CN105981923A - Feed for portunus trituberculatus, and preparation and use methods for same - Google Patents
Feed for portunus trituberculatus, and preparation and use methods for same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105981923A CN105981923A CN201510039316.6A CN201510039316A CN105981923A CN 105981923 A CN105981923 A CN 105981923A CN 201510039316 A CN201510039316 A CN 201510039316A CN 105981923 A CN105981923 A CN 105981923A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- feed
- feedstuff
- bait
- flour
- blending ingredients
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Landscapes
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
Abstract
A feed for portunus trituberculatus, and preparation and use methods for the same. The feed is composed of 25-35% of minced fish, 64-74% of a fermented mixture component and 1-1.5% of sodium alginate. The fermented mixture component is prepared by fermenting the following components, including 23-27% of fishmeal, 45-55% of soybean meal, 18-22% of flour, 0.5-1.5% of seaweed powder and 3-5% of shrimp shell powder, with lactobacillus plantarum, yeast and bacillus subtilis according to the ratio of 2.9-3.1:0.9-1.1:0.9-1.1. The diameter of the feed is 4-6 mm and the length is 1-2 cm. During breeding, more than four feed benches are disposed in one breeding pool strictly, wherein each feed bench covers a certain breeding zone, and feeding quantity is strictly controlled according to residual feed in the feed bench. If the feed leaves in a feed bench, the feed adding quantity to this zone is reduced in the next day, while the feed adding quantity to the other zones without left feed is correspondingly maintained or increased, thereby achieving regional fine feeding management in the breeding pool. The feed is simple in process, has good palatability, is more environment-friendly than single fresh and alive feeds, and is also higher in utilization rate.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of aquaculture, relate to a kind of portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff and preparation and application thereof.
Background technology
Portunus trytuberculatus popular name swimming crab, be distributed mainly on Liaoning of China, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang,
The marine sites such as Fujian, are one of important outlet best sellers of China, and cultivation scale remains high always.Cultivate swimming crab at present
Bait rely primarily on catches of throwing the net, and commodity mixed feed is the most under test.Wherein throw the net catches due to
Quality is unstable, and easily corrupt, its utilization rate is relatively low, and due to raiser often by small fish without any process, directly
Connecing and shed culture pond and throw something and feed, the most excessively bait throwing in or bait throwing in is not enough, and residual bait easily causes water quality deterioration, and discharge is useless
In water, nitrogen, phosphorus, COD exceed standard.Commodity mixed feed, in terms of current application result, is not met by the battalion in full stage
The demand of supporting.
Currently also be related to the fragmentary report of portunus trytuberculatus feed applications, be the most all fresh food is squeezed into minced fish after
It is simply mixed with some conventional feed raw materials, and employs substantial amounts of binding agent, be squeezed into noodles shape.This feedstuff is sought
Forming and point there is shortcoming the most comprehensively, and do not consider that swimming crab ingests feature, it is to use big chela to clamp to ingest that swimming crab ingests,
Bait is long, is easily broken off causing loss.
It addition, generally swimming crab cultivation bait throwing in is the uniform bait throwing in full pond, observe and test discovery through long-term cultivation: be subject to
Culturing pool environment, weather environment and own health reason, swimming crab is not equally distributed in the distribution of pond bottom,
Therefore it is likely to occur certain region swimming crab concentration of culturing pool to perch, and daily ration, feeding quantity is on the low side or excess, causes the bait of local
Not enough or a large amount of phenomenons remained, it is therefore necessary to carry out the finest aquaculture management, be conducive to improving bait utilization.
Summary of the invention
First technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide a kind of comprehensive nutrition, good palatability, digestibility height
And the portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff that water column stability is strong.
Second technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide that a kind of formula is reasonable, the simple portunus trytuberculatus of technique is raised
The preparation method of material.
The three wart shuttles that 3rd technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide a kind of scientific culture, bait is finely thrown something and fed
The using method of Eriocheir sinensis feedstuff.
