CN105971743B - 用于运行至少暂时用气体运行的内燃机的方法 - Google Patents

用于运行至少暂时用气体运行的内燃机的方法 Download PDF

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CN105971743B
CN105971743B CN201610138353.7A CN201610138353A CN105971743B CN 105971743 B CN105971743 B CN 105971743B CN 201610138353 A CN201610138353 A CN 201610138353A CN 105971743 B CN105971743 B CN 105971743B
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W.朗格尔
F.迈尔
M.比拉克
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Abstract

在一种用于运行至少暂时用气体运行的内燃机的方法中，为内燃机配设至少一个用于后处理内燃机的废气的催化器。在内燃机的进给切断（20）之后，在内燃机复原时，内燃机在转换（40）到用气体运行之前暂时用一种由空气和液态的燃料构成的混合物运行（30）。

Description

用于运行至少暂时用气体运行的内燃机的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于运行至少暂时用气体运行的内燃机的方法，该内燃机配设有至少一个用于后处理内燃机的废气的催化器。
背景技术
已知若干机动车，它们用气体以及特别是用天然气作为燃料来运行。因为天然气在大气的正常压力下具有较小的能量密度，所以天然气通常以压缩的形式（CNG：压缩天然气）被使用。此外，液化天然气（LNG：液化天然气）的使用是公知的。天然气车辆通常配备有作为驱动总成的内燃机，该内燃机原则上对应传统的汽油马达。这种内燃机可以用天然气以及备选或附加地用液态的燃料例如汽油或柴油运行。已知若干CNG发动机，它们装备有两套完整的喷射装置，因而可以进行汽油喷射或柴油喷射以及天然气的吹入。
德国公开文本DE 10 2006 030 495 A1具有一种用于运行既能用气体也能用汽油点火的内燃机的方法作为内容，在该内燃机中，在气体运行时，为了内燃机的运行工况的若干预先确定的变化，除了气体运行外还在时间上受限地这样长时间地调整汽油质量流量或柴油质量流量以达到被改变的运行工况，直至气体质量流量单独就能维持被改变的运行工况。
德国公开文本DE 101 46 063 A1说明了一种用于内燃机的运行方式切换的方法，该内燃机能用第一种液态的燃料以及能用第二种其它的燃料运行。在此，设一种能间接手动操纵的转换装置，其中，在运行期间到另一种燃料的转换仅当燃料供给的切断被激活且当前的运行工况能用另一种燃料调整时才可以进行。
发明优势
本发明提供了一种用于运行至少暂时用气体运行的内燃机的方法，其中，内燃机配设有至少一个用于后处理内燃机的废气的催化器。根据按本发明的方法，在内燃机切断进给之后，在内燃机复原时，内燃机在转换到用气体运行之前暂时用由空气和液态的燃料构成的混合物运行。通过这种措施可以在内燃机复原期间紧接在切断进给之后极大地改善在一个或若干催化器中的废气后处理。按本发明的方法因此尤其在减少有害物质排放方面提供了特殊的优势。依据在于，在发动机或内燃机切断进给期间，仅空气被移动通过内燃机和紧接其后的废气系统。由此用氧气加载催化器材料的表面。在内燃机中燃烧复原时，原始废气又进入催化器，其中，根据内燃机的运行点和空气燃料比例（λ）的不同，原始废气内包含了CO、H2、NOx以及未燃烧的燃料份额（HC）。当内燃机在这个阶段用大部分由甲烷构成的CNG运行时，那么用氧气覆盖的催化器就可以先是不转化以较高份额包含在原始废气中的甲烷（CH4），因而尤其在内燃机复原时在进给切断后，在内燃机的传统的运行方式中可以观察到CH4排放提高。这个问题按照本发明由此解决，即，在内燃机切断进给之后，在内燃机复原时，内燃机暂时（短时间的）用液态的燃料或用由空气和液态的燃料构成的混合物运行。在此指的是，在这个暂时的阶段期间没有气态的燃料被输入，而是仅液态的燃料被用于燃烧。表达方式“液态的”指的是，相应的燃料在环境温度下是液态的。液态的燃料优选是指汽油和/或柴油。就此而论，液态的燃料的其它的例子为生物柴油或菜籽油。
通过按本发明的方法实现的是，氧气在催化器的表面上相比传统的方法被更快地运送，因而甲烷和NOx的转化在内燃机复原后又很快就可行了。为此重要的是，内燃机在这个暂时的阶段中仅用液态的燃料运行，其中，相宜地使用合适的空气燃料比例。在此，总体上，更少的甲烷和NOx被释放到了环境中。通过用由空气和液态的燃料构成的混合物的暂时的运行，因而有利地减少了催化器的氧气加载，其中，为此所需的、用于利用由空气和液态的燃料构成的混合物的暂时的运行的持续时间可以与系统的相应的现实情况相匹配。这种用空气和液态的燃料的暂时的运行例如可以在1秒或几秒直至约10秒的持续时间内被执行。合适的持续时间相宜地根据空气燃料比例（λ）、废气质量流量和催化器的大小进行调整。可以为用空气和液态的燃料的暂时的运行的阶段预定固定的持续时间（预控）。作为附加或备选，这个阶段的结束以特别优选的方式使得与在排气系中达到特定的运行参数相关。例如可以为此使用布置在催化器下游的二元拉姆达传感器（“跃变传感器”）。当拉姆达传感器的电压信号从低的电压（例如＜0.2 V）转化到高的电压（例如＞0.7 V）时，例如可以结束用液态的燃料的阶段。
