CN115680842A - 用于控制点火时间和空气比例的用于动力总成的控制器 - Google Patents

用于控制点火时间和空气比例的用于动力总成的控制器 Download PDF

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CN115680842A
CN115680842A CN202210865935.0A CN202210865935A CN115680842A CN 115680842 A CN115680842 A CN 115680842A CN 202210865935 A CN202210865935 A CN 202210865935A CN 115680842 A CN115680842 A CN 115680842A
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controller
state
exhaust gas
determined
combustion engine
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韦雷纳·胡特
卢卡斯·菲尔尼希
安德烈·普福尔杰
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Fev Group Co ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
    • F01N3/106—Auxiliary oxidation catalysts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于动力总成(2)的控制器(1)，所述动力总成包括构成为氢气发动机的内燃机(3)和废气后处理系统(4)，所述控制器用于基于废气后处理系统的状态控制点火时间点和空气比例，其中废气后处理系统(4)包括DeNOx系统(5、6)，控制器构成和配置为执行以下步骤：求得(S10)废气后处理系统的状态；将求得的状态与预期的状态比较(S20)；如果比较得出，在求得的状态和预期的状态之间的偏差(Δz)大于阈值(S)，则基于求得的状态确定期望值(S30)和基于确定的期望值适配(S50)用于控制内燃机的基本校准；以及基于基本校准或适配的基本校准控制(S60)点火时间点和空气比例。

Description

用于控制点火时间和空气比例的用于动力总成的控制器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于动力总成的控制器，所述动力总成包括氢气发动机和废气后处理系统，所述控制器用于基于废气后处理系统的状态控制点火时间点和空气比例。
背景技术
从DE 10 2020 006 451 A1中已知用于动力总成的控制器，所述动力总成包括内燃机，所述控制器用于控制内燃机，使得调整废气的氢气含量。
从DE 10 2020 006 983 A1中已知一种用于动力总成的控制器，用于控制氢气的喷入量，所述动力总成包括内燃机。
发明内容
根据本发明的用于动力总成的控制器，其中所述动力总成包括内燃机和废气后处理系统，其中内燃机构成为氢气发动机并且所述废气后处理系统包括DeNOx系统，构成和配置为执行以下步骤：
-求得废气后处理系统的状态；
-将求得的状态与预期的状态比较；
-如果比较得出，在求得的状态和预期的状态之间的偏差大于阈值：
о基于求得的状态确定期望值，和
о基于确定的期望值适配用于控制内燃机的基本校准；和
-基于基本校准或适配的基本校准控制点火时间点和空气比例。
通过将控制器构成和配置为，基于基本校准或适配的基本校准控制点火时间点和空气比例，本发明可实现在正常运行下以及基于确定的期望值从而在考虑废气后处理系统的求得的状态的情况下控制内燃机。这尤其是有利的，以便以尽可能低的NOx排放运行内燃机。
在此，将配置用于用氢气作为燃料运行的内燃机理解为氢气发动机。在此，内燃机不仅可以借助氢气而且可以借助多种燃料运行。多种燃料的使用在此不仅包含在燃烧循环中使用多种燃料，而且包含在燃烧循环中使用仅一种燃料，其中内燃机配置为使用不同的燃料。