The present invention solves the technical scheme that above-mentioned first technical problem used: a kind of portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff, and it is special
Levy and be: described portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff is by 25～35% minced fish, 64～74% fermentation blending ingredients and 1～1.5% alginic acid
The soft pellet diet of sodium composition, wherein fermentation blending ingredients is by 23～the fish flour of 27%, 45～55% bean cake, 18～22%
Powder, 0.5～1.5% Sargassum powder, 3～5% shrimp shell meal fermented prepared, zymophyte powder is Lactobacillus plantarum, yeast and withered
The mixed vaccine of grass bacillus cereus proportioning by a certain percentage, above-mentioned percentage ratio is mass percent.
As preferably, described portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff is by 30% minced fish, 69% fermentation blending ingredients and 1% sodium alginate group
Becoming, wherein fermentation blending ingredients is the fish flour by 25%, 50% bean cake, 20% flour, 1% Sargassum powder, 4% shrimp shell meal warp
Fermentation prepares, and above-mentioned percentage ratio is mass percent.
As preferably, the thickness of described portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff controls at 4mm～6mm, and length controls 1～2cm.
The present invention solves the technical scheme that above-mentioned second technical problem used: the preparation of a kind of portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff
Method, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
1) mix thoroughly with suitable quantity of water with zymophyte powder after fish flour, bean cake, flour, Sargassum powder, shrimp shell meal being weighed in proportion,
Sealing and fermenting 3-5 days obtains the blending ingredients that ferments；
2) take chilled catches blender of throwing the net and rub into minced fish；
3) minced fish is mixed with fermentation blending ingredients, sodium alginate, be placed in fodder mixing machine and fully mix, with granulation
Grinding tool is squeezed into the feedstuff of 4mm 6mm thickness, then is cut into the soft pellet diet of a length of 1-2cm；
4) finally the feedstuff prepared is dried cold preservation.
As improvement, described zymophyte powder is according to mass ratio by Lactobacillus plantarum, yeast and bacillus subtilis
The proportions of 2.9～3.1:0.9～1.1:0.9～1.1 (preferably 3:1:1) forms, during fermentation, by zymophyte powder with 20～30%
Water dissolution, and add the brown sugar of 1-3% mass, place 0.5～1 hour after mixing, then mix thoroughly with blending ingredients and carry out sending out
Ferment, addition is 1 (wt) ‰-10 (wt) ‰, preferably 1 (wt) ‰-5 (wt) ‰.
The present invention solves above-mentioned 3rd technical scheme that technical problem is used: a kind of portunus trytuberculatus soft pellet diet
Using method, it is characterised in that use regionality to become more meticulous bait throwing in, method particularly includes: culture pond is divided into 4 deciles
Or the culturing area that more area is impartial, each culturing area is laid a bait table, is controlled bait throwing according to the residual bait of bait table
Amount, has the region of the bait table of residual bait, reduces bait throwing in every other day, without residual bait bait table region the most corresponding keep or
Increase daily ration, feeding quantity.
Compared with prior art, it is an advantage of the current invention that: by conventional feed raw material after probiotics fermention, can promote
Enter the release of raw material Middle nutrition material, it is simple to the digestion of ingesting of cultivated animals, thus promote the utilization rate of bait, and due to
Containing abundant fatty acid and probiotic bacteria in raw material after fermentation, cultivated animals intestinal health can be promoted, improve cultivation success rate.