所述方法以优选的方式被使用于一种内燃机，该内燃机被设置用于用天然气特别是用经压缩的天然气（CNG）的运行。但相应地配备的机动车也可以例如被设置用于用液态的天然气（LNG）加料。
在按本发明的方法的一种特别优选的设计方案中，由空气和液态的燃料构成的、在内燃机的暂时的运行中在切断进给之后被使用的混合物使用亚化学计量的空气燃料比例（拉姆达（λ）＜1）。在空气和燃料的这个比例中，以特别有利的方式快速且有效地减少了催化器的氧气覆盖。此外同时减少了在这个阶段期间内燃机运行时的NOx原始排放。在此，向催化器提供在量上有所提升的形式为CO、H2和HC的还原剂，它们比CH4更具反应性，因而总体上有害物质排放在这个运行阶段中被减少。
按本发明的方法的一个特殊的优势在于，这个方法通常可以动用已经存在的用于液态的燃料的如汽油或柴油的喷射装置。因此在CNG发动机的已经公知的所谓的双燃料系统或单燃料系统中，除了用于其它的燃料（天然气）的进气系统外，经常存在用于汽油或其它的液态的燃料的喷射系统。
这种喷射系统被用于按本发明的目的。在此，用于液态的燃料的系统至少稍微被操作作为是对按本发明的方法的附加的利用，因而可以避免液态的燃料的老化和在相应的喷射阀上的沉积。
本发明此外还包括一种计算机程序，其设置用于执行所说明的方法。此外，本发明还包括一种机器可读的存储介质，其上储存着所说明的计算机程序，以及还包括一种电子的控制器，其被设置用于执行按本发明的方法。按本发明的方法作为计算机程序或作为能被机器读取的存储介质或作为电子的控制器的实施方案具有这样的优势，即，按本发明的方法可以毫无困难地也在现有的机动车中例如在加装的过程中被使用，因而按本发明的方法的优势尤其可以在优化的废气后处理方面得到利用。
本发明的其它的特征和优势由接下来结合附图对实施例的下列说明得出。在此，单个的特征分别可以单独地或相互组合地被实现。
附图示出了用于图示按本发明的方法的示意性流程图。
具体实施方式
在附图中示出的流程图在第一运行阶段10中图示了内燃机用气体特别是用天然气的符合标准的运行。天然气尤其涉及经压缩的天然气（CNG）。但相应地配备的机动车也可以例如被设置用液化天然气（LNG）加料。在配备有相应的内燃机的机动车的运行的框架内发生了切断进给（阶段20）。切断进给在此指的是这样一个阶段，在该阶段中，当内燃机不应或不必输出任何功率时，受控制地中断向内燃机的燃料供给。在此，内燃机通过其飞轮质量进一步被驱动，因而内燃机在一定程度上被推进。在对内燃机的相应的功率要求下需要内燃机的复原。在内燃机的这个复原阶段期间，内燃机在阶段30中按照本发明用一种由空气和液态的燃料构成的混合物，特别是用汽油和/或柴油运行。空气和液态的燃料的比例在此优选是亚化学计量的（λ＜1，浓混合物）。在进给阶段20期间积聚的氧气通过这种运行方式被快速运送到催化器的内部的表面上，因而甲烷和NOx在催化器表面上的转化很快又是可行的了。
尤其这样长时间地执行阶段30，直至催化器的氧气覆盖充分减少。阶段30可以例如在1秒或几秒至约10秒的时间间隔内被执行。在催化器下游的二元拉姆达传感器的信号可以被用作结束这个运行阶段的标准。若拉姆达传感器的信号从低的电压（例如＜0.2 V）变成高的电压（例如＞0.7 V），那么针对拉姆达调节的额定值又能够被设置到λ=1且可以结束阶段30。为此可以附加或备选地考虑到在一定时间内对这个运行阶段的持续时间的预控。也可以附加或备选地例如观察和考虑比如借助模型数据求出的催化器的O2载荷。在接下来的步骤40中进行转换到用气体的正常的运行中，例如转换到内燃机的常见的CNG运行中。

Claims (7)

1.一种用于运行至少暂时用气体运行的内燃机的方法，该内燃机带有至少一个用于对内燃机的废气进行后处理的催化器，其特征在于，在内燃机被切断进给（20）之后，在内燃机复原时，在被转换（40）到用气体运行之前暂时用由空气和液态的燃料构成的混合物运行（30）所述内燃机，内燃机被设置用于用天然气运行。
2.按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，通过用由空气和液态的燃料构成的混合物的暂时的运行（30）减小催化器的氧气加载。
3.按权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，内燃机被设置用于用经压缩的天然气运行。
4.按权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，液态的燃料是汽油和/或柴油。
5.按权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，在内燃机用由空气和液态的燃料构成的混合物暂时运行（30）时，使用亚化学计量的空气燃料比例。
6.一种能够由机器读取的存储介质，在该存储介质上储存了一种计算机程序，所述计算机程序被设置用于执行按权利要求1至5任一项所述的方法的步骤。
7.一种电子的控制器，其被设置用于执行按权利要求1至5任一项所述的方法的步骤。
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