将配置用于从内燃机中排放的废气中清除有害的原始排放的设备理解为废气后处理系统。废气净化系统包括至少一个DeNOx系统，然而可以包括其他部件，例如氧化催化器、煤黑颗粒过滤器或氨逃逸催化器。
将在废气净化系统上游的废气的不期望的成分理解为原始排放。其例如可以是氧化氮(NOx)原始排放、一氧化碳(CO)原始排放、未燃烧的碳氢化合物(HC)原始排放或煤黑颗粒原始排放物。
将用于降低NOx排放的系统理解为DeNOx系统。这例如可以是SCR催化器或NOx存储催化器。
在此，将废气后处理系统的特性，例如温度、转换率、排放、老化状态或背压理解为状态。
在此，将借助于至少一个在废气后处理系统上游、下游和/或之内设置的传感器的测量以及替选或补充地将借助于模型和/或特性曲线族的状态计算理解为求得。例如可以将NOx探针和温度传感器用作为传感器。
在此，将保存在控制器中的逻辑理解为基本校准，控制器基于所述逻辑在正常运行中控制内燃机。基本校准在此可以作为特性曲线族保存在控制器中。
在此，将基于基本校准的内燃机运行理解内燃机的正常运行。这例如是如下情况，求得的状态和预期的状态之间的偏差小于阈值，即废气后处理系统处于预期的状态下。
在此，将用于变量的目标值理解为期望值。这可以是用于如下变量的目标值，如NOx排放或在废气后处理系统上游、下游和/或之内的温度以及转换率和/或废气后处理系统的效率。
在此，将基于确定的期望值调整基本校准使得求得的状态可以匹配于预期的状态理解为适配。
在此，将借助开放的或暂时闭合的作用路径的开环控制以及具有闭合的作用流程的闭环控制理解为控制。
优选地，控制空气比例包括调整增压压力，使得通过增压压力的变化从而供应给内燃机的空气量的变化，能够影响废气后处理系统的状态，即例如温度或NOx排放。
优选地，控制器构成和配置为，基于基本校准或适配的基本校准控制氢气的喷入量和/或喷入时间点。
通过将控制器构成和配置为，基于基本校准或适配的基本校准控制氢气的喷入量和/或喷入时间点，本发明可实现，不仅在内燃机的正常运行中而且基于确定的期望值从而在考虑废气后处理系统的求得的状态下控制氢气喷入。
因此，本发明可实现通过控制喷入量，在此尤其是限制喷入量，和/或控制喷入时间点来影响废气后处理系统的状态。因此优选地，可以影响废气后处理系统的温度和/或NOx排放，使得例如可以有利地提供废气后处理系统的运行温度和/或降低NOx排放。
优选地，控制器构成和配置为，基于所需的空气比例或燃烧重心的确定的移动来控制氢气的喷入量，其中如果比较得出，在求得的状态和预期的状态之间的偏差大于阈值，则燃烧重心的确定的移动与确定的期望值相关。
通过控制器基于所需的空气比例或燃烧重心的确定的移动控制氢气的喷入量，本发明可实现，可以在考虑求得的状态的情况下调整喷入量。这具有以下优点，即控制器在控制喷入量时可以考虑负载要求、从燃烧重心的确定的移动得出的效率变化和求得的状态。
将可实现内燃机有利运行的燃烧重心理解为期望燃烧重心。其与当前的燃烧模式相关。在内燃机模式的效率指导的运行中，期望燃烧重心例如限定为，使得达到尽可能高的效率。然而，在加热运行中，其例如可以限定为，使得可以提供有利的废气温度。
优选地，控制器构成和配置为，确定第一和第二期望值，执行在第一和第二期望值之间的加权以及适配基本校准以执行基于加权的期望值的内燃机的闭环控制。
通过将控制器构成和配置为，基于加权的期望值执行用于内燃机的闭环控制的基本校准适配，本发明可实现，在确定的期望值之间区分优先级并且解决在确定的期望值之间的冲突。
优选地，控制器构成和配置为，考虑确定的期望值的限制。
通过将控制器构成和配置为，考虑确定的期望值的限制，本发明可实现，遵循用于确定的期望值的极限。极限可以针对确定的期望值例如由法律规定、燃料消耗目标、期望的行驶舒适度和要遵循的构件负荷得出。
在本文中描述了本发明的其他有利的实施方式。
附图说明
根据下面的附图详细阐述优选的实施例。在此示出
图1示出具有控制器的动力总成的一个实施例；以及
