。
与之相比，图4所示的视图示出呈现给观看者的图像，观看者在查看在开关装置1已触发而打开状态下的电池2，例如在通过信号发送器22目标明确地将声音信号对准视窗201之后。此时，可以在视窗201内看到容器12'在其谐振激振之后不再是完好无损的，而是被破坏，并且板111被向上顶离，由此，板111的触点1111、1112被顶离导电线4的触点43、44，因而导电线4被中断。观看者因此能够得出电池2不再通过施加电流而对他是危险。
作为本发明的优选应用领域，考虑用于电动车或混合动力车的牵引用蓄电池。但也可以想到本发明的开关装置1的其它应用领域，例如用在使用者应该能够人工中断电池的电流导电的电池应用中。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于电池(2)的开关装置(1)，其中，所述开关装置(1)能通过声谐振效应被操作以断开所述电池(2)的对外导电线。
2.根据权利要求1所述的开关装置(1)，其中，所述开关装置(1)具有至少一个通过弹簧件(11)被预紧的容器(12)，所述容器能通过声谐振被损坏。
3.根据权利要求2所述的开关装置(1)，其中，所述容器(12)是由易碎材料构成的空心体。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的开关装置(1)，其中，所述容器(12)由陶瓷材料或玻璃材料构成。
5.根据权利要求2所述的开关装置(1)，其中，所述容器(12)具有惰性气体。
6.根据权利要求5所述的开关装置(1)，其中，所述惰性气体是灭弧气体。
7.根据权利要求5所述的开关装置(1)，其中，所述惰性气体是氩气。
8.根据权利要求2所述的开关装置(1)，其中，所述容器(12)具有二氧化碳或氮气。
9.一种电池(2)，具有用于断开所述电池(2)的对外导电线的电动操作的功率开关(21)和至少一个根据权利要求1至8之一所述的开关装置(1)，其中所述功率开关(21)和所述开关装置(1)串联。
10.根据权利要求9所述的电池(2)，其中，所述开关装置(1)从外面可见地设置在所述电池(2)的壳体(20)内。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的电池(2)，其中，所述电池(2)还具有用于输出声音信号的信号发送器(22)。
12.根据权利要求9所述的电池(2)，其中，所述电池(2)还具有气体传感器。
13.根据权利要求9所述的电池(2)，其中，所述电池(2)具有多个蓄电池单池的联合体。
14.根据权利要求10所述的电池(2)，其中，所述开关装置(1)设于所述壳体(20)内的视窗(201)中。
15.根据权利要求13所述的电池(2)，其中，所述蓄电池单池是锂离子电池。
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