1, the portunus trytuberculatus feed formula of the present invention is reasonable, wherein only used the minced fish of 30%, other 69% mix
Charge-coupled point obtains through probiotics fermentation, and blending ingredients is after probiotics is fermented, and its nutritional labeling is strengthened
And modification, promote the release of raw material Middle nutrition material, it is simple to the digestion of ingesting of cultivated animals, thus promote the utilization of bait
Rate, and owing to raw material after fermentation containing abundant fatty acid and probiotic bacteria, cultivated animals intestinal health can be promoted, improve and support
Growing success rate, it is more preferable that existing feedstuff palatability compared by the bait therefore made, and its probiotic ingredient contained is to shuttle
The intestinal health of Eriocheir sinensis has good improvement result；
2, the fine bait-throwing method of the portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff that the present invention provides takes full advantage of the biological characteristics of swimming crab
Property, decrease bait waste, there is important practice meaning；
Preparation technology of the present invention is simple, and feedstuff good palatability overcomes fresh and alive efficiency of feed utilization low, and the molten mistake of normal diet is high
Shortcoming, than tradition, simple fresh food of throwing something and feeding is more environmentally friendly, bait utilization is the highest, and can reduce water pollution,
Ecological benefits are obvious with economic benefit.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail.
Embodiment 1
To produce diameter 4mm, as a example by the swimming crab soft pellet diet 100kg of length 1cm, by 17.25kg fish flour, 34.5kg
Bean cake, 13.8kg flour, 0.69kg Sargassum powder, the mixing of 2.76kg shrimp shell meal, take 50kg aforementioned mixture material, by 30g
Lactobacillus plantarum, 10g yeast, 10g bacillus subtilis 12kg water dissolution, add 1.2kg brown sugar.Mixing is put
Put 1 hour, mix with blending ingredients with probiotics aqueous solution, sealing and fermenting 3 days, take out standby, take the chilled of freezing
Throw the net catches 30kg, rubs into minced fish with blender after defrosting, by brown to minced fish and above-mentioned 69kg fermentation component, 1kg
Sodium alginate is sufficiently stirred for mixing.It is placed in fodder mixing machine, uses the granulation grinding tool of 4mm, be squeezed into soft pellet diet,
Artificial or machine, is cut into the feedstuff of 1cm length.After the feedstuff prepared slightly dries, can 0 DEG C of stored under refrigeration 7 days.
This culture pond, for the swimming crab culture pond of long 30m width 20m, is divided into 4 regions by above-mentioned feedstuff, four
Angle Position, 4 bait table of 3 meters of offshore limit placement, in bait table, placing bait accounts for the 1% of this region daily ration, feeding quantity.Bait throwing in
Observing after 1 hour and 2 hours, if certain bait table has residual bait, this bait table feeding volume next day reduces 10%, if certain
Bait table is without residual bait, and it is complete to ingest in 1 hour, then next day, this region daily ration, feeding quantity increased by 20%.
Embodiment 2
To produce diameter 6mm, as a example by the swimming crab soft pellet diet 200kg of length 2cm, by 34.5kg fish flour, 69kg
Bean cake, 27.6kg flour, 1.38kg Sargassum powder, the mixing of 5.52kg shrimp shell meal, take 100kg aforementioned mixture material, by 60g
Lactobacillus plantarum, 20g yeast, 20g bacillus subtilis 26kg water dissolution, add 2.5kg brown sugar.Mixing is put
Put 1 hour, mix with blending ingredients with probiotics aqueous solution, sealing and fermenting 5 days, take out standby, take the chilled of freezing
Throw the net catches 60kg, rubs into minced fish with blender after defrosting, by brown to minced fish and above-mentioned 138kg fermentation component, 2kg
Sodium alginate is sufficiently stirred for mixing.It is placed in fodder mixing machine, uses the granulation grinding tool of 6mm, be squeezed into soft pellet diet,
Artificial or machine, is cut into the feedstuff of 2cm length.After the feedstuff prepared slightly dries, can 0 DEG C of stored under refrigeration 7 days.
This culture pond, for the swimming crab culture pond of long 60m width 40m, is divided into 4 regions by above-mentioned feedstuff, four
Angle Position, 4 bait table of 3 meters of offshore limit placement, in bait table, placing bait accounts for the 1.5% of this daily ration, feeding quantity.Bait throwing in 1
Hour and after 3 hours observe, if certain bait table has residual bait, this bait table feeding volume next day reduce 20%, if certain bait
Material platform is without residual bait, and it is complete to ingest in 1 hour, then next day, this region daily ration, feeding quantity increased by 20%.