图2示出由控制器实施的用于控制氢气的喷入量的步骤的一个实施例。
具体实施方式
图1示出用于车辆的动力总成2。动力总成2包括进气段9、内燃机3、废气段10以及第一废气再循环段11和第二废气再循环段12。在此，进气段9设置在内燃机3上游。废气段10设置在内燃机3下游并且包括废气净化系统4。
内燃机3构成为具有四个缸13的增压直喷式外源点火氢气发动机。为此，内燃机3包括废气涡轮增压器14。废气涡轮增压器14包括设置在进气段9中的压缩机15和设置在废气段10中的涡轮16。涡轮16和压缩机15彼此耦联，使得通过涡轮16从废气中吸收的能量可以被压缩机15利用，以便将新鲜气体压缩至提高的压力水平。
为了将氢气引入缸13中，内燃机3包括喷入设备30。喷入设备30包括每个缸13的喷射器、输入管路和燃料供应装置。
为了点燃氢气-空气混合物，内燃机包括点火设备40。点火设备40包括每个缸13的火花塞和与火花塞连接的点火设施。
废气净化系统4包括H2-SCR催化器5、NH3-SCR系统和氨逃逸催化器(ASK)7。H2-SCR催化器5构成为，利用H2减少氧化氮排放。
NH3-SCR系统设置在H2-SCR催化器5下游并且包括NH3-SCR催化器6、计量单元19和混合器20。计量单元19构成和配置为，将氨气(NH3)在NH3-SCR催化器6上游引入废气段10中。引入的氨气和废气在计量单元19和NH3-SCR催化器6之间设置的混合器20中混合。NH3-SCR催化器6构成和配置为，利用氨气减少NOx排放。
为了检测NOx排放，在废气后处理系统4下游设置有NOx传感器22。
第一废气再循环段11设置在废气净化系统4上游，并且构成为，用于将废气在废气涡轮增压器14的涡轮16上游从废气段10中导出并且导入废气涡轮增压器14的压缩机15下游的进气段9。第二废气再循环段12构成为，用于将废气在H2-SCR催化器5下游从废气段10中导出并且将其在废气涡轮增压器14的压缩机15上游导入进气段9。借助第一废气再循环段11和第二废气再循环段12可以为内燃机3的运行提供优选的废气再循环率并且实现内燃机3的尽可能有效率的运行。
动力总成2包括控制器1。控制器1构成和配置为实施控制程序。控制程序包括指令，所述指令执行在图2中示出的步骤：
-求得S10废气后处理系统4的状态；
-将求得的状态S10与预期的状态比较S20；
-如果比较S20得出，在求得的状态S10和预期的状态之间的偏差(Δz)大于阈值(S)：
о基于求得的状态S10并且在考虑确定的期望值的限制的情况下，确定针对废气温度的第一期望值和针对NOx排放的第二期望值S30；和
о在第一和第二期望值之间进行加权S40；
о基于加权的期望值S40适配S50用于控制内燃机3的基本校准；和
-基于基本校准或适配的基本校准S40控制S60点火时间点、空气比例、氢气的喷入量和喷入时间点。
控制程序包括指令：检测H2-SCR催化器5的第一转换率和NH3-SCR催化器6的第二转换率作为废气后处理系统4的状态。为此，在控制程序中保存有模型，所述模型计算在废气后处理系统4上游的NOx原始排放和在H2-SCR催化器5下游的NOx排放。借助NOx原始排放和在H2-SCR催化器5下游的改进的NOx排放，控制程序计算第一转换率。借助在H2-SCR催化器下游的改进的NOx排放和由在废气后处理系统4下游的NOx传感器22检测的NOx排放，控制程序计算第二转换率。
作为预期的状态，针对第一和第二转换率的期望转换率作为特性曲线族保存在控制程序中。通过使用特性曲线族可以与运行点相关地保存不同的期望转换率。在替选的实施例中，期望转换率作为值、曲线或函数保存。
为了比较S20，控制程序包括指令：确定第一偏差(Δz,1)和第二偏差(Δz,2)。在此，第一偏差(Δz,1)对应于在求得的第一转换率和预期的第一转换率之间的差，而第二偏差(Δz,2)对应于在求得的第二转换率和预期的第二转换率之间的差。
此外，控制程序将第一偏差(Δz,1)和第二偏差(Δz,2)与阈值(S)比较。阈值在此对于两个偏差(Δz,1，Δz,2)相同地限定，然而根据动力总成2的运行状态而变化。在替选的实施例中，在控制程序中保存针对偏差的不同阈值。
如果第一偏差(Δz,1)和第二偏差(Δz,2)小于阈值(S)，则控制程序基于基本校准控制点火时间点、空气比例以及氢气的喷入量和喷入时间点。
基本校准包含针对空气比例、点火时间点以及氢气的喷入量和喷入时间点的期望值。包含在基本校准中的期望值在此针对尽可能少的燃料消耗进行校准。
如果第一偏差(Δz,1)和第二偏差(Δz,2)大于阈值(S)，则控制程序基于偏差(Δz,1，Δz,2)大于阈值的一个求得或多个求得的状态S10确定针对在废气后处理系统4上游的废气温度的第一期望值和针对NOx原始排放的第二期望值。在确定期望值S30时，控制程序考虑保存的针对期望值的限制。因此，其在此例如考虑最大废气温度，以便避免或至少减少NH3逃逸，并且考虑最大NOx原始排放，使得可以遵循在废气后处理系统4下游的合法的NOx排放。
此外，控制程序执行在第一和第二期望值之间的加权S40。通过加权S40，控制程序考虑在这两个期望值之间的优先级从而可以解决在这两个期望值之间的冲突。对于加权S40所需的加权系数以对于控制程序而言可调取的方式保存在控制器中。控制程序包括指令：基于内燃机3的状态、废气后处理系统4的求得的状态S10和废气后处理系统4的预期的状态执行加权S40。
基于加权的期望变量S40，控制程序适配S50用于控制内燃机3的基本校准。通过在控制时考虑加权的期望变量S40，控制点火时间点、空气比例以及氢气的喷入量和喷入时间点，使得根据加权S40调整NOx原始排放和废气温度。因为废气温度影响废气后处理系统的效率，例如第一和/或第二转换率，并且在废气后处理系统4下游的NOx排放基本上通过NOx原始排放和废气后处理系统4的效率来确定，所以可实现动力总成2的低排放的运行。
在一个替选的、未示出的实施例中，控制程序附加地包括点火时间点和氢气的喷入量的动态控制，使得在内燃机的瞬时运行中减少加润滑脂。控制程序为此包括指令：基于所需的空气比例和燃烧重心的确定的移动来控制点火时间点和氢气的喷入量，其中如果比较S20得出，偏差(Δz,1，Δz,2)中的至少一个大于阈值(S)，则燃烧重心的确定的移动与加权的期望值S40相关。
控制程序通过实施内燃机3的效率模型首先基于负载要求和当前的内燃方式计算所需的氢气喷入量。
控制程序包括指令：基于所需的喷入量和当前的空气质量流求得所需的空气比例。控制程序经由空气路径模型结合空气质量计17的信息确定当前的空气质量流。
通过实施效率模型，控制程序附加地计算期望燃烧重心。所述期望燃烧重心根据燃烧模式和负载要求描述有利的燃烧重心。有利地，根据燃烧模式，期望的效率可以是期望的排放或也可以是期望的废气温度。
控制程序包括指令：求得在考虑燃烧模式的情况下的最小空气比例和废气后处理系统的求得的状态，或者如果比较S20得出，偏差(Δz,1，Δz,2)中的至少一个大于阈值(S)，则求得加权的期望值S40。因此，控制程序例如可以考虑对NOx原始排放的限制或加热需求。
随后，控制程序将所需的空气比例与最小空气比例比较。如果所述比较得出，所需的空气比例大于最小空气比例，则控制程序基于所需的空气比例控制点火时间点和氢气的喷入量，其方式为：基于基本校准以所需的喷入量操控喷入设备30和以相应的点火时间点操控点火设备40。
控制程序包括指令：如果比较得出，所需的空气比例小于最小空气比例，则确定燃烧重心的移动。因为在针对期望燃烧重心的所需的空气比例下不遵循保存在基本校准中的NOx期望排放，或者如果比较S20得出，偏差(Δz,1，Δz,2)中的至少一个大于阈值(S)，则不能遵循加权的期望值S40，所以控制程序将燃烧重心移动至另一时间点。控制程序选择确定的移动，使得满足所需的空气比例并且遵循保存在基本校准中的NOx期望排放，或者如果比较S20得出，偏差(Δz,1，Δz,2)中的至少一个大于阈值(S)，则遵循加权的期望值。
基于所述移动和期望燃烧重心，控制程序计算点火时间点，控制程序以所述点火时间点促动点火设备40。基于所述移动，控制程序通过重新实施效率模型计算氢气的喷入量的变化，使得即使在燃烧重心移动的情况下也以必要时减小的燃烧效率满足负载要求。控制程序借助所需的氢气的喷入量将氢气的喷入量的变化换算成氢气的改进的喷入量。
控制程序包括指令：在移动时考虑燃烧重心的确定的移动的限制。所述限制考虑内燃机的燃烧稳定性。控制程序使用从所述限制得出的最大移动，以便计算针对空气比例的限制。基于针对空气比例的限制和当前的空气质量流，控制程序确定氢气的最大喷入量。
最后，控制程序基于氢气的改进的喷入量和最大喷入量计算待由喷入设备30引入内燃机3中的喷入量。
在一个替选的实施例中，用于控制空气比例S60的控制程序包括指令：操控废气涡轮增压器14，使得调整由压缩机15提供的增压压力，使得提供期望的空气比例。
在另一替选的实施例中，用于动态地控制点火时间点和氢气的喷入量的控制器包括用于动态控制喷入时间点的指令。因此，控制程序可以利用用于移动燃烧重心的另一自由度，从而可实现用于尽可能低排放地运行动力总成2的废气温度的和NOx原始排放的有利调整。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于动力总成(2)的控制器(1)，所述动力总成包括内燃机(3)和废气后处理系统(4)，其中所述内燃机(3)构成为氢气发动机，其中所述废气后处理系统(4)包括DeNOx系统(5、6)，并且其中所述控制器(1)构成和配置为执行以下步骤：
-求得(S10)所述废气后处理系统(4)的状态；
-将求得的状态(S10)与预期的状态比较(S20)；
-如果比较(S20)得出，在求得的状态(S10)和预期的状态之间的偏差(Δz)大于阈值(S)：
о基于所述求得的状态(S10)确定期望值(S30)，和
о基于确定的期望值(S30)适配(S50)用于控制所述内燃机(3)的基本校准；和
-基于所述基本校准或适配的基本校准(S50)控制(S60)点火时间点和空气比例。
2.根据权利要求1所述的控制器(1)，其中所述控制器(1)构成和配置为，基于所述基本校准或所述适配的基本校准(S50)控制氢气的喷入量和/或喷入时间点。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的控制器(1)，其中所述控制器(1)构成和配置为，基于所需的空气比例或燃烧重心的确定的移动控制氢气的喷入量，其中如果比较(S20)得出，在所述求得的状态(S10)和所述预期的状态之间的偏差(Δz)大于阈值(S)，则所述燃烧重心的确定的移动与确定的期望值(S30)相关。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的控制器(1)，其中所述确定的期望值(S30)是废气温度和/或NOx排放。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的控制器(1)，其中所述求得的状态(S10)和/或所述预期的状态是转换率、温度和/或NOx排放。
6.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的控制器(1)，其中所述控制器(1)构成和配置为，基于所述求得的状态(S10)确定两个期望值。
7.根据权利要求6所述的控制器(1)，其中第一期望值是废气温度，而第二期望值是NOx排放。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的控制器(1)，其中所述控制器(1)构成和配置为，执行在所述第一和第二期望值之间的加权(S40)并且基于加权的期望值(S40)执行用于控制所述内燃机(3)的基本校准适配(S50)。
9.根据权利要求8所述的控制器(1)，其中所述控制器(1)构成和配置为，基于所述内燃机(3)的状态、所述废气后处理系统(4)的求得的状态(S10)和/或所述废气后处理系统(4)的预期的状态执行加权(S40)。
10.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的控制器(1)，其中所述控制器(1)构成和配置为，考虑所述确定的期望值(S30)的限制。
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