Application Example 3
In 3, Deng Bu township, Zhoushan, swimming crab culture pond carries out pilot plant test, and culture pond area is respectively 15 mu, 18 mu
With 33 mu, culture pond is respectively provided with bait table 4,8 and 10.From swimming crab specification at about 50g, entirely
This soft pellet diet of Cheng Caiyong cultivates, 2 months by a definite date.Compared with the culture pond that periphery uses fresh and alive material, swimming crab
Average size reaches 280g, and the speed of growth promotes 15%, and culture pond water colour is stable, and the water such as rubescent, the blackout of water colour do not occur
Matter deteriorates symptom, and in water body, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite are substantially less than the fresh food pool, and wastewater discharge reduces by 20% accordingly.
Claims (6)
1. a portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff, it is characterised in that: described portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff be by 25～35% minced fish,
64～74% fermentation blending ingredients and 1～1.5% sodium alginate composition soft pellet diet, wherein fermentation blending ingredients be by
23～the fish flour of 27%, 45～55% bean cake, 18～22% flour, 0.5～1.5% Sargassum powder, 3～5% shrimp shell meal fermented prepare
, zymophyte powder is the mycopowder using Lactobacillus plantarum, yeast and bacillus subtilis to mix according to a certain percentage, on
Stating percentage ratio is mass percent.
Portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff is
By 30% minced fish, 69% fermentation blending ingredients and 1% sodium alginate form, wherein fermentation blending ingredients be the fish flour by 25%,
50% bean cake, 20% flour, 1% Sargassum powder, 4% shrimp shell meal are fermented prepares, and above-mentioned percentage ratio is mass percent.
Portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff the most according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that: described portunus trytuberculatus is raised
The thickness of material controls at 4mm～6mm, and length controls 1～2cm.
4. the preparation method of a portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that include
Following steps:
1) mix thoroughly with suitable quantity of water with zymophyte powder after fish flour, bean cake, flour, Sargassum powder, shrimp shell meal being weighed in proportion,
Sealing and fermenting 3-5 days obtains the blending ingredients that ferments；
2) take chilled catches blender of throwing the net and rub into minced fish；
3) minced fish is mixed with fermentation blending ingredients, sodium alginate, be placed in fodder mixing machine and fully mix, with granulation
Grinding tool is squeezed into the feedstuff of 4mm～6mm thickness, then is cut into the soft pellet diet of a length of 1～2cm；
4) finally the feedstuff prepared is dried cold preservation.
Preparation method the most according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: described zymophyte powder be by Lactobacillus plantarum,
Yeast and bacillus subtilis form according to the proportions of mass ratio 2.9～3.1:0.9～1.1:0.9～1.1, during fermentation, and will
Zymophyte powder is with 20～the water dissolution of 30%, and adds the brown sugar of 1-3% mass, places 0.5～1 hour after mixing, then with
Blending ingredients is mixed thoroughly and is fermented, and addition is 1 (wt) ‰-10 (wt) ‰.
6. the using method of a portunus trytuberculatus feedstuff according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that use
Regionality becomes more meticulous bait throwing in, method particularly includes: culture pond is divided into 4 deciles or the impartial culturing area of more area,
Each culturing area lays a bait table, controls daily ration, feeding quantity according to the residual bait of bait table, has the region of the bait table of residual bait,
Reduce bait throwing in every other day, without the most corresponding holding of bait table region or the increase daily ration, feeding quantity of residual bait.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510039316.6A CN105981923B (en) | 2015-01-27 | 2015-01-27 | Portunus trituberculatus Miers feed and its preparation and application |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510039316.6A CN105981923B (en) | 2015-01-27 | 2015-01-27 | Portunus trituberculatus Miers feed and its preparation and application |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105981923A true CN105981923A (en) | 2016-10-05 |
| CN105981923B CN105981923B (en) | 2019-11-15 |
Family
ID=57034230
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510039316.6A Active CN105981923B (en) | 2015-01-27 | 2015-01-27 | Portunus trituberculatus Miers feed and its preparation and application |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN105981923B (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107836600A (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2018-03-27 | 上海创博生态工程有限公司 | A kind of additive for microbe feedstuff for optimizing swimming crab meat and preparation method thereof |
| CN108029478A (en) * | 2017-11-24 | 2018-05-15 | 镇江华优生态农业科技有限公司 | A kind of cultural method of rice field button crab |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101744150A (en) * | 2010-01-27 | 2010-06-23 | 盐城工学院 | Juvenile horse crab feed formula and processing method thereof |
| CN101790965A (en) * | 2010-02-04 | 2010-08-04 | 浙江省海洋水产研究所 | Artificial culture method for Portunus trituberculatus |
| CN102018153A (en) * | 2010-12-30 | 2011-04-20 | 宁波海川水产饲料有限公司 | Feed for portunus trituberculatus miers |
-
2015
- 2015-01-27 CN CN201510039316.6A patent/CN105981923B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101744150A (en) * | 2010-01-27 | 2010-06-23 | 盐城工学院 | Juvenile horse crab feed formula and processing method thereof |
| CN101790965A (en) * | 2010-02-04 | 2010-08-04 | 浙江省海洋水产研究所 | Artificial culture method for Portunus trituberculatus |
| CN102018153A (en) * | 2010-12-30 | 2011-04-20 | 宁波海川水产饲料有限公司 | Feed for portunus trituberculatus miers |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108029478A (en) * | 2017-11-24 | 2018-05-15 | 镇江华优生态农业科技有限公司 | A kind of cultural method of rice field button crab |
| CN107836600A (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2018-03-27 | 上海创博生态工程有限公司 | A kind of additive for microbe feedstuff for optimizing swimming crab meat and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN105981923B (en) | 2019-11-15 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102090537B (en) | Rockfish powdery compound feed | |
| CN101965932B (en) | Freshwater fish feeding promoting agent | |
| CN102805261B (en) | Soft pellet large yellow croaker and juvenile fish compound feed | |
| CN110731417B (en) | Microbial fermentation feed for crayfish and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103461727B (en) | Lamb grain feed supplementary granule and preparation method | |
| CN110150495B (en) | Fully fermented livestock and poultry complete feed and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN104431392A (en) | Sheep-fattening total mixed rations particle feed and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103211127A (en) | Grass carp feed and preparation method thereof | |
| CN104489405A (en) | Fish feed and production process thereof | |
| CN102771677A (en) | Soft-granule pseudosciaena crocea juvenile compound feed | |
| CN103583918B (en) | Formula and production method of puffed feed for speckled trouts | |
| CN103989009A (en) | Sea cucumber shelf-stable fermented fresh material and production method thereof | |
| CN105104893A (en) | Special-purpose puffing compound feed for mugil soiuy | |
| CN107361253A (en) | A kind of feed for promoting Penaeus Vannmei growth | |
| CN102771679A (en) | Soft-granule pseudosciaena crocea medium compound feed | |
| CN109497262A (en) | Utilize the method for wet basis fermentation raw material preparation sheep feed and the sheep feed of preparation | |
| CN104938863A (en) | Emulsified powdered oil and fat used for pig fodder and preparation method thereof | |
| CN105981923A (en) | Feed for portunus trituberculatus, and preparation and use methods for same | |
| CN104621346A (en) | Preparation method of biological feed | |
| CN104161223B (en) | For the compound prescription feed of Portunus trituberculatus Miers cultivation | |
| CN103283994A (en) | All-expanded pellet feed for foxes, and preparation method thereof | |
| CN109845879A (en) | A kind of attractant drop ammonia deodorization micro ecological pig concentrated feed and its manufacture craft | |
| CN105341508A (en) | Puffing feed for carassius auratus gibelio and preparation method of puffing feed | |
| CN104072298A (en) | High-safety high-efficiency environment-friendly biological fish fertilizer and preparation method thereof | |
| CN108967719A (en) | A kind of laying hen special feed |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |